Pro-inflammatory Diet Research Articles

Accelerated biological aging as potential mediator mediates the relationship between pro-inflammatory diets and the risk of depression and anxiety: A prospective analysis from the UK biobank

BackgroundThe relationship between inflammatory dietary patterns and the risk of depression/anxiety has not been clearly established due to differences in study populations, geographic regions, sex, and methods of calculating the inflammatory index. MethodsWe drew upon a prospective cohort in the UK Biobank and calculated the energy-adjusted dietary inflammatory index (E-DII). The follow-up time was defined from the date of completing the last dietary survey questionnaire to the date of diagnosis of depression, anxiety, phobic anxiety, other types of anxiety, death, loss to follow-up, or the respective censoring dates for England (September 30, 2021), Scotland (July 31, 2021), and Wales (February 28, 2018). The final follow-up times end on September 30, 2021, July 31, 2021, and February 28, 2018, for England, Scotland, and Wales, respectively. During the follow-up process, if a participant develops the condition, dies, or is lost to follow-up, the follow-up is terminated. We used Cox regression to evaluate the connection between E-DII and depression/anxiety. We employed restricted cubic spline curves for nonlinear relationships. We also conducted mediation analyses to explore whether biological age mediated the relationship between E-DII and depression. Additionally, we investigated whether genetic susceptibility modified the relationship between E-DII and depression through interaction modeling. ResultsIn the final analysis, we included a total of 151,295, 159,695, 165,649, and 160,097 participants for the analysis of depression, all types of anxiety, specific phobia anxiety, and other types of anxiety, respectively. For every one-unit increase in E-DII, the risk of experiencing depression and anxiety increased by 5 % and 4 %, respectively. We identified a “J”-shaped nonlinear relationship (P for nonlinear = 0.003) for both depression and anxiety. A significant association with an elevated risk of depression was observed when E-DII exceeded 0.440, and an increased risk of anxiety was noted when E-DII was more than −0.196. Mediation analysis demonstrated that PhenoAge age acceleration (AA) (For depression, proportion of mediation = 9.6 %; For anxiety, proportion of mediation = 10.1 %) and Klemera-Doubal method Biological Age (KDM AA) (For depression, proportion of mediation = 2.9 %; For anxiety, proportion of mediation = 5.1 %) acted as mediators between E-DII and the development of depression and anxiety (P < 0.05). ConclusionsDiets with pro-inflammatory characteristics are associated with a heightened risk of depression and anxiety. Furthermore, the association of pro-inflammatory diets and depression is mediated by biological age.

Abstract 3435: History of breastfeeding in relation to circulating inflammatory biomarkers

Abstract Background: History of breastfeeding has been associated with reduced risk of various chronic diseases in which chronic inflammation is involved in disease etiology, including cardiovascular disease, type II diabetes, breast cancer, and ovarian cancer. However, few studies have investigated the long-term impact of breastfeeding on systemic inflammation. Thus, we aimed to examine the associations between breastfeeding history and circulating inflammatory biomarkers at midlife. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional analysis including 3,448 parous women with plasma inflammatory biomarkers in the Nurses’ Health Study and Nurses’ Health Study II. We examined self-reported history of ever breastfeeding (ever vs. never) and lifetime total duration of breastfeeding (never, &amp;lt; 6 months, 7-11 months, 12+ months) prior to the time of blood draw. We calculated the geometric means of eight inflammatory biomarkers [i.e., high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), interleukin-6 (IL6], sIL6Rα, IL8, IL10, sIL2-receptor-α(Rα), soluble tumor necrosis factor α receptor 2 (sTNFR2), B-cell activating factor (BAFF), C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 13 (CXCL13)] by self-reported history of breastfeeding status adjusted for age, body mass index (BMI), smoking status, duration of oral contraceptive use, parity, proinflammatory diet, analgesic use, menopausal status, and cohort. Tests for trend were calculated using the median value of each lifetime breastfeeding duration category and modeling as a continuous variable. We also conducted stratified analyses by menopausal status and BMI (&amp;lt; 25kg/m2 vs. ≥ 25kg/m2) at blood draw. Results: Overall, we did not observe statistically significant differences in circulating inflammatory biomarker levels by history of breastfeeding among parous women. When stratifying by menopausal status at blood draw, total breastfeeding duration was inversely associated with sTNFR2 levels among premenopausal women (P-trend = 0.03) but not among postmenopausal women. Plasma IL8 levels were suggestively inversely associated with breastfeeding duration among postmenopausal women (P-trend = 0.07) but not among premenopausal women. Among women with BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2, plasma BAFF levels were lower in parous women who ever breastfed compared to those who never breastfed [1382.5 (95%CI = 1242.0 - 1539.0) pg/ml vs. 1611.9 (95%CI = 1424.9 - 1823.4) pg/ml; p = 0.03], and suggestively inversely associated with total breastfeeding duration (p-trend = 0.07) but no statistically significant association was observed in women with BMI &amp;lt; 25kg/m2. IL10 was inversely associated with total breastfeeding duration among women with BMI ≥25 kg/m2 (P-trend = 0.007), but not in women with BMI &amp;lt; 25kg/m2. Conclusion: Overall, history of breastfeeding was not associated with inflammatory biomarkers at mid-life, however the association may vary by menopausal status and BMI. Citation Format: Nan Lin, Jennifer M. Mongiovi, Leslie V. Farland, Tianyi Huang, Heather Eliassen, Mary K. Townsend, Shelley S. Tworoger, Kathryn L. Terry, Naoko Sasamoto. History of breastfeeding in relation to circulating inflammatory biomarkers [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2024; Part 1 (Regular Abstracts); 2024 Apr 5-10; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(6_Suppl):Abstract nr 3435.

Abstract 2203: Dietary patterns and prostate cancer risk in the Multiethnic Cohort Study

Abstract Background: A growing body of research has shown the benefits of a healthy diet on a variety of cancer outcomes. Evidence is inconsistent for prostate cancer and research in diverse populations is limited. Methods: In the Multiethnic Cohort Study (MEC), we conducted a prospective cohort analysis to investigate the association of four diet quality indices (DQIs; AHEI-2010, aMED, HEI-2015, DASH; a higher score indicates healthier diet), three plant-based diet indices (PDI, hPDI, uPDI), two inflammatory (DII, EDIP), and two insulinemic dietary indices (EDIH, EDIR) (a higher score indicates more pro-inflammatory or pro-insulinemic diet) with incidence of prostate cancer (PCa) in 79,930 men from five racial/ethnic groups (White, African American, Japanese American, Latino, and Native Hawaiian). All dietary scores were constructed from a baseline quantitative food frequency questionnaire. Outcomes examined included total PCa, high-grade PCa (Gleason score &amp;gt; 7), advanced PCa (regional or distant), aggressive PCa (high-grade or advanced), and lethal PCa (distant or death due to PCa). Hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) per one standard deviation (SD) increase in the dietary score were estimated from Cox proportional hazards models, overall and by race/ethnicity. Associations were considered nominally significant at P &amp;lt; 0.05. Results: During a mean follow-up of 18.9 years, a total of 9,759 incident PCa cases were identified, including 2,503 high-grade, 1,706 advanced, 3,430 aggressive, and 1,426 lethal PCa cases. None of the dietary scores was significantly associated with total PCa. We found a significant association between DII and advanced PCa (HR=1.08, 95% CI=1.01-1.15) overall and the association appeared to be the strongest in African Americans (HR=1.17, 95% CI=1.00-1.36) and Native Hawaiians (HR=1.29, 95% CI=0.98-1.68). We also observed weak associations of the four DQIs with advanced PCa (HR of 0.95-0.96, P of 0.07-0.10) in the overall population, among which a higher DASH score was significantly associated with a 15% (95% CI = 0.75-0.96) lower risk of advanced PCa in African Americans. In addition, we observed that several inflammatory (EDIP) and insulinemic (EDIH, EDIR) dietary scores were associated with lower incidence of advanced, aggressive, or lethal PCa (HR=0.89-0.95, P of 0.03-0.05), which requires further investigation. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that diets with high proinflammatory potential may increase risk of advanced PCa while following a healthy dietary pattern may reduce the risk of advanced PCa. Further studies are needed to better understand the inconsistent results across studies on diet and PCa risk and whether our findings can be replicated in other populations. Citation Format: Wei Xiong, Song-Yi Park, Anqi Wang, Peggy Wan, Lynne R. Wilkens, Loïc Le Marchand, Christopher A. Haiman, Fei Chen. Dietary patterns and prostate cancer risk in the Multiethnic Cohort Study [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2024; Part 1 (Regular Abstracts); 2024 Apr 5-10; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(6_Suppl):Abstract nr 2203.

Dietary inflammatory index is associated with metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease among United States adults.

Metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) is presently the most prevalent chronic liver disorder globally that is closely linked to obesity, dyslipidemia metabolic syndrome, and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Its pathogenesis is strongly associated with inflammation, and diet is a major factor in reducing inflammation. However, current research has focused primarily on exploring the relationship between diet and NAFLD, with less research on its link to MAFLD. In this research, using dietary inflammatory index (DII) as a measure to assess dietary quality, we analyzed the relationship between diet and MAFLD. Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2017-2018, including 3,633 adults with complete DII and MAFLD, were used to develop cross-sectional analyses. Logistic regression analysis was adapted for investigating the relationship between DII and MAFLD development. Additionally, subgroup analysis and threshold effect analysis were carried out. A positive link between DII and MAFLD was found in the fully adjusted model (OR = 1.05; 95%CI, 1.00-1.11, p < 0.05). Subgroup analysis indicated that there was no significant dependence for the connection between DII and MAFLD except for the subgroup stratified by age. Compared with other age groups, people with MAFLD had 20% higher DII scores than non-MAFLD participants in those aged 20-41 years old (OR = 1.20; 95%CI, 1.08-1.33, p < 0.001). Furthermore, we found a U-shaped curve with an inflection point of 3.06 illustrating the non-linear connection between DII and MAFLD. As a result, our research indicates that pro-inflammatory diet may increase the chance of MAFLD development, thus improved dietary patterns as a lifestyle intervention is an important strategy to decrease the incidence of MAFLD.

Association of pro-inflammatory diet with increased risk of gallstone disease: a cross-sectional study of NHANES January 2017-March 2020.

Gallstone disease (GSD) is a major public health problem worldwide. The dietary inflammatory index (DII) and the energy-adjusted DII (E-DII) have been used to describe dietary inflammatory potential. The current study sought to investigate the pro-inflammatory role of diet on GSD among outpatients in the United States. Cross-sectional data from 7,334 individuals older than 20 years who participated in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) from January 2017 to March 2020 were obtained. The relationship between GSD and DII was assessed using self-reported data. An association between DII and the risk of GSD was determined using sample-weighted logistic regression and restricted cubic splines (RCS). Subgroup analyzes were conducted to assess the interaction between DII and related factors. Sensitivity analysis was further used to confirm the stability of the relationship. To control for the effect of total energy intake, E-DII was calculated and analyzed. A total of 10.5% of the study participants had GSD. The DII ranged from -5.52 to 5.51, and the median DII was significantly higher for participants with GSD than those without (1.68 vs. 1.23, p < 0.001). There was a significant and stable positive relationship between DII and GSD in adjusted models (OR 1.10, 95% CI 1.00-1.20). In the fully adjusted model, subjects with DII scores in the highest tertile were more likely to have GSD than those in the lowest tertile (OR 1.52, 95% CI 1.19-1.93). An apparent dose-response association between DII and GSD was detected. The association between E-DII and GSD remained stable. Higher DII/E-DII scores linked to the intake of a pro-inflammatory diet were positively associated with a higher risk of GSD. These findings suggest that pro-inflammatory dietary patterns can promote the formation of gallstones.

Association between dietary inflammatory potential and frailty is mediated by inflammation among patients with colorectal cancer: A cross-sectional study

Patients with colorectal cancer (CRC) are at high risk of frailty, leading to reduced quality of life and survival. Diet is associated with frailty in the elderly through regulating inflammation. Thus, we hypothesized that dietary inflammatory potential (as assessed by dietary inflammatory index [DII]) might be associated with frailty in patients with CRC through regulating inflammatory biomarkers. A total of 231 patients with CRC were included in this cross-sectional study. Dietary intake was evaluated by 3-day, 24-hour dietary recalls, and frailty status was assessed in accordance with the Fried frailty criteria. Plasma inflammatory cytokines were determined in 126 blood samples. A total of 67 patients (29.0%) were frail, with significantly higher DII scores than nonfrail patients, accompanied with significantly increased interleukin-6 (IL-6) and decreased interleukin-10 (IL-10) concentrations. Each 1-point increase of DII was related to a 25.0% increased risk of frailty. IL-6 was positively correlated with frailty and DII, whereas IL-10 was negatively correlated. After adjusting for age, sex, body mass index, education level, smoking status, and energy, mediation analysis revealed that the association between DII and frailty was significantly mediated by IL-6 (average causal mediation effect [ACME], 0.052; 95% confidence interval, 0.020–0.087; P = .002) and IL-10 (ACME, 0.025; 95% confidence interval, 0.004–0.063; P = .016). The ρ values for the sensitivity measure at which estimated ACMEs were zero were 0.3 and –0.2 for IL-6 and IL-10, respectively. Therefore, a pro-inflammatory diet was associated with frailty in patients with CRC possibly in part by affecting circulating IL-6 and IL-10 concentrations.

Pro-Inflammatory Diet as a Risk Factor for Stomach Cancer: Findings from a Multicenter Study in Central and Western China.

We conducted a multicenter cross-sectional study in central and western China to explore the association between inflammatory diet and stomach cancer odds. Participants from five hospitals in the central and western regions were collected. All participants completed the questionnaire we provided before the gastroscopy examination, which includes inquiries about risk factors for stomach cancer and food frequency. All participants underwent gastroscopy, and a mucosal biopsy was confirmed pathologically. Pathological findings were classified as chronic gastritis group, precancerous lesions group and stomach cancer group. Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII) scores were calculated based on the frequency of food occurrences in the questionnaire, and finally SPSS was used to calculate the correlation between variables. A total of 1162 patients were included in this study, including 668 cases of chronic gastritis, 411 cases of precancerous lesions, and 83 cases of cancer. A single factor analysis was conducted to examine the risk factors of stomach cancer, revealing a significant association between a pro-inflammatory diet and the stomach cancer odds (p value < 0.05). The results of binary classification analysis further confirmed that a pro-inflammatory diet is a risk factor for stomach cancer 【odds ratio (OR) =7.400)】. Moreover, correlation analysis demonstrated a positive correlation between the severity of gastric mucosal diseases and an inflammatory diet (including anti-inflammatory and pro-inflammatory diets) (rs=0.274, p-value < 0.001). Pro-Inflammatory diet is a risk factor for stomach cancer, and may accelerate the progression of stomach mucosal disease.

Association of Pro-Inflammatory Diet with Long-Term Risk of All-Cause and Cardiovascular Disease Mortality: NIPPON DATA80.

A pro-inflammatory diet may increase the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and all-cause mortality. However, this remains inconclusive as there is yet no study using a dietary record method that has been conducted in a large general population. Furthermore, an underestimation of the pro-inflammatory diet may exist due to the unmeasured effect of salt intake. Thus, in this study, we aimed to examine how pro-inflammatory diet is associated with the long-term risk of all-cause and CVD mortality in a representative Japanese population. A national nutrition survey was conducted throughout Japan in 1980. After considering the exclusion criteria, 9284 individuals (56% women aged 30-92 years) were included in this study. In total, 20 dietary parameters derived from 3-day weighed dietary records were used to calculate the dietary inflammatory index (DII). The causes of death were monitored until 2009. The Cox proportional hazards model was used to determine multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios (HRs). Stratified analysis according to salt intake level was also performed. Compared with the lowest quartile of DII, multivariable-adjusted HRs (95% confidence intervals) in the highest quartile were 1.28 (1.15, 1.41), 1.35 (1.14, 1.60), 1.48 (1.15, 1.92), 1.62 (1.11, 2.38), and 1.34 (1.03, 1.75) for all-cause mortality, CVD mortality, atherosclerotic CVD mortality, coronary heart disease mortality, and stroke mortality, respectively. Stratified analysis revealed stronger associations among individuals with higher salt intake. As per our findings, a pro-inflammatory diet was determined to be positively associated with the long-term risk of all-cause and CVD mortality in a representative Japanese population. Thus, considering both salt intake and pro-inflammatory diet is deemed crucial for a comprehensive assessment of CVD risk.

Association of a dietary inflammatory index with cardiometabolic, endocrine, liver, renal and bones biomarkers: cross-sectional analysis of the UK Biobank study

Background and aimsResearch into the relationship between an Energy-adjusted Diet-Inflammatory Index (E-DII) and a wider health-related biomarkers profile is limited. Much of the existing evidence centers on traditional metabolic biomarkers in populations with chronic diseases, with scarce data on healthy individuals. Thus, this study aims to investigate the association between an E-DII score and 30 biomarkers spanning metabolic health, endocrine, bone health, liver function, cardiovascular, and renal functions, in healthy individuals. Methods and results66,978 healthy UK Biobank participants, the overall mean age was 55.3 (7.9) years were included in this cross-sectional study. E-DII scores, based on 18 food parameters, were categorised as anti-inflammatory (E-DII < -1), neutral (−1 to 1), and pro-inflammatory (>1). Regression analyses, adjusted for confounding factors, were conducted to investigate the association of 30 biomarkers with E-DII. Compared to those with an anti-inflammatory diet, individuals with a pro-inflammatory diet had increased levels of 16 biomarkers, including six cardiometabolic, five liver, and four renal markers. The concentration difference ranged from 0.27 SD for creatinine to 0.03 SD for total cholesterol. Conversely, those on a pro-inflammatory diet had decreased concentrations in six biomarkers, including two for endocrine and cardiometabolic. The association range varied from −0.04 for IGF-1 to −0.23 for SHBG. ConclusionThis study highlighted that a pro-inflammatory diet was associated with an adverse profile of biomarkers linked to cardiometabolic health, endocrine, liver function, and renal health.

Associations of a proinflammatory diet, habitual salt intake, and the onset of type 2 diabetes: A prospective cohort study from the UK Biobank.

To explore the relationship between proinflammatory diet, habitual salt intake and the onset of type 2 diabetes. This prospective study was conducted among 171 094 UK Biobank participants who completed at least one 24-h dietary questionnaire and were free of diabetes at baseline. Participants were followed up until 1 March 2023 for type 2 diabetes incidence, with diagnosis information obtained from linked medical records. An Energy-adjusted Diet Inflammatory Index (E-DII) was calculated based on 28 food parameters. Habitual salt intake was determined through the self-reported frequency of adding salt to foods. The associations between E-DII, habitual salt intake and type 2 diabetes incidence were tested by the Cox proportional hazard regression model. Over a median follow-up period of 13.5 years, 6216 cases of type 2 diabetes were documented. Compared with participants with a low E-DII (indicative of an anti-inflammatory diet), participants with a high E-DII (indicative of a proinflammatory diet) had an 18% heightened risk of developing type 2 diabetes. The association between E-DII and type 2 diabetes tends to be linear after adjustment for major confounders. Participants with a proinflammatory diet and always adding salt to foods had the highest risk of type 2 diabetes incidence (hazard ratio 1.60, 95% confidence interval 1.32-1.94). Our findings indicate that a proinflammatory diet and higher habitual salt intake were associated with an increased risk of type 2 diabetes. These results support the public health promotion of an anti-inflammatory diet and reducing salt intake to prevent the onset of type 2 diabetes.

Dietary Inflammatory Index and Magnetic Resonance Imaging-Detected Knee Structural Change and Pain: A 10.7-Year Follow-up Study.

To determine whether the dietary inflammatory index (DII) scores were associated with knee structural changes and pain over a 10.7-year follow-up. This study used data from a prospective population-based cohort study (mean age 63 years, 51% female) in which 1,099, 875, 768, and 566 participants completed assessments at baseline, 2.6, 5.1, and 10.7 years, respectively. T1-weighted and T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging was performed to measure cartilage volume (CV) and bone marrow lesions (BMLs) at baseline and 10.7 years. The Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index pain questionnaire was used to measure knee pain at each visit. Pain trajectories ("minimal pain," "mild pain," and "moderate pain") were previously identified. Baseline energy-adjusted DII (E-DII) scores were calculated. Linear, log-binomial regression, linear mixed-effects modeling, and multi-nominal logistic regression were used for analyses. The mean ± SD E-DII score at baseline was -0.48 ± 1.39. In multivariable analyses, higher E-DII scores were not associated with tibial CV loss or BML size increase except for medial tibial BML size increase. Higher E-DII scores were associated with a higher pain score (β=0.21; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.004-0.43) and an increased risk of belonging to the "moderate pain" compared to the "minimal pain" trajectory group (relative risk ratio 1.19; 95% CI 1.02-1.39). A proinflammatory diet, as indicated by a higher DII score, may be associated with a greater pain score and higher risk of more severe pain trajectory over 10 years. However, inconsistent findings related to structural changes suggest a discordance between the potential impact of diet on structural damage and pain in knee OA.

High Dietary Inflammatory Index increases the risk of female infertility: An analysis of NHANES 2013-2018

Diet-related inflammation, which can be evaluated using the dietary inflammatory index (DII), is increasingly related to female infertility. However, studies on the association between DII and infertility are limited. In this study, we aim to explore the association between DII and infertility and its dose-effect relationship among women aged 20 to 45 years through a cross-sectional analysis of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2013–2018. A total of 2613 women aged 20 to 45 years were included and analyzed. The DII was calculated using the first 24-hour dietary recall interview data and divided into quartiles. Weighted multivariable logistic regression and restricted cubic spline analysis were used to explore the relationship between DII and infertility. The odds ratio (OR) (95% confidence interval [CI]) for the association between DII and infertility was 1.06 (0.96–1.19) after multivariable adjustment. Compared with the first quartile (anti-inflammatory diet), the fourth quartile of DII (pro-inflammatory diet) was more strongly associated with an increased risk of infertility, with an OR of 1.61 (95% CI, 1.05–2.47). Restricted cubic splines showed a J-shaped nonlinear association between DII and infertility (P for nonlinear = .003), with a cutoff point of 2.45. When DII was higher than 2.45, the OR for infertility was 1.95 (95% CI, 1.49–2.54). Similar results were observed among the subgroup analyses. In conclusion, this study found high DII (pro-inflammatory diet) increases the risk of female infertility. DII had a J-shaped nonlinear relationship with female infertility, whose cut point is 2.45. Controlling the intake of pro-inflammatory food may be beneficial for female infertility.

Early-life stress and the gut microbiome: A comprehensive population-based investigation

Early-life stress (ELS) has been robustly associated with a range of poor mental and physical health outcomes. Recent studies implicate the gut microbiome in stress-related mental, cardio-metabolic and immune health problems, but research on humans is scarce and thus far often based on small, selected samples, often using retrospective reports of ELS. We examined associations between ELS and the human gut microbiome in a large, population-based study of children.ELS was measured prospectively from birth to 10 years of age in 2,004 children from the Generation R Study. We studied overall ELS, as well as unique effects of five different ELS domains, including life events, contextual risk, parental risk, interpersonal risk, and direct victimization. Stool microbiome was assessed using 16S rRNA sequencing at age 10 years and data were analyzed at multiple levels (i.e. α- and β-diversity indices, individual genera and predicted functional pathways). In addition, we explored potential mediators of ELS-microbiome associations, including diet at age 8 and body mass index at 10 years.While no associations were observed between overall ELS (composite score of five domains) and the microbiome after multiple testing correction, contextual risk – a specific ELS domain related to socio-economic stress, including risk factors such as financial difficulties and low maternal education – was significantly associated with microbiome variability. This ELS domain was associated with lower α-diversity, with β-diversity, and with predicted functional pathways involved, amongst others, in tryptophan biosynthesis. These associations were in part mediated by overall diet quality, a pro-inflammatory diet, fiber intake, and body mass index (BMI).These results suggest that stress related to socio-economic adversity – but not overall early life stress – is associated with a less diverse microbiome in the general population, and that this association may in part be explained by poorer diet and higher BMI. Future research is needed to test causality and to establish whether modifiable factors such as diet could be used to mitigate the negative effects of socio-economic adversity on the microbiome and related health consequences.

The higher dietary inflammation is associated with a higher burden of multimorbidity of cardio-metabolic and mental health disorders in an urbanizing community of southern India: A cross-sectional analysis for the APCAPS cohort

Background & aimsHabitual dietary pattern has been shown to be a major modulator of systemic inflammation and is considered a modifiable risk factor for cardio-metabolic diseases (CMDs) and mental health disorders. We examined whether dietary-inflammation is associated with the multimorbidity of CMDs and mental health disorders in urbanizing-villages in southern India. We hypothesized that the participants with higher dietary-inflammation would have a higher burden of multimorbidity. Materials & methodsWe conducted a cross-sectional analysis of 5984 adults (53% male) participating in the Andhra Pradesh Children and Parents' Study. We assessed dietary-inflammation using dietary inflammatory index (DII®) based on intake of 27 micro- and macro-nutrients which were measured using a validated food-frequency-questionnaires. The CMDs and mental health disorders were assessed using standardized clinical procedures and validated questionnaires. ‘Multimorbidity’ was defined as a co-existence of one or more CMDs (hypertension, diabetes, myocardial infarction, heart failure, angina and stroke) and one or more mental health disorders (depression and anxiety). The association of multimorbidity with dietary-inflammation was examined using robust Poisson regression. ResultsThe prevalence of multimorbidity was 3.5% and ∼75% of participants were consuming a pro-inflammatory diet (DII >0.0). As compared to the 1st DII-quartile (least dietary-inflammatory group), the adjusted prevalence ratio (95% confidence interval) for the presence of multimorbidity was 1.46(0.87, 2.46) for 2nd, 1.75(1.05, 2.89) for 3rd, and 1.77(1.06, 2.96) for 4th DII-quartile (p-trend = 0.021). There was no evidence of an interaction between DII and sex on multimorbidity. ConclusionsDietary-inflammation had a positive linear association with the multimorbidity, which suggest that even modest reduction in dietary-inflammation may reduce the multimorbidity burden.

The Dietary Inflammatory Index is associated with diet quality and nutrient intake during the gestational period

In pregnant women, the Energy-adjusted Dietary Inflammatory Index (E-DII) is adopted to measure the inflammatory potential of the diet, but it does not predict the quality of the diet. Our hypothesis is that a more pro-inflammatory diet during pregnancy is also a poorer quality diet. Thus, the objective of this study is to verify the association of the E-DII with the Diet Quality Index Adapted for Pregnancy (DQI-P) and the nutrient intake from the diet in terms of the second and third gestational trimesters. This is a cross-sectional study that took place in Brazil (2018-2019), with eligible adult women up to 72 hours' postpartum and in good health. Socioeconomic, gestational, anthropometric, and food consumption data were collected, enabling the calculation of E-DII, DQI-P, and nutrient intake. The sample (n = 260) had a median E-DII of 0.04 (-1.30 to 1.90) and DQI-P of 68.82 (18.82-98.22). There was no relevant difference between E-DII tertiles by sociodemographic, gestational, and anthropometric characteristics. The E-DII and the DQI-P showed agreement (55.7%) and inverse correlation (r = -0.53; P < .001). Each 1-unit increase in DQI-P, iron, iodine, magnesium, pyridoxine, and vitamin E decreased the E-DII score (P < .05). An increase of 1 unit in protein, saturated fatty acids, and vitamin C increased the E-DII score (P < .05). Thus, the results suggest that the E-DII can predict diet quality during pregnancy, with the added benefit of measuring the inflammatory potential of the diet.

Pro-Inflammatory Food, Gut Microbiota, and Cardiovascular and Pancreatic Diseases.

Recent studies have shown that a pro-inflammatory diet and dysbiosis, especially a high level of trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO), are associated with various adverse health conditions. Cardiovascular diseases and pancreatic diseases are two major morbidities in the modern world. Through this narrative review, we aimed to summarize the association between a pro-inflammatory diet, gut microbiota, and cardiovascular and pancreatic diseases, along with their underlying mechanisms. Our review revealed that TMAO is associated with the development of cardiovascular diseases by promoting platelet aggregation, atherosclerotic plaque formation, and vascular inflammation. TMAO is also associated with the development of acute pancreatitis. The pro-inflammatory diet is associated with an increased risk of pancreatic cancer and cardiovascular diseases through mechanisms that include increasing TMAO levels, activating the lipopolysaccharides cascade, and the direct pro-inflammatory effect of certain nutrients. Meanwhile, an anti-inflammatory diet decreases the risk of cardiovascular diseases and pancreatic cancer.

Dietary inflammatory index, dietary total antioxidant capacity, and frailty among older Chinese adults

ObjectivesFrailty is an age-related syndrome associated with poor health outcomes. Studies in developed countries indicate that the dietary inflammatory index (DII) and dietary total antioxidant capacity (DTAC) are important dietary factors influencing the risk of frailty in older adults. However, few studies have explored the association between DII, DTAC, and frailty among older Chinese adults. The objective of the current study was to examine whether DII and DTAC were associated with pre-frailty or frailty among older Chinese adults. DesignA cross-sectional study. SettingCommunity-based. ParticipantsWe included 6414 participants aged ≥60 years. MeasurementsDietary intake was assessed using a validated food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). The DII and energy-adjusted DII (E-DII) were calculated using food parameters. DTAC was estimated using two widely adopted antioxidant scores: DTAC based on ferric reducing antioxidant power and dietary antioxidant quality score (DAQS) obtained from vitamins (vitamins A, C, and E) and minerals (zinc and selenium) with antioxidant functions. Frailty was assessed using the frailty index (FI) calculated from 28 health-related deficits. Individuals were classified as robust (FI ≤ 0.10), pre-frailty (FI > 0.10 to <0.25), or frailty (FI ≥ 0.25). Multiple logistic regression models were used to evaluate the associations of DII and DTAC with pre-frailty and frailty. ResultsAfter adjusting for confounding factors, individuals in the highest DII quintile (Q5) were more likely to have pre-frailty (odds ratio [OR] = 1.56; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.25–1.93; P for trend <0.001) than those in the lowest Q1. A similar positive association was detected for E-DII and pre-frailty. A significant association was found between DII and frailty. Compared with the lowest Q1, the highest Q5 of DTAC was negatively correlated with pre-frailty (OR = 0.66; 95% CI: 0.52–0.84; P for trend <0.001) and frailty (OR = 0.71; 95% CI: 0.50–0.1.03; P for trend <0.001). The DAQS yielded results similar to pre-frailty results (OR = 0.72; 95% CI: 0.58–0.89; P < 0.001). There was no evidence suggesting an association between DAQS and frailty. ConclusionsMore proinflammatory diets were linked to higher pre-frailty risk, whereas higher levels of dietary antioxidants were associated with lower pre-frailty and frailty risk among older Chinese adults.

Is there a link between the inflammatory potential of a diet and mental health among patients with migraine? Findings from a cross-sectional survey

ABSTRACT Aims In this study, we aimed to evaluate the relationship between the dietary inflammatory index (DII) and mental health outcomes among patients with migraine headaches. Methods In this cross-sectional study, 262 subjects were included. The dietary intakes were collected using a validated 168-item semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. Items were scored according to their inflammatory potential, so a higher DII indicated a more pro-inflammatory diet. The association between DII and the mental health of participants was investigated using multinomial logistic regression and odds ratio (OR) with a corresponding 95% confidence interval (CI) was reported. Results Overall, 224 women and 38 men, with a mean (standard error) DII of −2.96 (0.06), age of 36.1 (0.53) years, and BMI of 25.55 (0.21) kg/m2, comprised our study population. DII was positively associated with a higher risk of depression in patients with the highest adherence to a pro-inflammatory diet compared to those with the lowest adherence (OR = 1.76; 95%CI: 1.04, 3.00; Ptrend = 0.035). Adjustments for age, sex, marital status, smoking status, migraine headache index score, number of family members, mean arterial pressure, medication, physical activity, and BMI intensified the association in a way that the risk of depression was 2.03 times higher in patients with the highest adherence to a pro-inflammatory diet compared to those with the lowest adherence to a pro-inflammatory diet (OR = 2.03; 95%CI: 1.18, 3.49; Ptrend = 0.011). Conclusion Our findings suggest that depression was positively associated with adherence to a pro-inflammatory diet. However, no significant association was observed between anxiety and stress with DII.

Gut bacterial markers involved in association of dietary inflammatory index with visceral adiposity

ObjectiveTo deepen the understanding of the influence of diet on weight gain and metabolic disturbances, we examined associations between diet-related inflammation and body composition and fecal bacteria abundances in participants of the Nutritionists’ Health Study. MethodsEarly-life, dietary and clinical data were obtained from 114 women aged ≤45 years. A validated food frequency questionnaire was used to calculate the energy-adjusted dietary inflammatory index (E-DII). Participants’ data were compared by E-DII quartiles using ANOVA or Kruskal-Wallis. Associations of DXA-determined body composition with the E-DII were tested by multiple linear regression using DAG-oriented adjustments. Fecal microbiota was analyzed targeting the V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene. Spearman correlation coefficients were used to test linear associations; differential abundance of genera across the E-DII quartiles was assessed by pair-wise comparisons. ResultsE-DII score was associated with total fat (b=1.80, p<0.001), FMI (b=0.08, p<0.001) and visceral fat (b=1.19, p=0.02), independently of maternal BMI, birth type and breastfeeding. E-DII score was directly correlated to HOMA-IR (r=0.30; p=0.004), C-reactive protein (r=0.29; p=0.003) and to the abundance of Actinomyces, and inversely correlated to the abundance of Eubacterium.xylanophilum.group. Actinomyces were significantly more abundant in the highest (most proinflammatory) E-DII quartile. ConclusionsAssociation of E-DII with markers of insulin resistance, inflammation, body adiposity and certain gut bacteria are consistent with beneficial effects of anti-inflammatory diet on body composition and metabolic profile. Bacterial markers, such as Actinomyces, could be involved in the association between the dietary inflammation with visceral adiposity. Studies designed to explore how a pro-inflammatory diet affects both central fat deposition and gut microbiota are needed.

Dietary Inflammatory Index and diabetic retinopathy risk in US adults: findings from NHANES (2005–2008)

BackgroundInflammation is associated with the pathophysiology of diabetic retinopathy (DR). Within the framework of complete dietary patterns, the Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII) was formulated to evaluate the inflammatory properties inherent in a diet. The main purpose of the current study was to assess the relationship between DII and DR using National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES).MethodsThe original sample size included 1,148 diabetes patients out of 2005–2008 NHANES surveys. Twenty-four-hour dietary consumptions were used to calculate the DII scores. Demographic characteristics and retina examinations were collected for the comparison between DR and non-DR groups in diabetes patients. The relationship between DII and DR was analyzed by a logistic regression model.Results227 subjects (110 non-DR and 117 DR) were selected in the analyses by using undersampling method to balance the sample size. Compared with non-DR group, DR group had higher DII values (1.14 ± 0.29 vs. 1.49 ± 0.21, p = 0.32), higher levels of HbA1c (6.8 ± 1.1% vs. 7.7 ± 2.6%, p < 0.001), longer duration of diabetes (6.52 ± 12 years vs. 14 ± 11 years, p < 0.001). The odds rate (OR) of DII for DR from the logistic regression was 1.38 (95%CI 1.06–1.81, p < 0.001). HbA1c, diabetes duration and obesity were important influencing factors, and their ORs were 1.81 (95% CI:1.31–2.50), 1.12 (95%CI:1.04–1.20), 4.01 (95%CI:1.12–14.32), respectively. In addition, the most important dietary indices for DR were different across males and females.ConclusionsThe current study demonstrates that a higher DII is associated with an increased risk of DR in US adults. Considering diet as a modifiable factor, limiting pro-inflammatory diets or encouraging an anti-inflammatory diet may be a promising and cost-effective method in the management of DR.