Pro-agility Test Research Articles

Are the peak accelerations and decelerations registered during the pro-agility test replicated during matches and training sessions?

ABSTRACT Change of direction speed (CODS) tests can provide insights about the acceleration and deceleration abilities of soccer players. We compared peak accelerations and decelerations during matches, training sessions and the pro-agility test. Sixteen (n = 16) players from the men’s Portuguese first division were monitored with global navigation satellite systems during half of one season. Peak efforts were retrieved during matches, training sessions and the pro-agility test. Mean paired differences with effect sizes [95% confidence intervals] compared peak efforts registered during matches, training sessions and the pro-agility test. The pro-agility test peak accelerations were similar to matches (p = 0.81; d = 0.09 [−0.68, 0.88]; unclear effect size), but largely different from training sessions (p < .001; d = 1.30 [0.78, 2.05]); increasingly, peak accelerations differ moderately (p = 0.02; d = 0.95 [0.24, 1.83]) between matches and training sessions. The pro-agility test peak decelerations differ largely from matches (p < .001; d = 3.83 [2.85, 5.43]) and hugely from training sessions (p < .001; d = 5.74 [4.37, 8.05]); additionally, peak decelerations were similar between matches and training sessions (p = 0.26; d = 0.43 [−0.31, 1.25]; unclear effect size). The findings of this study indicate that the pro-agility test can be a good predictor of match peak accelerations. Finally, monitoring training sessions may be a more appropriate strategy to predict peak decelerations during matches.

A Comparative Analysis of the 2021 NFL Combine Data: The Relationship Between Linear Sprint, Momentum, Vertical and Horizontal Jumps and Change of Direction Deficit

The majority of COD execution assessments employ the use of total time as the metric by which COD performance is judged. This study investigated the relationships between CODD time, sprint time, 5-10-5 and jump performance. Performance data of 328 participants of the 2021 NFL Combine (age: 22.35 ± 1.00 years; height: 1.87 ± 0.07m; weight: 108.51 ± 21.61kg) was collected and used for the analysis. CODD correlated to the 5- 10-5 pro-agility (r= 0.69 - 0.71) test but not sprint time (r= 0.15 - 0.27) for both the drafted and undrafted groups. Meanwhile, there was a large to very large association between 5-10-5 proagility time and the sprint variables (r = 0.62 - 0.82) for both drafted and undrafted groups. The correlation between CODD time and momentum was minor (r= 0.26 – 0.28) for both drafted and undrafted groups, but the 5-10-5 pro-agility reported a strong to a very strong association with momentum (r= 0.57 – 0.75). There was an inversely small correlation between CODD time and VJh (r= – 0.27) and BJ (r= -0.25– -0.28) for both drafted and undrafted groups whereas the 5-10-5 pro-agility time reported an inversely large to very large correlation with VJH (r= -0.51 – -0.68) and BJ (r= -0.57 – -0.71) on both groups. The magnitude and impact of the momentum, horizontal jump, and vertical jump of participants on their CODD time indicate that coaches and fitness experts should focus on improving the technical aspects of the COD execution when attempting to improve their CODS.

Jump height ingenerated by countermovement and arm swing better correlates with proagility shuttle run tests but not with change of direction deficits in collegiate female athletes.

Jumping and linear sprinting performances show a moderate correlation with change of direction (COD) ability. However, the extent of these correlations remains unknown through statistical analysis. Thus, this study statistically compared correlation coefficients between COD, COD deficit (CODD), and jumping and linear sprint performances. National-level basketball (29) and baseball (18) intercollegiate female athletes performed 20-m linear sprint, proagility (5-10-5) test, squat jump (SJ), countermovement jump with (CMJarm) and without (CMJ) arm swing and modified reactive strength index (RSImod). Correlation analysis was used to assess factors correlated with COD performance and CODD; subsequently, correlation coefficient comparison test was used to determine better correlations with COD and CODD performance. CMJ (r=-0.483) and CMJarm (r=-0.446) had stronger correlations with 10-m COD (both, P<0.018) than with 10-m linear sprint (r=0.431, P=0.002). For 20-m COD, RSImod, CMJ, and CMJarm (r=-0.491--0.543, P<0.001) better correlated with 20-m COD than with 20-m linear sprints (r=0.436, P=0.002), while RSI (both r=-0.317, P<0.030) and SJ (r=-0.359, r=-0.293, P=0.046) were weakly correlated with 10- and 20-m COD. The differences in correlation coefficients for RSImod, CMJ, and CMJarm were not significant in both 10- and 20-m COD. Ten-meter linear sprint performance only correlated with 10-m CODD, while no correlation was observed with 20-m CODD. Stronger correlations of RSImod, CMJ, and CMJarm with 10-/20-m COD than with linear sprinting, RSI, and SJ suggest that training focused on improving countermovement and arm swings with jumping may enhance COD performance in female athletes.

Association of Physiological Performance, Physical Fitness, and Academic Achievement in Secondary School Students.

This study aimed to compare the physiological performance and physical fitness based on the academic achievement levels of secondary school students and to explore the effect of gender on the relationship between physiological performance, physical fitness, and academic achievement. In this cross-sectional study, 304 children aged 13-14 years were recruited. To assess physical fitness, students performed a 20 m sprint test, a pro-agility test, a one-mile endurance run/walk test, and a countermovement jump test. At the end of the one-mile endurance run/walk test, the estimated VO2peak value of the participants was calculated. The physiological performance of the students was determined by measuring their resting heart rate and blood pressure. Students were grouped into three categories based on their academic achievement levels. The assessment of academic achievement considered their scores from the previous academic year. The scores were divided into three levels: poor (average score of 69 points or less), average (scores ranging from 70 to 84 points), and good (scores of 85 points or higher). The study revealed a notable disparity among students' VO2Max measurements based on their academic achievement (F = 8.938, p < 0.001, η2 = 0.056). However, we observed that the group with poor academic achievement displayed lower diastolic blood pressure values than the groups with average and good performances. Finally, no significant gender differences were evident in the relationship between academic achievement and any of the physical and physiological parameters.

Field-based fitness measures improve via an immersive virtual reality exergaming platform: a randomized controlled trial

While there has been a recent onslaught of traditional lab-based fitness measures in immersive virtual reality (IVR) exergaming research, there remains a paucity in the field-based fitness domain, which refers to assessments made outside a formal laboratory setting which are easier, cheaper, and have more practical application. This study aimed to assess changes in field-based fitness tests including the 1-mile run, 20-m dash, multiple single-leg hop-stabilization test, Abalakov jump, and 5-10-5 Pro Agility test during a 1-month workout protocol and to compare differences between groups assigned to either an IVR machine-directed exergaming platform or a traditional, self-directed cable-resistance training control (SELF). Eighteen (7 females) college-aged participants with little resistance training experience were randomized to IVR or SELF and worked out thrice weekly for 4 weeks (12 sessions). Wilcoxon rank-sum tests were performed for continuous variables to assess significance. Compared to SELF, the IVR group had significantly better performance improvements in 20 m dash (−0.1s vs. 0.0s, p = 0.022), 5-10-5 Pro Agility Test (−0.1s vs. −0.0s, p = 0.003), Abalakov Jump (5.8 cm vs. 2.0 cm, p = 0.0013), 1-Mile Run (−11.0s vs. −2.0s, p = 0.008), and Multiple Single-Leg Hop-Stabilization Test with their dominant (−9.0s vs. 1.0s, p = 0.0015) and non-dominant (−8.0s vs. 1.0s, p = 0.003) legs. This training study demonstrates that IVR exergaming, more so than those that traditionally resistance train (SELF), can improve many field-based fitness components including agility, balance and stability, speed/acceleration, cardiovascular endurance, and lower-body power.

Anthropometry and athletic performance with Zybek sports in elite American taekwondo athletes

Introduction: The relationship between anthropometric characteristics and athletic performance in taekwondo athletes is a topic of growing interest in the field of sports science and physical preparation. Objective: To determine the relationship between athletic performance in Zybek Sport tests and anthropometry in elite American taekwondo athletes. Methodology: A quantitative, descriptive, and correlational quasi-experimental cross-sectional study was conducted on a sample of (n = 470) taekwondo athletes. Anthropometric measurements included height, weight, and BMI. Athletic performance was assessed using Zybek Sports Performance Standardized Athletic Testing (SAT®). Results: Negative and statistically significant relationships were identified between the 10 and 20-yard sprints and height (p &lt; .000) and (p &lt; .000), weight (p &lt; .000) and (p &lt; .000), and BMI (p &lt; .016) and (p &lt; .000). The pro Agility test only showed a significant negative relationship with weight (p &lt; .000) and height (p &lt; .000). As for the 40-yard dash, horizontal jump, and vertical jump, which showed positive and significant relationships, it was identified that performance in these tests is influenced by greater height (p &lt; .000), (p &lt; .000), (p &lt; .000), weight (p &lt; .000), (p &lt; .000), (p &lt; .000), and BMI (p &lt; .000), (p &lt; .003) respectively. Except for the vertical jump, which did not show a significant correlation with BMI (p &lt; .542). Conclusion: In conclusion, despite the heterogeneity of the relationships, lower weight, height, and BMI were found to improve performance in the 10 and 20-yard sprints as well as in the pro agility test. In the case of the 40-yard dash, horizontal jump, and vertical jump, greater weight, height, and BMI were related to better performance in these tests, with the exception of the vertical jump, which did not show a significant correlation with BMI.

Sensory function and somatosensorial system changes according to visual acuity and throwing techniques in goalball players: A cross-sectional study.

The somatosensory system is a complect sensory system that differentiates individual athletes. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of visual acuity level on throwing technique, proprioceptive sense of the shoulder joint, light touch and two-point discrimination sense of the upper extremity, and sensory function (postural control and reaction time) in visually impaired goalball players. Goalball players who have different visual acuities B1(unable to perceive light or recognize its shape); B2 (has a visual field of less than 5 degrees and can recognize shapes); B3 (visual field greater than 5 degrees and less than 20 degrees) participated in the study. The sensorial system was evaluated with proprioceptive sense of the shoulder joint and sensory tests (light touch and two-point discrimination sense of the dominant hand.). Sensory function (postural control and reaction time) was evaluated with the flamingo balance test, functional reach test, and pro-agility test. The goalball players' throwing technique was questioned. Seventeen male players, those aged 20-30 (20.8±3.9 years) who have been professionally engaged in goalball for at least three years (58.7-37.8 months) participated. Shoulder internal rotation joint position sense and the flamingo balance test were found to be different in the group with B1 visual acuity than in the group with B3 visual acuity (p = 0.042* and 0.028 respectively). There was no difference between groups with B1-B2 visual acuity (p = 0.394 and p = 0.065) and between groups with B2-B3 visual acuity (p = 0.792 and p = 0.931). There was no difference in the groups in terms of sensory tests and reaction time (p> 0.05). In goalball, joint position sense is related to throwing techniques. Although there is a general acceptance that other sensory systems should work harder to compensate for the sense of vision, fear of falling, athlete's branch year, sports year, muscle strength, and general physical condition of the athlete may affect the measurements made, especially in the dynamic position.

Changes in Body Composition and Physical Performance after a Six-Week International Tour in Young Chilean Female Tennis Players.

Junior tennis players travel a lot to play tennis tournaments; this causes them to spend a lot of time away from their homes and disrupts their training, which could reduce their performance and increase the risk of injury. The purpose of this study was to analyze the changes in physical performance and body composition after a six-week international tour in young Chilean female tennis players. Thirty young female tennis players (15.4 ± 0.6) participated in this study. Body weight, skinfolds, and perimeters were measured. Body fat percentage (BFP) and skeletal muscle mass (SMM) were calculated. For physical performance, 5 m sprint, the 505 with stationary start test (505 test), the pro-agility test, countermovement jump (CMJ), and medicine ball throw (MBT) were evaluated. The results show a significant increase in BFP and decrease in SMM (p < 0.01; d = -0.18 and 0.19, respectively). In terms of physical performance, 5 m sprint, the 505 test (p < 0.01; d = -0.95 and -0.95, respectively), CMJ, MBT, and HJ significantly decreased post-tour (p < 0.05; d = 0.96, 0.89 and 0.47, respectively). We conclude that, after a six-week international tour, there were changes in body composition and a significant decrease in 5 m sprint, the 505 test, CMJ, and MBT.

Agility among College-going Students: A Literature Review

Introduction: Agility is the ability to rapidly alter direction or speed of whole-body in response to a stimulus. Agility is correlated with several trainable physical attributes, including technique, strength, endurance, power and cognitive components. Aim: To provide an insight on agility testing among college-going students. Materials and Methods: A literature search was performed using the PubMed, Scopus and Ovid Medline databases for relevant research published from 2012 to 2022. Articles including participant with age group 18-25 year are included. The search terms such as “Agility”, “Agility test”, “Youth”, “Students” using Boolean operators AND, OR were used. All the free full original English articles inexplicitly explaining the role of agility in the different sport were included, irrespective of the type of the study. Results: A total of 3045 articles were retrieved from different databases, out of which only nine articles fulfilled the inclusion criteria and were included for the present review. These studies revealed that several Agility Test (AT) were developed such as Y-shaped AT, 505 AT, Illinois AT, zigzag run AT, T drill AT, 5-20-30m sprint AT, pro AT, repetitive AT, Butterfly AT and Hexagonal AT, which were used among similar population. Conclusion: Although there are multiple valid agility tests which can be performed among college student. Illinois AT and T drill AT are considered to be most effective test and helps to improve the agility among college students. This review will aware about the implication of different agility test among college-going students.

Sports performance in 10-year-old children participating in multi-skills movement program: a pilot study

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationships between sprint, change of direction, and jumping parameters in primary school boys and girls participating in the multi-skill movement program. 10 girls (age: 10.87±0.70 years, height: 140.10±0.03 cm, body weight: 42.01±10.49 kg) and 10 boys (age: 10.37±0.46 years, height: 134.60±0.08 cm, body weight: 36.00±10.58 kg) volunteered in the study. To test the sprint speed; 5m, 10m, 20m sprint tests, to test change of direction performance; 505 Change of Direction Test, T Test, Pro Agility Test, and Hexagon Test, and lastly to test the jump performance; Counter Movement Jump Test and Triple leg-hop for distance test were applied. Mann Whitney U -Test and Spearman Correlation Test were used in the analysis of the data obtained in the study. When the data were examined, a statistically significant relationship was found between the 5m, 10m, and 20m sprint tests (p

Use of Rate of Force Development in Field Testing of Ice-Hockey Players

Introduction: Ice hockey is a power-speed sport played on ice. The surface specification is very different from a normal surface, so it is important to look for the most appropriate measurements and specific off-ice tests that would better define ice-hockey performance. Therefore, the main purpose of this research was to determine the relationship of rate of force development (RFD) in back squat with commonly used off-ice and on-ice tests. Methods: The research involved 15 junior ice-hockey players (181.8 ± 4.1 cm; 80.7 ± 8.8 kg; 18.4 ± 0.9 yrs) playing in the highest competition of Czech hockey. Players performed all tests in one day divided into 2 blocks - off-ice block (OFF) in the morning and on-ice block (ON) in the afternoon, respectively. The OFF contained 30 m sprint test with 15 m split (SP15; SP30), plyometric tests (broad jump - BJ; countermovement jump - CMJ), and a velocity squat protocol (VSP). Finally, in the ON was performed speed and coordination tests - 30 m forward skating with 15 m split (FW15 and FW30); 30 m backward skating with 15 m split (BW15 and BW30); Weave agility test (WAT); Transition test (TT) and Pro-agility test (PAT). Results: No significant results were found between RFD and coordination tests (TT, WAT, PAT) and CMJ. The significant correlations were found between RFD40kg and SP30 (r = -.865; p &lt; .01) and BJ and RFD40kg, respectively (r =.649; p &lt; .05). However, as the back squat loads increase, the correlation strength decreases between RFD and SP30 (r = -.677; p &lt; .01 for RFD50kg and r = -.560; p &lt; .05 for RFD60kg). Moreover, the strong degree of correlation were observed between RFD40kg and FW15 (r = -.699; p &lt; .05) and also FW30 (r = -.705; p &lt; 0.05). Conclusion: The results of the study show a significant relationship between the RFD and commonly used off-ice and on-ice tests.

Introduction to an Advanced Change of Direction Test in Baseball and Softball: The Curvilinear Ability Test

ABSTRACT Baseball and softball base running involve appropriate body position and maximal sprinting that may require curvilinear sprinting and subsequent changes of direction depending on the situational context. Traditionally, the pro-agility test has been used in baseball and softball to evaluate agility performance. When evaluating the specific tests that could be used to record change of direction speed (CODS) time in base running, it is advised to record not only the total time to complete the test but also to record the time to complete each running segment because this will provide greater information about the CODS strengths and weaknesses for each athlete. Furthermore, it is important to consider whether an additional test integrating curvilinear and CODS characteristics to simulate base running provides further objective data to evaluate base running ability. This article introduces a new field assessment called the Curvilinear Ability Test (CAT) that measures both curvilinear and CODS properties in base running. The CAT is believed to provide greater assessment value versus the pro-agility and 505 agility tests in evaluating base running ability. The video abstract is available as Supplemental Digital Content 1, http://links.lww.com/SCJ/A381.

Change of direction deficit is an important indicator for agility test

&lt;p&gt;變向 (change of direction, COD) 是運動員執行多方向移動的必要能力，變向能力可以透過專項訓練、敏捷性訓練、和技術發展提升，俾使競技運動比賽時的戰略成功達到攻防合一。過去發展許多關於變向、敏捷性的測驗，如：折返跑、505敏捷測驗或專業敏捷測驗等，這些田野方法通常用動作時間測量敏捷性，而變向動作則有採用生物力學研究方法的量化分析探討其動作特徵。但是，這些動作時程較長的單一測驗結果，卻也夾雜了衝刺能力、無氧代謝能力等因素。方向變換逆差 (change of direction deficit, CODD) 參數的發展，乃是通過數學的扣除方法，結合了純粹衝刺與變向衝刺等二項測驗的結果，能夠更精準地獲得敏捷能力的指標。本文整合了敏捷測驗、變向技能個別差異與生物力學特徵的過去相關文獻，提供教練員、肌力與體能訓練專家、運動員、體育教師在運動現場監控敏捷表現的資訊，也提醒方向變換逆差的參數是國際正發展評估敏捷能力具高靈敏度及準確度的指標，其信度與效度議題則有發展及探索的價值。&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Change of direction (COD) is an essential ability for athletes to perform multi-directional locomotion. COD can be enhanced through specific training, agility training, and technique development in order to successfully achieve the tactics of defense and offense within sport activities. Previous studies have developed many COD and agility tests, such as shuttle runs, 505 agility tests, and pro-agility tests. These field tests are used to assess agility by measuring movement time. There has been quantitative analysis of COD movements through a biomechanical approach to identify movement characteristics. However, using single outcome measures with long movement duration can blend the factors of sprint ability and anaerobic capacity. The development of the parameter of change-of-direction deficit (CODD) is a subtractive method in mathematics that combines two measurements to evaluate the index of agility precisely. This article summarizes previously published material on individual differences and biomechanical characteristics of COD skills to provide sport instructors, strength and conditioning specialists, athletes, or physical educators with information to monitor agility performance in the field. CODD is a sensitive and precise indicator for assessing agility. It is worth developing and exploring the issues of reliability and validity.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;

Change of Direction Deficit: A Promising Method to Measure a Change of Direction Ability in Adolescent Basketball Players.

The aims of this study were to determine the relationship between vertical jumping performance, linear speed, change of direction speed (CODs) time and the COD deficit (CODD) in adolescent basketball players and to analyze the CODD between faster and slower players based on linear speed performance. Thirty-eight male basketball players (age: 15.47 ± 0.51 years; body height: 185.19 ± 5.67 cm; body mass: 71.87 ± 7.29 kg) completed countermovement jumps (CMJ) with and without an arm swing, squat jumps (SJs), linear sprints at 20 m with split times at 5 and 10 m, the pro-agility test and the zig-zag tests. Furthermore, the CODD was calculated as the difference between the 20 m linear speed result and CODs time in both COD tests. Pearson and Spearman analyses were used to determine the correlations between power-speed-related variables and the CODD. Moreover, independent t-tests and Cohen's d effect size (ES) were used to analyze the differences between the faster and slower players in the CODD. Moderate to strong significant negative correlations were observed between the CODD in the pro-agility test and linear speed at 5 m, 10 m, and 20 m (r = -0.55 to -0.46), while moderate negative significant correlation was found between the zig-zag CODD and SJs (r = -0.37) as well as small positive significant correlation between the CODD in the zig-zag test and the eccentric utilization ratio (EUR) (r = 0.23). Additionally, faster basketball players displayed significantly higher CODD values performing the pro-agility test. In summary, these findings underline the complexity of COD performance and the importance of remodeling traditional training programs in basketball players.

İşitme Engelli Hentbolcularda Sürat, Çeviklik ve Linear Yön Değiştirme Hızı Arasındaki İlişki: Deneysel Araştırma

Objective: Handball is a type of sport, in which speed and agility are important, and it involves continuous explosive sprints, jumps, direction changes, giving passes, and body contact while doing these. This study aimed to analyze the relationship between body compositions, speed, agility performance, and speed of linear-direction change in handball players with hearing disabilities. Material and Methods: A total of 20 athletes who were members of the Turkish National Male Handball Team with hearing disabilities participated in the study. The participants' average age, height, and body weight were 27.00±1.40 years, 180.30±1.50 cm, and 82.50±2.03 kg, respectively. The body compositions of the athletes were evaluated with a BIA analyzer (Tanita BC-418, Tanita Corporation, Tokyo-Japonya). Linear change of direction (Change of Direction and Acceleration Test), agility (Pro-Agility Test) and 20 m sprint tests were evaluated with a Photocell-connected Smartspeed (Fusion Sport, Australia) mat device. The correlation coefficients of the variables and their statistical differences were calculated with the Pearson correlation test. Results: There was a positive correlation between body fat percentages and the speed of direction change (r=0.490, p<0.05). There is a positive correlation between speed and agility (r=0.674, p<0.01) and also between the speed of linear change of direction (r=0.692, p<0.05). Conclusion: In this study, a positive correlation was found between linear chance of direction and body fat percentage, speed, linear chance of direction and agility in hearing impaired athletes. Studies on change of direction, speed, agility and other physical fitness parameters are extremely limited. To improve the performance of athletes with hearing disabilities, it is also necessary to examine other physical components. We consider that the study will contribute to this field.

Effects of different maturity status on change of direction performance of youth tennis players.

The aim of this study was to examine the maturational status (i.e., peak height velocity [PHV]) differences in neuromuscular performance (i.e., vertical jump, linear sprint, change of direction (COD) using different tests, and change of direction deficit [CODD]) of young tennis players. One hundred and two tennis players (70 boys and 52 girls; age 13.9 ± 2.0 years, body mass 53.3 ± 12.7 kg, height 163.1 ± 11.9 cm) participated in the study and were divided into Pre-PHV (n = 26), Circa-PHV (n = 33) and Post-PHV (n = 43) groups. Testing included speed (5, 10, and 20 m), COD tests (i.e., modified 5-0-5, pro-agility and hexagon), and bilateral/unilateral countermovement jump (CMJ). Pre- and Circa-PHV players presented lower levels of performance in jumping ability (i.e., both bilateral and unilateral CMJs; P < 0.001; ES: 0.85 to 0.98), linear sprints (5 to 20 m; P < 0.05 to < 0.001; ES: 0.67 to 1.19) and COD ability tests (modified 5-0-5 test, pro-agility and hexagon) compared to the Post-PHV players. Moreover, Pre-PHV players presented lower CODD% (p < 0.05; ES: 0.68-0.72) than Post-PHV for both forehand and backhand sides, and Circa-PHV showed lower values in the CODD of the rolling situation to the forehand side (p < 0.05; ES: 0.58). Among the COD tests, the pro-agility test seems to be a simple, easy-to-implement and reliable test, which can provide interesting information about the COD with higher entry speeds. Moreover, specific training strategies related to the PHV and focused not only on the neuromuscular training and COD workouts, but also on maximizing motor skill proficiency, should be recommended.

The Trainability of Explosive Power Features and Their Negative Correlation with Body Fatness in Collegiate American Football Players

Both sports education and training interventions create a dose-response relationship in the body which change the body composition. The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between pre-season body composition and physical performance parameters of collegiate American football players. 23 American football players (age: 22.3±3.1 years, height: 180.6±5.6 cm, weight: 94.2±16.9 kg) voluntarily participated in the study. The body compositions of players were determined via Dual-Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DEXA) device and countermovement jump (CMJ), 10 and 40-yard sprinting and pro-agility tests were applied to evaluate physical performance. Pearson Correlation analysis was used to determine whether there was a relationship between body composition parameters and field tests. As a result, a statistically significant negative correlation (p &lt; 0.05) was found between body fat percentage (r = -.736; p &lt; .001) and body fat mass (r = -.717; p &lt; .001) with CMJ. A statistically significant relationship (p&lt;0.05) was found between body fat percentage (r = .622; p &lt; .002; r = -.759; p &lt; .001) and body fat mass (r = .595; p &lt; .003; r = -.736; p &lt; .001) with 10 and 40-yard sprints respectively. Body fat percentage (r = .659; p &lt; .001) and body fat mass (r = .638; p &lt; .001) also correlated with pro-agility. Our results support earlier research by showing a direct correlation between body composition and power attributes and performance in American football. Coaches were advised to pay attention to body adiposity in terms of a decline in physical performance for this reason.

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN JUMP PERFORMANCE, SPEED AND COD SPEED IN ELITE FEMALE SOCCER PLAYERS

The purpose of this study was to present the physical performance of elite female soccer players and to analyze the relationship between jump performance, speed and COD ability. Sixteen elite female soccer players (age: 20.05±2.85; height: 166.47±4.83cm; body weight: 60.52±8.30kg, BMI 21.88±2.86) from a women's club who played the highest rank of the competition took part in this study. The jump, speed and COD abilities of each player were determined using: (1) the Squat jump (SJ), (2) Countermovement Jump (CMJ), countermovement jump with arm swing (CMJA), (2) running speed at 30-m with passing time at 10m and 20m, (3) the pro agility test (pro), (4) zig-zag test (zig-zag), (5) 9-6-3-6-3 sprint (9-6-3-6-9). The results of Pearson’s correlation indicated moderate significant relationships between the 10m running speed and pro agility test (r=0.59; p&lt;0.01), as well as the zig-zag test (r=0.55; p&lt;0.01), and also between the 30m and all COD tests (pro agility r=0.66; p&lt;0.01, zig-zag r=0.59; p&lt;0.01 and 9-6-3-6-9 r=0.58; p&lt;0.05). A small correlation (r=0.49; p&lt;0.03) was noticed between the 10m running test and 9-6-3-6-9 agility test, and also between the CMJA (r=0.45; p&lt;0.05) and the 9-6-3-6-9 agility test. The findings of the present study indicated a significant correlation between speed and all of the COD tests, additionally between the CMJA and 9-6-3-6-9 COD test. Therefore, elite female soccer players with higher maximum acceleration rates and speed tend to perform better in change of direction tests. On the other hand, jump performance does not significantly correlate with COD ability.

Development of the Butterfly Agility Test

ObjectivesTo develop a PPT that incorporates multiple components of athletic ability and to assess its reliability. DesignTest-retest experimental design. SettingIndoor basketball court in southern Alabama, USA. ParticipantsA convenient sample of 21 asymptomatic subjects (14 male, 7 female). Main outcome measuresSubjects performed the Butterfly Agility Test (BAT), the modified Star Excursion Balance Test (mSEBT), a standing double-legged broad jump (BJ), the Pro Agility Test (PAT), and a forty-yard sprint (40 YS). ResultsOverall, the BAT was found to have good reliability (ICC = 0.89, 95 % CI = 0.023–0.97), strong correlation with the PAT (r = 0.73–0.77), moderate correlations with the BJ and 40 YS (r = 0.50–0.60), and moderate correlations with the mSEBT (r = 0.37–0.62). ConclusionThe BAT appears to be a promising composite assessment of athletic ability among young asymptomatic adults, but it is not recommended for clinical use at this time. Level of evidence3b.

Effects of Regional Plyometric Trainings on Agility Performance of Male Volleyball Players

The study aims to investigate the regional plyometric trainings’ effects on the agility performance of male volleyball players. Süleyman Demirel University Volleyball Team with 20 players attended to the study voluntarily. Players were randomly divided into volleyball training group (VTG) (n = 10) and plyometric training group (PTG) (n = 10). As the VTG continued with their routine volleyball training; regional plyometric trainings for the lower extremity were performed to the PTG for 6 weeks, 3 days a week, at least 30 minutes a day in addition to volleyball training. T and Pro-Agility Tests were applied to the groups at the beginning and end of the 6-week period. Descriptive Statistics, Paired T-Test, and Independent T-Test were used for comparison. “p &lt; 0.05” significance level was accepted for the results’ evaluation. Results of comparison of the T and Pro-Agility pre and post tests’ values of the groups, differences were statistically significant in PTG’s values p &lt; 0.05), but no differences were found in VTG’ values (p &gt; 0.05). Also, no differences were found as a result of the comparison of the pre and post T and Pro-Agility Test values between the groups (p &gt; 0.05). Considering that plyometric trainings provide maximum contraction in the shortest time possible and its effect on the characteristics like sudden changes of location and direction in the volleyball, applying plyometric trainings may be thought to be effective in volleyball training programs.