Privileged Link Research Articles

A review of the Hirmeriellaceae (Cheirolepidiaceae) wood

Summary The Hirmeriellaceae are an extinct family of Mesozoic conifers. Their foliage has been described in the genera Brachyphyllum, Frenelopsis, Pseudofrenelopsis, etc., while their pollen corresponds to the genus Classopollis, the male cones to e.g. Classostrobus or Tomaxellia and the female scales were named Hirmeriella and Paraucaria, for example. Reproductive structures are necessary for a definite identification of the family. Such fossils are rarely found in connection with mature secondary xylem. As a result, very little is known about the wood anatomy of the Hirmeriellaceae. This work reviews available evidences, either from connections between wood and reproductive structures typical for the Hirmeriellaceae or from associations of such fossils within Mesozoic rocks. Connection cases are rare and are reported only for the Cretaceous and for genera Frenelopsis and Pseudofrenelopsis. Association cases are more numerous; however, they are also poorly distributed in time, being reported mostly from two intervals only, the latest Triassic–earliest Jurassic and the Early Cretaceous. Wood data are also poorly distributed taxonomically with most of them being from the frenelopsids. The fossil genera Agathoxylon, Brachyoxylon, Protocupressinoxylon and Protopodocarpoxylon were used for wood fossils which are more or less safely related to the Hirmeriellaceae. However, only the first two seem to have been rightly used, the first usually for juvenile or small diameter wood, the second for more mature wood. Even if there seems to be a privileged link between Brachyoxylon and the Hirmeriellaceae, it cannot be said to be exclusive.

Ambiguously Hip: The Tragically Hip and Canadian Nationalism

The Tragically Hip are a remarkable, indeed unique, phenomenon in Canadian popular music. Their 2016 final tour, undertaken after lead singer Gordon Downie was diagnosed with brain cancer, spectacularly reinforced longstanding perceptions of a privileged link between the band’s music and Canadian national identity. This article probes this connection, asking why deeply ambiguous and often critical references to Canada sufficed to raise The Hip to an extraordinary status as icons of Canadian nationalism. Drawing from theories of “banal” and “everyday” nationalism, it argues that, while The Hip’s work may legitimately be read as nationalist, Canada’s position as a culturally peripheral nation is the key to explaining the incongruous appropriation of the Hip’s work for nationalist self-celebration. The discourse around The Tragically Hip, then, helps to illuminate some of the ways in which nationalism works in a culturally peripheral context.

Est-il possible de se mettre d’accord sur le sens à donner au terme de pragmatème ?

The term ‘pragmateme’ has been coined relatively recently and therefore its usage is still hesitant and its definitions lack precision. This makes it difficult to delimit the scope of all that relates to the intuition of the term. We believe that two criteria are crucial for the identification of the concept. First, it would signify an autonomous linguistic unit implying an act of enunciation, characterised by the adequacy between selecting an appropriate linguistic segment and its application, with all that it entails as constraints. This criterion derives from classical logic, based on the binary opposition of truth and falsehood. The other element of the definition of the pragmateme is difficult to apply due to its subjectivity. It can be described in terms of many-valued fuzzy logic. It requires that a privileged link be created in the consciousness of langage users between a particular formulation, conveying a given semantic content and other, competing formulations. Neither of the two criteria is correlated with formal exponents, which prevents them from being used in a database compiled for the purpose of creating a dictionary of pragmatemes

Les nationalistes français et le milieu sportif, de l’entre-deux-guerres aux années 1960 : Une relation privilégiée

Nationalism, a political trend born in Europe at the end of the 19th century, operates in the classical political field through leagues and parties, but also spreads throughout society. During the interwar period, many French nationalist activists became involved in sports federations and the Olympic movement. They formed genuine networks which they mobilised as a political resource. Some of these even managed French sport during the Second World War. After the Second World War, the sports movement played a significant role as a refuge for leaders compromised with the regime set up by Philippe Pétain and even with the occupying forces. From the 1920s to the 1960s, many federations were presided over by nationalists (cycling, fencing, swimming, Basque pelota, motor sports, tennis), as was the French Olympic Committee, where Armand Massard and then Jean de Beaumont succeeded each other between 1933 and 1967. This article illustrates that sport and politics are often linked: it shows how, through the itinerary of a group of leading figures in the sports movement, the privileged link between French nationalism and certain sports was established over a period of about half a century.

Gestionar la duda. La interpelación al paradestinatario en el discurso de Cambiemos (Argentina)

<p>En este artículo proponemos abordar la construcción discursiva de la figura del “paradestinatario” o indeciso en el discurso político de Cambiemos, el partido político argentino que en 2015 llegó a la presidencia, desde un enfoque polifónico de la enunciación política. Partiendo de la idea de que este discurso entabla un vínculo privilegiado con la opinión pública, en la medida en que se nutre del discurso de la <em>doxa</em> para elaborar los mensajes políticos, identificamos cuatro modalidades de interpelación y configuración del paradestinatario en discursos y <em>spots</em> de campaña, en tanto destinatario indeciso que encarna la duda y la desconfianza y que debe ser persuadido.</p><p> </p><p> </p>

Motion-induced blindness continues outside visual awareness and without attention.

Visual phenomena demonstrating striking perceptual disappearances of salient stimuli have fascinated researchers because of their utility in identifying neural processes that underlie subjective visibility and invisibility. Motion-induced blindness (MIB) is appealing for such purposes because it, like a class of ostensibly related paradigms such as binocular rivalry, features periods of unequivocal subjective disappearances despite constant physical stimulation. It remains unclear, however, exactly how the mechanisms that cause MIB are related to subjectively observed fluctuations in visual awareness. To address this question, we used continuous flash suppression (CFS) to present the MIB stimulus outside visual awareness. Results indicated that MIB occasionally reappeared from suppression with its salient yellow target absent. To quantify this observation, we measured reaction times (RTs) to detect the yellow dot target following visible or perceptually suppressed MIB and indeed found no difference in RTs between these conditions. We also provide evidence that MIB fluctuations can occur without attention. In sum, these experiments indicate that MIB fluctuations are effectively changes in stimulus strength, which under typical conditions result in unmistakable subjective disappearances, but are not inherently fluctuations in stimulus visibility. More broadly, these results challenge the assumed privileged link between bistable stimuli and visual awareness.

“Ars amatoria bayaliana. Reescritura de las nínfulas en "Mísera fue, señora, la osadía"

This article explores Misera fue, senora, la osadia; we analyze the strong use of intertextuality and, in particular, mythological references. In this novel Gonzalo Hidalgo Bayal displays his mastery in his role as the transmitter and privileged link in the continuum of literary tradition, introducing variations in the mythological character of the nymphs, where tradition melts the features of the Greco-Latin sirens and lamias accordingly with the author’s time and his readers’ sensitivity.

Chapter 6 - Adult Neurogenesis in the Olfactory System Shapes Odor Memory and Perception

The olfactory system is a dynamic place. In mammals, not only are sensory neurons located in the sensory organ renewed through adult life, but also its first central relay is reconstructed by continuous neuronal recruitment. Despite these numerous morphological and physiological changes, olfaction is a unique sensory modality endowed with a privileged link to memory. This raises a clear conundrum; how does the olfactory system balance its neuronal turnover with its participation in long-term memory? This review concentrates on the functional aspects of adult neurogenesis, addressing how the integration of late-born neurons participates in olfactory perception and memory. After outlining the properties of adult neurogenesis in the olfactory system, and after describing their regulation by internal and environmental factors, we ask how the process of odorant perception can be influenced by constant neuronal turnover. We then explore the possible functional roles that newborn neurons might have for olfactory memory. Throughout this review, and as we concentrate almost exclusively on mammalian models, we stress the idea that adult neurogenesis is yet another form of plasticity used by the brain to copes with a constantly changing olfactory world.

La urgente definición de los ejes de la política exterior Española hacia Ibeoramérica

The recent Latin American wake up shows a picture of regional transformation that has shaken up the basis of the traditional relations with the countries of the zone. A major change that is made manifest in the incorporation of Mexico, Argentina and Brasil to the G-20, in the sustainted growth of at least thirteen countries of the region or in the emerging leadership of Brasil. The burst in of new external competitors as China, Rusia, France or India demonstrates the oportunities that Latin America shows in the new world scenary. In the last decade Spain neither has been able to take advantage of the common elements that bind it to the Continent nor has it optimized its position as a privileged link with the European Union. Spain should urgently rethink about a logical map of priorities, goals and actions in order to define its strategical space as a political, cooperative and investing actor and as an european spokesman in a frame of bilateral and interregional relations.

Observations on incivility: blind spots in third sector research and policy

Incivility is not only a moral or political challenge but also something that should make the third sector research community think about the appropriateness of some of its widely used basic concepts. This paper sketches three different types of attitudes in the third sector that are a threat to civil society, each of them pointing to challenges for third sector research. Altogether, this leads to a fourth and final point, where it is argued that the world of associations (the third sector) and civil society are different subjects. Civicness and civility should be seen as qualities of society at large. And it is questionable to assume that association building has a kind of natural and privileged link with the making of active citizens and the building of civil society.

In the tracks of Comparative Urbanism: Difference, Urban Modernity and the Primitive

In a globalizing world, the importance of appreciating the wide range of different kinds of cities around the world is becoming increasingly apparent to urban scholars. However, this paper argues that if urban studies is to engage with this diversity of cities, some of the core assumptions which frame urban theory need to be challenged. The concept of urban modernity, for example, has assumed a privileged link between modernity and certain kinds of cities, and relegated other people and places to the category of the "primitive" or the nonmodern. Instead, this paper argues that we could re-activate some resources in the tracks of comparative urbanism, prominent in the middle decades of the 20th century, to provoke a more cosmopolitan account of urban modernity which can learn from the diverse tactics of urban living around the world, and which is more appropriate for contemporary analysis of cities in a globalizing and interconnected world.

Intelligence and the Cold War

J Bond symbolizes the popular appeal of any story related to the intelligence services. Yet, until recently, this interest had not been matched by academic publications. As Professor Richard J. Aldrich rightly asserts in his book, The Hidden Hand: Britain, America and the Cold War Secret Intelligence, “only a minority of scholars has yet attempted to integrate secret service with international history.”1 By addressing this issue in the context of Anglo-American relations from June 1941 to the end of 1963, this brilliant book fills two major gaps of international relations historiography. Indeed, being one of the first serious and well-documented scholarly assessments of the impact of secret services on the Cold War, this study is also a major contribution to the history of the so-called “Special Relationship.” By shedding light on “the ‘Missing Dimension’2 of history,” Aldrich also focuses on an understudied theme of Anglo-American relations—the intelligence field. It therefore is no accident that Professor Aldrich’s book received the Donner Prize and was short listed for the Westminster Medal. The Anglo-American “Special Relationship” was characterized as an informal alliance establishing a privileged link between the two Anglo-Saxon powers. It did not rest on any specific treaty but more on an aggregation of agreements. Since World War II, three pillars symbolized this relationship: collaboration between the military forces, cooperation in the fields of nuclear weapons (except between 1946 and 1958), and collaboration in intelligence. However, so far, “there remains an alarming disparity in our understanding of [these] areas. The importance of intelligence is often commented on, but rarely subjected to sustained analysis.”3 In The Hidden Hand, Aldrich demonstrates that this underdeveloped theme is indeed a very important gap, which has distorted our understanding of the “Special Relationship.” In his introduction, Aldrich explains that he chose to emphasize conflict between the two allies rather than to depict an illusory collaborative image.4 He persuasively demonstrates that “many still held true the familiar dictum that ‘There are no friendly secret services, only secret services of friendly states’” and that “secret service in this turbulent period often seemed an anarchic struggle of ‘all against all.’”5 This was especially true in the context of

Fictions of the Feminine in the Nineteenth-Century Spanish Press

How was the female body perceived in the popular culture of late 19th-century Spain? Using an array of images from popular magazines of the day, this text finds that women were typically presented in ways that were reassuring to the emerging bourgeois culture. The author has organized the 190 images reproduces in the text into six broad categories, or fictions of the feminine: she reads women's bodies as a romantic symbol of beauty or evil; as a privileged link with the natural order; as a font of male inspiration; as a mouthpiece of bourgeois mores; as a focalised point of male fear and desire; and as an eroticised expression of Spanish exoticism and political ambitions. These imaginary visions of femininity, argues the author, were a response to, and also helped create, gendered stereotypes by suggesting ideal feminine behaviour and poses.

New technology-based firms and technology acquisition in Portugal: Firms' adaptive responses to a less favourable environment

This paper summarizes an empirical study of NTBF creation and early evolution in Portugal. It focuses on the implications of being created and operating in a country with a weak national system of innovation for the process of acquisition of technological knowledge and technology necessary for formation and subsequent development of the firm. It is agreed that start-up conditions concerning the acquisition of the initial technology and the relationships then established have important implications for the subsequent process of technology acquisition, and a number of patterns of behaviour are identified. The main options for the launch of an NTBF are analysed. One stereotype is firms which have a privileged link with a particular source of technology which they use in a more or less ‘symbiotic’ way. A second stereotype is the firm which has a more independent stance — by choice or out of necessity — but is able to build alternative forms of technology acquisition. The privileged relationship appeared to have a number of advantages, although it is a relatively recent experience whose implications are not yet completely clear. The experience of firms which did not have the privileged relationship shows that technology access is often a complex undertaking for NTBFs in less well-endowed environments. The strategies followed by firms to guarantee the acquisition of relevant technological knowledge are thus adaptive responses, devised to cope with the limitations of their environment.

The rise of the foundational research in mathematics

It is no pure and simple truism to say that the philosophy of mathematics has always existed in Western culture, at least since philosophy itself came into being. In fact, not only were most of the early Greek philos ophers mathematicians as well, but it is also well known that speculation within the Greek systems of thought was very often based on problems of a mathematical nature. Soon mathematics, besides being a source of philosophical problems and of their solutions, became also a direct object of philosophical enquiry, to such an extent that the early forms of philosophy of science were in fact forms of the philosophy of mathematics. This sort of privileged link between mathematics and philosophy has never been interrupted in Western thought, and even today there are philosophies that are in various ways influenced by mathematical thought (from the philosophy of Russell to that of Husserl, from Wittgenstein to Carnap and logical empiricism), while a large amount of research is being directed to the study of the 'philosophy of mathematics' proper. Underneath this undeniable continuity, however, considerable differ ences emerge between the ancient and modern conceptions of the philos ophy of mathematics, and some problems, once considered of primary importance, seem now to have almost completely lost their value. To mention only a few of them, let us recall certain classical questions of the old philosophy of mathematics: What are numbers? What kind of relationship exists between mathematics and the structure of the world? How can the property of universality and necessity of mathematical truths be explained? In what sense is mathematical infinity to be con ceived? Is mathematics man's invention or man's discovery? By attributing such questions to the past, we do not mean to confine them to ages far distant from our own. Even Dedekind, for example, entitled one of his most celebrated essays: "What are numbers and what must they be?" ; and Frege devoted the whole of his profound logico-math ematical research to the effort of pointing out the essence of the natural number to mention only these two great authors. However, the theories