Pro Sports Research Articles

National Football League Quarterbacks With Ulnar Collateral Ligament Injuries Have High Return-to-Play Rates, but Older Players Have Inferior Postinjury Performance

To characterize the epidemiology, mechanism (contact vs noncontact), management, and return-to-play (RTP) times for quarterbacks in the National Football League (NFL) who experienced ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) injuries. Using the Pro Sports Transactions Archive, NFL quarterbacks who sustained UCL injuries between 1991 and 2023 were identified. Age at time of injury, mechanism of injury (contact vs noncontact), management strategy, and RTP time were recorded. In addition, player performance metrics including games played, quarterback rating, completion percentage, touchdowns, and interceptions were examined for the season before injury through the second season after injury. Player performance analysis was assessed using principal component analysis, which is a dimensionality reduction statistical method that compresses the several performance metrics into a single value, the first principal component. A total of 21 injuries in 20 players were identified. The mean age of quarterbacks at time of injury was 28.7 years (± 4.6 years standard deviation). Ten injuries occurred during contact with another player, and 11 injuries were noncontact. Most (n= 13) of UCL injuries were managed nonoperatively. Sixteen players achieved RTP, 4 of whom underwent repair or reconstruction (UCLR). Overall, the mean RTP time was 165.6 days (± 178.8 days standard deviation), but players who underwent UCLR had a longer average RTP time (359.0 days vs 98.25 days, P= .014). Injuries sustained after 2006 were associated with improved postinjury performance (P= .041), but older age at time of injury was associated with diminished postinjury performance (P= .048). NFL quarterbacks sustain more noncontact UCL injuries and are undergoing UCLR at greater rates than previously reported. Although RTP rates are high and players demonstrate improved postinjury performance for injuries sustained after 2006, older age at the time of injury is associated with worse postinjury performance. Level IV, therapeutic case series.

Quantifying the Performance of Professional Athletes Following Traumatic Tibial Fractures.

A tibial fracture is an uncommon, yet severe injury that occurs in professional athletes within all major sports leagues. These injuries are often debilitating for professional athletes and can require extensive rehabilitation prior to returning to play. The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of a tibial fracture on athletic performance in all four major United States sports leagues. A publicly available professional sports database, Pro Sports Transactions, was queried for tibial injuries from January 01, 2015, to May 31, 2023. The search included all four major U.S. sports leagues. To quantify and compare athletic ability before and after injury, performance-based statistics were collected from standardized player ratings in periods surrounding the date of injury. The percent change in player performance was measured and stratified. The Pearson correlation test was used to analyze player demographics. There were a total of 24 professional athletes who suffered 28 confirmed tibial fractures across all leagues. Upon return, there was a 14.7% decrease in overall player performance across all leagues. National Basketball Association, National Football League, and National Hockey League athletes had a decrease of 34.5%, 29.1%, and 14.2%, respectively, following their return to play. Major League Baseball players demonstrated an 8.1% increase in player performance following their recovery from tibial fracture. Players who suffer tibial fractures often undergo immediate surgery and, in unfortunate cases, may require multiple subsequent procedures. Additionally, athletes spend several months recovering prior to their return. Upon return, athletes' performance may be decreased; however, further study is required to strengthen the association between player performance and tibial fracture recovery.

규범활성화 이론을 적용한 프로스포츠 관람객의 친환경 행동의도

규범활성화 이론을 적용한 프로스포츠 관람객의 친환경 행동의도

Strains/Sprains and Fractures Are the Most Common Hand and Wrist Injuries in National Basketball Association Athletes Who Return to Preinjury Player Efficiency and Equal or Greater True Shooting Percentage Within Two Years of Injury

To characterize the prevalence and incidence of in-game hand and wrist injuries in the National Basketball Association (NBA), to determine the factors associated with an equal or greater player efficiency rating (PER), and to determine the factors associated with an equal or greater true shooting percentage (TS%) 2 years after a hand and wrist injury using a large-scale national database of NBA players. Injury data from seasons 2015-2016 to 2020-2021, with exclusion of the 2019-2020 because of abbreviated play due to the coronavirus disease 2019, were extracted from a public online database, Pro Sports Transactions. Injury characteristics and NBA player demographic information were assessed using descriptive statistics. Poisson logistic regression analyses were performed to identify risk factors associated with equal or increased PER and TS% 2years after injury. There were 214 reported hand and wrist injuries, and of these injuries, 173 (81%) were classified as structural. The most common injury types were a strain or sprain (0.63 per 1,000 game exposures), followed by fractures (0.37 per 1,000 game exposures). Older age (relative risk [RR] 0.89; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.84-0.95) and more years played in the NBA were modestly associated with relative risk of having a decreased PER at 2 years after injury. Increased weight (RR 1.02; 95% CI 1-1.05) and increased body mass index (RR 1.14; 95% CI 1.01-1.29) were also modestly associated with having a decreased PER and TS%, respectively at 2 years after injury. Strains/sprains and fractures are the most common hand and wrist injuries sustained by NBA players. Regardless of dominant or nondominant hand and wrist injuries, NBA players are likely to return to baseline overall player efficiency based on PER and TS% within 2 years of injury. Our study characterizes hand and wrist injuries of NBA players and provides an understanding for these injuries on player performance at 2 years.

Shoulder and Elbow Injuries in National Basketball Association Athletes and Their Effects on Player Performance.

Shoulder and elbow function is essential to basic basketball actions. Outside of anterior shoulder instability, injuries in these joints are not well characterized in National Basketball Association (NBA) players. To describe the epidemiology and associated risk factors of shoulder and elbow injuries in NBA players and identify factors that influence player performance upon return to play. Descriptive epidemiology study. Historical injury data from the 2015-2020 NBA seasons were retrieved from Pro Sports Transactions, a public online database. An injury was defined as a health-related concern resulting in an absence of ≥1 NBA games. Primary measures included pre- and postinjury player efficiency rating (PER) and true shooting percentage (TS%) with interquartile ranges (IQRs), stratified by extremity dominance. Multivariate logistic regression analyses with stepwise regression were performed to identify risk factors associated with return-to-play performance. A total of 192 shoulder and elbow injuries were sustained among 126 NBA athletes, with incidence rates of 1.11 per 1000 game exposures (GEs) and 0.30 per 1000 GEs, respectively. Sprain/strain and general soreness were the most common injury types in both the shoulder and the elbow. In the 2 years after injury, baseline PER was achieved in all groups, except for players with dominant shoulder injuries (baseline PER, 16 [IQR, 14-18] vs 2-year PER, 13 [IQR 11-16]; P = .012). Younger age was associated with quicker return to baseline PER (odds ratio, 0.77 [95% CI, 0.67-0.88]). Shoulder and elbow injuries did not negatively influence TS% upon return to play (baseline TS%, 0.55% [IQR, 0.51%-0.58%] vs 1-year TS%, 0.55% [IQR, 0.52%-0.58%]; P = .13). Dominant shoulder injuries negatively influenced PER during the first 2 seasons upon return to play in NBA players. Therefore, expectations that players with this type of injury immediately achieve baseline statistical production should be tempered. Shooting accuracy appears to remain unaffected after shoulder or elbow injury.

Poster 393: The Impact of the COVID-19 Lockdown on the Rate of Injuries in the National Basketball Association

Objectives: This study aims to assess the impact of the COVID-19 lockdown on injury rates experienced by athletes of the National Basketball Association (NBA). We hypothesized that there would be a change in the incidence rates of sports-related injuries on return to play post-lockdown. Methods: We conducted a retrospective analysis utilizing data retrieved from Pro Sports Transactions Archive. This database records all transactions occurring in the NBA, including injuries, trades, signings, and waivings. Information about all injuries to players in the NBA over the last 10 years were collected. All injury descriptions in the dataset were stratified by key anatomical locations and the dataset was shortened to the eight most common. These specific locations were selected due to higher injury rates overall comparatively to the rest of the body. We then compared basketball players who played after the COVID-19 NBA suspension to a propensity score generated control group before the suspension. They were matched for age, body mass index (BMI), regions of the country and positions played. The study outcome variable was the injuries stratified into 4 different groups. Demographics for every player injured (height, weight, years played, and birth dates) were collected from Basketball Reference, in line with publicly available information from the NBA. Results: We compared 789 players during the post-suspension to 3,945 match controlled pre- suspension players. The mean age of players was 27.1± 5 years, mean BMI was 25.0± 1.2. The eight most common injuries were knee, ankle, back, hamstring, shoulder, calf, groin, and elbow injuries. Prior to propensity score matching, the rates of the three most common were: knee (pre-suspension: 33.79%; postsuspension: 36.88%), ankle (pre: 27.28%; post: 26.62%), back (pre: 18.52%, post: 14.45%) (p-value: 0.022). Following propensity score matching, the results are as follows: knee (pre-suspension: 29.89%; post-suspension: 36.88%), ankle (pre: 27.10%; post: 26.62%), back (pre: 19.06%, post: 14.45%) (p-value: <0.001). Conclusions: Our study concluded that among the three most common injuries, the knee was noted to have a statistically significant increase post the COVID-19 NBA suspension. Moreover, there was a significant decrease in the percentage of players who suffered back and ankle injuries [Table: see text][Table: see text]

Missed games, financial losses, and characteristics of eye injuries in the National Basketball Association during the 2010–2011 to 2017–2018 seasons

PURPOSE: The purpose is to report financial loss, demographic metrics, and mechanisms of injury associated with eye injuries in the National Basketball Association (NBA) from the 2010–2011 to 2017–2018 seasons. METHODS: We performed a retrospective review of eye injuries in the NBA from the 2010–2011 to 2017–2018 seasons using publicly available information from Basketball Reference and the Pro Sports Transactions websites. Only injuries of the eye and adnexa that caused players to miss games in the regular season and playoffs were included in the study. Financial loss was calculated based on the regular season salary of the players and normalized for inflation with 2018 as the base year. RESULTS: There were 30 eye injuries causing a total of 106 missed games and $7,486,770 in financial losses across eight seasons. Linear regressions showed a moderately positive increase in eye injuries (Pearson’s r = 0.68, P = 0.07, and 0.79 injuries per year/1000 game-days increase) and financial losses (Pearson’s r = 0.67, P = 0.07, and $185.75 increase per year/1000 game-days) over time. There were significantly more games missed due to orbital fractures than games missed due to contusions/lacerations (11.5 vs. 2.8 missed games, P = 0.01). CONCLUSION: We demonstrate an increasing trend of eye injuries in the NBA, resulting in increased financial loss. Injuries may be varied in type and affect the number of games missed.

Effect of a Condensed NBA Season on Injury Risk: An Analysis of the 2020 Season and Player Safety.

Background:Health and safety concerns surrounding the coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic led the National Basketball Association (NBA) to condense and accelerate the 2020 season. Although prior literature has suggested that inadequate rest may lead to an increased injury risk, the unique circumstances surrounding this season offer a unique opportunity to evaluate player safety in the setting of reduced interval rest.Hypothesis:We hypothesized that the condensed 2020 NBA season resulted in an increased overall injury risk as compared with the 2015 to 2018 seasons.Study Design:Descriptive epidemiology study.Methods:A publicly available database, Pro Sports Transactions, was queried for injuries that forced players to miss ≥1 game between the 2015 and 2020 seasons. Data from the 2019 season were omitted given the abrupt suspension of the league year. All injury incidences were calculated per 1000 game-exposures (GEs). The primary outcome was the overall injury proportion ratio (IPR) between the 2020 season and previous seasons. Secondary measures included injury incidences stratified by type, severity, age, position, and minutes per game.Results:A total of 4346 injuries occurred over a 5-season span among 2572 unique player-seasons. The overall incidence of injury during the 2020 season was 48.20 per 1000 GEs but decreased to 39.97 per 1000 GEs when excluding COVID-19. Despite this exclusion, the overall injury rate in 2020 remained significantly greater (IPR, 1.42 [95% CI, 1.32-1.52]) than that of the 2015 to 2018 seasons (28.20 per 1000 GEs). On closer evaluation, the most notable increases seen in the 2020 season occurred within minor injuries requiring only a 1-game absence (IPR, 1.53 [95% CI, 1.37-1.70]) and in players who were aged 25 to 29 years (IPR, 1.57 [95% CI, 1.40-2.63]), averaging ≥30.0 minutes per game (IPR, 1.67 [95% CI, 1.47-1.90]), and playing the point guard position (IPR, 1.67 [95% 1.44-1.95]).Conclusion:Players in the condensed 2020 NBA season had a significantly higher incidence of injuries when compared with the prior 4 seasons, even when excluding COVID-19–related absences. This rise is consistent with the other congested NBA seasons of 1998 and 2011. These findings suggest that condensing the NBA schedule is associated with an increased risk to player health and safety.

The SoFi Stadium Perimeter Wall

SoFi Stadium, one of the two newest venues in the National Football League, opened in September 2020 after breaking ground in November 2016. The stadium hosts NFL games for the Rams and Chargers, and will be the venue for a variety of other events, such as concerts, Super Bowl LVI in 2022, potentially the 2026 World Cup, and the 2028 Summer Olympics. The state-of-the-art stadium seats between 70,000 and 100,000 people and boasts what may be the largest video scoreboard in pro sports. At a cost of over $5 billion, it's located in Inglewood, Calif., at the site of the former Hollywood Park Racetrack, near Los Angeles International Airport. The project owner, Kroenke Sports & Entertainment, contracted with the Joint Venture of Turner-AECOM Hunt to design and build the stadium.

Do Mandatory Face Shields Reduce the Number of Craniomaxillofacial Injuries in the National Hockey League?

The purpose of this study was to analyze the effectiveness of the National Hockey League's (NHL) mandatory visor policy on the number and type of craniomaxillofacial (CMF) injuries. A cross-sectional study was designed using the 2 databases: the NHL Injury Viz and the Pro Sports Transactions. CMF injuries and player characteristics from the NHL's 2009-2010 through the 2016-2017 seasons were obtained. The study outcomes of games missed and number of injuries were compared before and after the implementation of the league rule. A total of 149 CMF injuries were included in the final sample. Following the mandatory visor rule, there were significant decreases in the total number of CMF injuries per season (14.3 vs 30.7, P=.01) and the number of upper face injuries per season (7.0 vs 16.7, P=.04). Although there was no difference in the ratio of upper facial injuries before and after the rule change, players who wore a face shield did have a lower proportion of upper face injuries among all CMF injuries sustained (42.9 vs 64.6%, P<.01). Ultimately, neither face shield use (P=.49) nor implementing a mandatory face shield rule (P=.62) changed the number of games missed when injury did occur. Upper facial injuries were observed to be less common among players wearing face shields. After the NHL mandated face shields, there were significant decreases in the mean number of CMF and upper facial injuries per season. Face shields did not appear to influence the severity or downtime from injury that were sustained.

대학생의 의복 동조성에 따른 프로스포츠 구단 상품 시장 세분화

대학생의 의복 동조성에 따른 프로스포츠 구단 상품 시장 세분화

Characterizing Craniomaxillofacial Injuries in American Professional Sports Leagues

The purpose of this study was to characterize the types of craniomaxillofacial (CMF) injuries that occur in professional sports leagues and the associated recovery times. A retrospective cohort study was designed and implemented using the Pro Sports Transaction Archive. The database was queried for all registered CMF injuries in the 4 main men's major professional sports leagues in the United States from 2013 to 2018. The sport, injury location, and season were the predictor variables, and the frequency and length of time on the injured list were the outcome variables. Descriptive statistics were computed, and Fisher's exact tests were used to determine the association between the predictor and outcome variables. Analysis of variance was used to compare the injury frequency and duration. Of the 198 injuries that met the inclusion criteria, 60 were from Major League Baseball (MLB) (30%), 49 from the National Basketball Association (25%), 8 from the National Football League (4%), and 81 from the National Hockey League (NHL) (41%). Injuries to the midface were most common (mean, 25.2±3.6 injuries per season; P<.001) compared with the upper face (mean, 6.0±2.0 injuries per season) and lower face (mean, 8.4±2.3 injuries per season). The mean time on the injured list after CMF trauma was 8.4±10.4days, with MLB injuries requiring the shortest duration (mean, 3.9±6.6days; P=.001). A significant association was found between the injury location and sport (P<.001). However, no statistically significant difference was found in the number of injuries per season from 2013 to 2018 for each league (P=.818). Midface trauma was significantly more common than upper or lower face trauma in professional sports leagues during the past 5 seasons. The NHL had the greatest injury rate, even after adjustment for games played.

Study on the Prediction of the Number of Spectators and It’s Factors in Pro Sports by Machine Learning Method

Study on the Prediction of the Number of Spectators and It’s Factors in Pro Sports by Machine Learning Method

프로스포츠 스폰서기업 브랜드연상 구성개념 탐색

The objective of this study is to explore the composition concept of brand association of pro sports sponsor companies. For this, selecting the home spectators of top two teams (FC Seoul, Jeonbuk Hyundai, Doosan Bears, LG Twins) with the largest spectators of pro soccer and pro baseball as of 2016, the open questionnaire on the brand association of uniform brand was used for data collection. The results were drawn by using the inductive contents analysis. From the results of analysis, the number of source data was total 303, which was classified into 20 detailed areas and four general areas. Out of the final four factors, the goods were 117 (38.7%) with the highest frequency, which was followed by image as 114(37.6%), team as 37 (12.2%), and service as 35 (11.6%) in order. For the brand association of pro sports sponsor companies, total four factors such as goods, image, team, and service were explored. Through the qualitative research method, the significant data for exploring the new concept of brand association was secured.

Cam Newton and Russell Westbrook's Symbolic Resistance to Whiteness in the NFL and NBA

Using critical rhetorical analysis (McKerrow, 1989) as a method of analysis and critique, and informed by critical whiteness studies (Nakayama & Krizek, 1995) and Black feminist thought (Collins, 1991), this project argues that NFL North Carolina Panthers' quarterback Cam Newton and NBA Oklahoma City Thunder's point guard Russell Westbrook rhetorically perform an alternative Black masculinity that symbolically contests whiteness's surveillance of male bodies who occupy Black positionality in the NFL and NBA via their performance of cool pose (Majors & Billson, 1992). Focusing on news and sports media coverage in the 2015–2016 season, this project also interrogates whiteness's strategies to reconstitute Newton and Westbrook's expressions of cool pose by inscribing Black masculinity with belittling and dehumanizing controlling images that favor whiteness and White masculinity. This manuscript closes with a discussion of the harmful repercussions of whiteness's strategies in pro sports as well as the possibilities that athletes like Newton and Westbrook bring forth for social justice initiatives.

프로스포츠 종목 및 관람횟수에 따른 스폰서기업 브랜드연상의 귀납적 차이 분석

프로스포츠 종목 및 관람횟수에 따른 스폰서기업 브랜드연상의 귀납적 차이 분석

프로스포츠 구단의 사회적 기여 효과에 관한 연구동향 분석

프로스포츠 구단의 사회적 기여 효과에 관한 연구동향 분석

The Effect of Regular-Season Rest on Playoff Performance Among Players in the National Basketball Association.

Background:There has been speculation that rest during the regular season for players in the National Basketball Association (NBA) improves player performance in the postseason.Purpose:To determine whether there is a correlation between the amount of regular-season rest among NBA players and playoff performance and injury risk in the same season.Study Design:Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3.Methods:The Basketball Reference and Pro Sports Transactions archives were searched from the 2005 to 2015 seasons. Data were collected on players who missed fewer than 5 regular-season games because of rest (group A) and 5 to 9 regular-season games because of rest (group B) during each season. Inclusion criteria consisted of players who played a minimum of 20 minutes per game and made the playoffs that season. Players were excluded if they missed ≥10 games because of rest or suspension or missed ≥20 games in a season for any reason. Matched pairs were formed between the groups based on the following criteria: position, mean age at the start of the season within 2 years, regular-season minutes per game within 5 minutes, same playoff seeding, and player efficiency rating (PER) within 2 points. The following data from the playoffs were collected and compared between matched pairs at each position (point guard, shooting guard, forward/center): points per game, assists per game, PER, true shooting percentage, blocks, steals, and number of playoff games missed because of injury.Results:A total of 811 players met the inclusion and exclusion criteria (group A: n = 744 players; group B: n = 67 players). Among all eligible players, 27 matched pairs were formed. Within these matched pairs, players in group B missed significantly more regular-season games because of rest than players in group A (6.0 games vs 1.3 games, respectively; P < .0001). There were no significant differences between the groups at any position in terms of points per game, assists per game, PER, true shooting percentage, blocks, steals, or number of playoff games missed because of injury.Conclusion:Rest during the NBA regular season does not improve playoff performance or affect the injury risk during the playoffs in the same season.

Mobile communication and pro sports: motivation and fan loyalty

The main focus of the current study is on professional (pro) sport fans' loyalty development through mobile phone use. The mobile phone offers a spatiotemporal interface where sport fans present individual and collective responses to teams and players. Guided by uses and gratifications theory, the study assumes that motive types of mobile phone use for pro sports to be potential predictors of attitudinal/behavioural loyalty and sport fandom. Mobile competence and size of strong-tie networks are also taken into account as interactive components in the examination. From a national panel survey of 405 respondents, the results found that mobile phone use was classified into either instrumental or ritualistic motives. The instrumental motives predicted behavioural loyalty and sport fandom. The ritualistic motives were associated with attitudinal loyalty. Mobile competence was interactive with the instrumental motives to predict behavioural loyalty and sport fandom. Instrumental mobile phone users in a large strong-tie network had high behavioural loyalty. Implications and suggestions are discussed.

Mobile communication and pro sports: motivation and fan loyalty

Mobile communication and pro sports: motivation and fan loyalty