Private Transport Research Articles

How Does Transport‐Related Deprivation Reduce Hours of Work in Australia?1

In this study, we examine the effect of transport‐related deprivation on hours of work using 17 waves of longitudinal data from the Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia. We measure transport‐related deprivation using indicators that reflect transport accessibility and affordability. The overall finding indicates that transport‐related deprivation reduces hours of work. This outcome is more pronounced for public transport than private transport, and consistent across instrumental variable techniques, an alternative fixed effect model, and heterogeneity analysis. Further analysis reveals that the hours of work‐reducing effect of transport‐related deprivation is transmitted through time spent travelling to work.

The impact of COVID-19 restrictions on motorcycle crashes in Taiwan.

Taiwan is one of the countries with the highest motorcycle per capita globally, and motorcycle crashes are predominant among traffic crashes. This study examines the impact of coronavirus disease 2019 restrictions on motorcycle crashes. We analyzed the trend of motorcycle crashes in Taipei City from 2019 to 2020 using the dataset provided by the Department of Transportation, Taipei City Government, Taiwan. We found 47,108 and 51,441 motorcycle crashes in 2019 and 2020, involving 61,141 and 67,093 motorcycles, respectively. Mopeds had the highest risk in 2020, followed by heavy motorcycles [≥550 cubic capacity (cc)] and scooters compared to 2019. Food delivery motorcycle crashes increased for scooters (0.93% in 2019 to 3.45% in 2020, P < .0001) and heavy motorcycles (250 < cc < 550) (0.90% in 2019 to 3.38% in 2020, P < .0001). While fatalities remained under 1%, 30% to 51% of motorcyclists sustained injuries. Food delivery with scooters or heavy motorcycles (250 < cc < 550) was significantly associated with motorcyclist injuries and deaths. Compared with 2019, the adjusted odds ratios of motorcyclist injuries and deaths in 2020 were 1.43 (95% confidence interval = 1.05-1.94) for heavy motorcycles (≥550 cc) and 1.07 (95% confidence interval = 1.04-1.09) for scooters. This study shows that coronavirus disease 2019 restrictions was associated with elevated risks of crashes, injuries, and deaths among motorcyclists, reflecting the general preference for private transport over public transport. The popularity of food delivery services also contributed to increased motorcycle crashes.

Quality By Plan Approach-To Explanatory Strategy Approval

The analyst points to consider Quality By Plan Approach-To Explanatory Strategy Approval first Increment the proficiency of planning different steps. That includes creating strategies utilizing quality rules. Private transport trade organization and to clarify the different steps. Concerning the advancement of strategies employing a quality approach to explanatory strategies for examining private transport commerce organizations .Cargo sending could be a benefit trade that plays an imperative part in disseminating items to both household and universal markets. Cargo forwarders are dependable for moving products at each arrange of the supply chain. (from crude materials/primary items Middle of the road items and wrapped up products). The condition of the trade subsequently depends on the amount of merchandise which varies agreeing to the financial circumstance of the nation. Transportation trade is another commerce that's picking up ubiquity. Numerous business visionaries are turning to contribute in this trade. And it is likely to go well and grow even more within the future when numerous transportation businesses emerge. The way to bring your claim commerce to outlive and gotten to be one of the best choices among buyers is to get it the market outline of this sort of commerce. Counting taking after news within the important industry circles. To be able to apply it to commerce techniques within the transportation trade. Patterns and significance worth keeping an eye on: The transportation trade has begun to play a part and has been broadly known for some time presently. Within the past five a long time The transportation commerce slant has gotten a parcel of consideration. Since it not as it were makes a difference drive expansive mechanical businesses. but too makes a difference transport products and administrations of little business people. Broaden the course of organizations from B2B (Business-to-Business) commerce to more B2C (Business-to-Customer) trade The slant of transportation commerce in Thailand within the past period. It must be conceded that the transport commerce slant in Thailand is presently exceptionally well known. Counting the inclination to continue to develop within the future. The investigate strategy chosen by the analyst is quantitative investigate. Utilizing interviews as a inquire about device. administrators and work force of private transportation commerce organizations by analyzing quality plan approaches to review examination strategies, counting 1) benefit quality, counting capacity, get to administrations Communication Unwavering quality, security 2) Generally quality administration incorporates cleanliness, comfort, cleanliness, cleanliness, and building propensities. The results is methodologies and frequencies relating to checking and control. Concurring to the definition given by ICH Q10, a control strategy can "be a organized set of controls gathered from current thing and handle understanding that ensures plan execution and thing quality.

Short waits, happy patients and expert care, moving basic musculoskeletal care from the emergency department to a physiotherapist-led diversion pathway.

Patients with musculoskeletal conditions (MSKCs) are highly prevalent in ED. This project explores the impact of the pilot phase of a 'diversion pathway', which directed patients with MSKCs from the ED waiting room to an outpatient clinic led by advanced-scope physiotherapists. A prospective intervention study comparing care outcomes between patients in the 'diversion pathway' with usual ED care. The characteristics of patients considered eligible and non-eligible are described. Between May and December 2022, 1099 patients were diverted. For diverted patients, mean length of stay (LOS) in ED was reduced by 110 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 99-120) min and 4 h rule compliance improved by 19.3% compared to usual ED care. There were fewer patients who 'did not wait' (DNW) with the diversion pathway. The diverted group was young (median age 22 years and 41% paediatric), mostly low urgency, self-referred and arrived by private transport with minor limb trauma. The diversion pathway triage process appropriately identified 182 patients ineligible for diversion. 96.7% of patients reported satisfaction with care received from the diversion pathway. There was no change in ED representation rates for diverted patients. A new pathway resulted in reduced LOS, reduced DNW, high patient satisfaction and more people being discharged within 4 h for diverted patients compared to usual ED care. The pathway increased ED capacity, improved key ED performance metrics and safely expedited care delivery for patients.

Transportation System and the Improvement of Urban Vehicular Flow in the District of Huánuco-Perú 2022

The objective of this research is to propose a public transport reorganization system that allows the improvement of urban vehicle flow. The lack of adequate transportation infrastructure and the existing disorder in the services provided by collective car, Microbus, Rural Public Transportation Van (Combi), Coaster, and mototaxis generate congestion in public transportation, especially during peak hours, resulting in environmental and noise pollution. The research was structured into four stages: data collection on the public and private transportation network, importing and creating the transportation network in the urban area of the Huánuco district, zoning and connectivity of the study area, and finally, creating the origin/destination (O/D) matrix for public transportation, supported by digital tools (ArcGIS 10.5, AutoCAD 2018, Excel 2017). To meet the demand of 135,343 passengers from South to North and 118,958 from North to South, the proposal includes establishing one main route and seven feeder routes, requiring 422 buses and road infrastructure, as depicted in the proposal This system will have exclusive lanes to operate the Mass Transit System, allowing it to accommodate 59% of users who prefer using public transportation. This proposal aims to offer an efficient and high-quality transportation system.

Studying Spatial Unevenness of Transport Demand in Cities Using Machine Learning Methods

The article discusses the issues of spatial unevenness of transport demand in the city by various transport modes. It describes the creation of models using an artificial neural network to estimate the travel time and share by private and public transport in a large city that does not have off-street transport. The city transport macromodel in PTV Visum (V.18) was used as a data source, from which data were obtained on 50 basic parameters taken into account in the specialized software during the development of the transport model. In total, 50 factors act as independent variables that do not have linear relationships with each other and with the dependent variable, which significantly complicates the use of other models. These models allow assessing the influence degree of the most important factors. Further, the article shows the uneven spatial distribution of the shares of trips by private and public transport across the areas of a city. Using machine learning methods, the transport areas of Tyumen were clustered into nine classes belonging to the central sector, where the share of public transport is significantly higher than at the city border. The dependence of the trip share by cars and shuttle buses on the average travel time and distance by private and public transport for each class of transport areas has been established. The research results can be used when creating new transport areas in the city macromodel and when adjusting transport planning documents. The methods used for analyzing big data on the operation of the transport complex can be implemented in the digital twin of the city and the Intelligent Transport System.

Emergency medical dispatch technologies: Addressing communication challenges and coordinating emergency response in low and middle-income countries

A majority of emergency response in low and middle-income countries (LMICs) without formal emergency medical services (EMS) rely on uncoordinated layperson first responders (LFRs) to respond to emergencies using readily available mobile phones and private transport. Although formally trained LFRs are an important foundation for nascent emergency medical services (EMS) development, without coordination by standardized emergency medical dispatch (EMD) systems, LFR response is limited to witnessed emergencies, which provides significant but incomplete coverage. After training and equipping LFRs, EMD implementation using telecommunications technologies is the next step in formal EMS development and is essential to coordinate response, given the impact of timely prehospital response, intervention, and transportation on reducing morbidity/mortality. In this paper, we describe the current state of dispatch technologies used for emergency response in LMICs, focusing on the role of communication technologies, current approaches, and challenges in communication, and offer potential strategies for future development.

Design Strategies to Improve Metro Transit Station Walking Environments: Five Stations in Chongqing, China

While transit-oriented development (TOD) has been widely adopted in urban design alongside the expansion of urban metro transit, the creation of pedestrian-friendly environments has often been overlooked during implementation. This has resulted in a lower walking advantage around metro transit stations. To address this issue and encourage walking and public transport use in metro transit station areas, this study undertook a quantitative comparative analysis of the pedestrian environment in five Chongqing metro transit station areas. The analysis focused on three key dimensions: “comprehensive evaluation”, “basic scale”, and “structural quality”. The comprehensive evaluation considered factors such as the pedestrian catchment area ratio, POI kernel density distribution, and crowd agglomeration. The basic scale dimension comprised floor area ratio, building density, pedestrian road density, and the quantity of station entrances and exits. Finally, structural quality factors included land use type mixing degree, POI function mixing degree, intersection connectivity, median street length, pedestrian route directness, and green view index. Based on these analyses, this study proposes a series of pedestrian environment design strategies including land use and transportation. The strategies for land use advocate for “developing compact and diverse land use”, “strengthening attraction of station center”, “positioning large projects on the edge”, “restricting private transportation capabilities”. The strategies for transportation consist of “increasing pedestrian road density”, “traffic calming organization”, “subdivision of road types”, and “three-dimensional pedestrian traffic system”. These strategies aim to create a more humanized and environmentally friendly pedestrian environment, proactively rise to the challenge of climate change, thereby cultivating sustainable urban development.

EFEKTIFITAS MODA TRANSPORTASI BUS RAPID TRANSIT (BRT) DALAM MENUNJANG AKTIFITAS BEKERJA DI KOTA SEMARANG

Transportation is the lifeblood of everyday life and one of the basic needs of society. Almost everyone needs transportation to meet their needs, such as the need for work, school, recreation and social interaction. The choice of transportation modes in an urban area is now increasingly varied, starting from private or public transportation. Various activities such as government administrative centers, communication centers, industrial centers and trade centers located in the city of Semarang are factors in all people's choices in using modes of transportation. This analysis uses AHP analysis by presenting it in the form of numbers, graphs, tables and narratives. AHP is a method used to rank decision alternatives and to choose the best of several criteria. AHP develops a numerical value to rank each decision alternative, which is based on how far each alternative meets the criteria of the respondent. Based on the data, it can be explained that the most important criteria for respondents to the choice of transportation mode are the time criteria of 96.78%, then the cost criteria of 2.90%, the next for the age criteria of 0.21% and the last for the criteria worker characteristics of 0.01%. Furthermore, the order of priority for selecting the first working mode of transportation is motorbikes at 91.41%, the second is BRT at 8.01% and the last is Angkot at 0.48%. This study concluded that based on the results and discussion of this study are as follows: Based on calculations AHP data processing can be explained that the most important criteria for respondents to the selection of work transportation modes are time criteria of 96.78%, then cost criteria of 2.90%, next for age criteria of 0.21% and finally for characteristic criteria workers by 0.01%. After obtaining the results of alternative weights, the priority for choosing the first working mode of transportation is motorbikes at 91.41%, the second is BRT at 8.01% and the last is Angkot at 0.48%.

Charting a sustainable course: how normative factors shape intentions for Autonomous Rapid Transit commuting

With the continuous advancement of technology, transportation methods have undergone significant transformation, giving rise to innovative solutions like Autonomous Rapid Transit (ART). ART systems are designed to utilize hydrogen energy, serving as an efficient and eco-friendly power source. This not only addresses issues related to traffic congestion but also presents a promising solution to environmental challenges. However, the success of implementing such technologies to mitigate these challenges relies heavily on the support and acceptance of potential users. This study aims to explore the intention of users to adopt ART as a mode of transportation in the context of Sibu, Sarawak, Malaysia. This study conducted a comprehensive survey involving 350 respondents and employed Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM) to analyse the data. The findings of this study reveal that several critical factors significantly influence the behavioural intention to use ART for commuting. Specifically, subjective norms, perceived behavioural control, and individual attitudes have a significant impact on the intention to embrace ART as a sustainable mode of transportation. However, the study also finds that personal norms do not exhibit a significant relationship with behavioural intention. This insight underscores the pivotal role of societal influences compared to individually internalized values in shaping user decision-making with regard to the adoption of ART for commuting. It is imperative for policymakers to take into account the perspectives and considerations of users when formulating policies related to the introduction and promotion of new public transportation modes where private transportation has traditionally been prevalent.

Changes to the Transport Behaviour of Inhabitants of a Large City Due the Pandemic

On 11 March 2020, the World Health Organisation (WHO) classified the COVID-19 outbreak as a global pandemic and, in consequence, many countries took steps to prevent the importation and subsequent local transmission of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, resulting in restrictions on economic activity, transport, travel, and daily mobility. Although the COVID-19 pandemic and its impact on daily mobility have been widely addressed in the literature, there is a limited number of studies that indicate to what extent these changes have become permanent. The purpose of this study was to determine the nature and scale of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the local transport system of a large city in Poland (Łódź) and, above all, to identify the permanence of this impact. To accomplish these objectives, a questionnaire survey was conducted using the computer-assisted telephone interviewing (CATI) technique on a sample of 500 residents, which included questions on daily mobility in the period before (autumn 2019) and after (autumn 2022) the pandemic. In addition, the results of the questionnaire survey were juxtaposed with data from intelligent transport systems (ITS) (data from 20 induction loops, and data on the number of tickets validated in public transport vehicles). Not only did the pandemic change the frequency of spatial motivations, but it also affected trip durations and preferred modes of transport. The most unfavourable changes concern the modal division and the increase in the use of private transport at the expense of public transport. Understanding the durability of the impact of the pandemic on changes in the spatial mobility of the population may help to develop transport policies and increase the resilience of transport systems to possible future pandemics.

“A reservation I have is that presumably no travel app will improve the actual services”: Place based perspectives of mobility as a service

Understanding the perceptions and needs of different types of prospective end-users of Mobility as a Service (MaaS) is an important step towards successful scheme and customer-facing app design. The travel behaviour literature typically favours quantitative approaches; however, qualitative methods can offer unique insights in this regard. To this end, this article reports on a series of online focus groups held with 146 residents of a region in which Mobility as a Service is on the cusp of being rolled out. Participants’ perceptions of MaaS, in terms of their information needs, the incentives that might help them use it, and the challenges they perceive, were explored with respect to their place of residence: urban, peri-urban, or rural. Inductive thematic analysis of over 30,000 words of text lead to the identification of a variety of themes and sub-themes. Accurate, reliable, and up-to-date information is a core requirement for all. For those in urban areas, the presentation of multiple journey options, with associated information on travel time and cost, are key. For those in peri-urban areas, detailed route information that facilitates the linking of private transport with public transport, and the facilities available at stations and stops, are of particular significance. For those in rural areas, fundamental service provision limitations hamper the potential for traditional, urban-focussed MaaS schemes reliant on public transport networks. A successful rural MaaS system will be distinct from urban MaaS, with a lesser focus on traditional public transport, and peri-urban residents represent an important target group for encouraging modal shift and improving transport system sustainability.

Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design Commercial Interior Version 4 (LEED-CI v4) Gold-Certified Office Space Projects: A Pairwise Comparative Analysis between Three Mediterranean Countries

Over the past five years, Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design Commercial Interior version 4 (LEED-CI v4)-certified office projects have been intensively studied in the USA and China, but they have not yet been studied in the Mediterranean region. The purpose of this study was to explore office building certification strategies for LEED-CI v4-certified projects in the Mediterranean region. The study design included pairwise comparative analyses between Spain (number of projects (n) n1 = 14), Türkiye (n2 = 13), and Israel (n3 = 11). Cliff’s δ and exact Wilcoxon–Mann–Whitney tests were used to process ordinal and discrete data, while the natural logarithm of the odds ratio and 2 × 2 Fisher’s exact tests were used to handle dichotomous data. It was found that Spain and Türkiye outperformed Israel in the Location and Transportation (LT) category due to their desire to reduce the use of private transport. Spain and Türkiye were ahead of Israel in the LTc5 “reduced parking footprint” credit (p = 0.008 and 0.0005, respectively). Israel outperformed Spain and Türkiye in the Energy and Atmosphere (EA) category due to the sum of all six EA credits (p = 0.086 and 0.010). Spain overtook Türkiye and Israel in the Materials and Resources (MRs) category due to Spain’s increased use of environmental product declarations. Spain and Türkiye were ahead of Israel in the following four MRs credits: MRc1 “long-term commitment” (p = 0.030), MRc2 “interiors life cycle impact reduction” (p = 0.037), MRc3 “building product disclosure and optimization—environmental product declarations” (p = 0.029), and MRc5 “building product disclosure and optimization—material ingredients” (p = 0.034). Spain, Türkiye, and Israel showed similarly low levels of achievement in the Indoor Environmental Quality (EQ) category (p ≥ 0.405). However, Spain and Türkiye outperformed Israel in the following two credits: EQc1 “enhanced indoor air quality strategies” and EQc2 “low-emitting materials” (p = 0.001 and 0.060, respectively). In parallel, Israel outperformed Türkiye in the EQc3 “construction indoor air quality management plan” (p = 0.026), and Israel outperformed Spain in the EQc8 “quality views” credit (p = 0.066). As a result, a pairwise comparison of the three Mediterranean countries showed that each country has a unique LEED certification strategy. Knowledge of the above green building strategies will be helpful for LEED professionals.

‘Hai, Man! . . . We Don’t Have Democracy’! The Transport Crisis and Working-Class De-Citizenship in South Africa: Khayelitsha, Cape Town

Affordable and safe public transport underpins effective citizenship and freedom as well as work. Citizens expect the democratic state to be caring and reciprocal. Using in-depth interviews with residents and community leaders in Khayelitsha, we look at how worsening public and private transport – mainly mini-bus taxis – not only significantly extends the working day but also destroys political hopes – a process called de-citizenship. We show how mobilities are fundamentally rooted in radically bifurcated spaces of classed citizenship – a new class apartheid – in turn reflecting the structural contradictions of Cape Town and its class struggles.

Mediating Role of Environmental Awareness for the Nexus between Perceived Risks of COVID-19 Pandemic and Use of Sustainable Transportation: Evidence from Urban Passengers in Ethiopia, 2022

The COVID-19 pandemic has been a global pandemic and a threat to humankind. In addition to many cases of illness and millions of deaths, the economy and social interactions have suffered. It remarkably declined overall transportation and mobility in most countries. However, given that there is a gap between environmental sustainability awareness and what is practiced by transport users, the goal of this study was to empirically assess the mediating role of environmental awareness in the casual links between perceived risks of the COVID-19 pandemic and ecologically sustainable transportation use. The study identified relevant theories, conceptual frameworks, and variables. Mixed research and surveys were carried out on the public and private transport service users in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Comparative analysis, structural equation modeling, and structural causal model framework were applied to estimate casual relationships among variables and test the hypotheses. Despite the rising of human-caused climate change denial beliefs, findings revealed that a large part of the causes of the COVID-19 pandemic are climate change, biodiversity misuse, and wildlife degradation, all of which are environmental in nature and anthropogenic. People perceived the COVID-19 pandemic as more of a risk to others than to themselves, and climate change or global warming has become a danger to humanity, mainly during the pandemic. Accordingly, the pandemic risks increased people’s mainly passengers’ awareness of the environment, and this caused them to give greater consideration to the environmentally attractiveness of the transport they use. This, in turn, encouraged people to take personal climate-friendly measures and pro-environmental behavior, mainly greater willingness to use public transportation than private transportation during the COVID-19 pandemic than before. Thus, the total effect of the COVID-19 pandemic anxiety on the use of public transportation is completely mediated by enhanced environmental awareness. These are evidence that COVID-19 has strengthened environmental awareness and promoted sustainable action in the context of the transportation industry of developing countries. The study informs that urban planning and policy need to consider pandemic-sensitive and innovative public health and transport systems, integrated public health education, one health approach, and smart city. It suggests that maintaining the environmental awareness of societies and encouraging them to mitigate climate change through urgent climate actions and modal shifts to the use of sustainable urban transport such as public transportation.

Determination of the Knowledge Level of the Technical Staff about Arbitration

Türkiye has become one of the world's leading countries in the construction sector in the international arena. Today, the use of FIDIC and similar standard contracts is increasing in Turkish contractor companies. In parallel with this situation, it also becomes more common to prefer arbitration in the settlement of disputes in the international construction sector. In the literature, there is no actual publication about the knowledge level of technical staff on arbitration. By taking this deficiency into consideration, the purpose of this study is to measure the awareness of the groups working in the construction sector about the possibility of applying to arbitration as a result of the disputes that they encounter, by measuring the arbitration knowledge level of the technical staff. Accordingly, an empirical field work was conducted with a total of 100 (one hundred) technical staff working in the public and private sector transportation projects in Istanbul. The data collection tool that was used in the research is a questionnaire developed by the researchers and consisting of 25 questions. In the survey analysis, the data were analyzed with the SPSS 28 package program. In the study, a reliability test was conducted for each statement and the Mann-Whitney U test was used. As a result of the analysis, it has been determined that 84.4% of the participants do not follow up the actual developments in the field of arbitration in the world and in Türkiye, and do not have sufficient knowledge about arbitration. However, it has been determined that the arbitration knowledge level of the participants, who follow up the actual developments in the world and in Türkiye and have sufficient knowledge about arbitration, is high. In addition, it has been determined that 93.8% of the participants would like to participate an information training to be held on arbitration. To increase awareness about arbitration, it is necessary to introduce undergraduate-level arbitration courses for technical staff in engineering and architecture faculties at universities, and to organize periodic in-service training programs by the arbitration centers in our country.

EMERGENCY SHELTER AND CONNECTIVITY FOR RURAL COMMUNITIES AFTER NATURAL DISASTERS: A CASE STUDY

After a decade-long economic crisis and a series of major natural disasters, rural communities in Puerto Rico are grappling with significant gaps in vital services such as shelter, energy, water, and mobility. This particularly affects low-income elderly residents who rely on these services for an improved quality of life. A prime example of this situation is Corcovada, a rural community in the countryside of Puerto Rico which faces isolation and has a sizeable aging population. Its residents rely on themselves, their relatives, and other community members to provide transportation, as well as basic services like electricity for sustenance and medication maintenance. A site assessment was conducted, including solar irradiation, soil conditions, weather, and seismicity. This research presents an interdisciplinary design solution for modular emergency shelters for families in Corcovada, incorporating structural, solar energy, water use, and wind simulations. The emergency shelter module was designed with specific objectives and requirements: short-term accommodation for a family of four, expandability and collapsibility as needed, off-grid operation for water and energy during emergencies, and sustainability, resilience, affordability, and ease of assembly. Future endeavors involve the development of a mobility hub to reduce residents' reliance on private transportation.

Ride-hailing service availability and private transportation mode usage in a motorcycle-based city: Evidence from Hanoi

Ride-hailing services (RHS) are widely expected to serve as an alternative to conventional private transportation modes. However, numerous studies on RHS’s impact on private modes’ usage provide inconclusive evidence. Notably, few studies have analyzed RHS’s impacts on modal changes in the context of motorcycle-based societies. This study attempts to identify the critical factors affecting RHS users’ private mode usage (private cars and motorcycles) in response to RHS appearance in Hanoi, Vietnam, a motorcycle-based society. Two empirical analyses were performed with sample data of 642 individuals collected from face-to-face interviews using paper-based questionnaire sheets in Hanoi from December 19 to 21, 2020. The first analysis employed a linear regression model to explain the changes in individuals’ private mode usage before and after RHS adoption. The second analysis estimated a logistic regression model to examine an individual’s private mode choice when RHS are unavailable. Robustness tests were also performed. The results revealed that RHS users’ future vehicle ownership intentions, reasons for using RHS instead of private modes, motorcycle ownership, and public transport usage significantly reduce the impacts of RHS on private mode usage. The reasons for using RHS rather than private modes were found not strong enough to make an essential change to reduce the frequency of private modes usage. The results also showed there is a difference between the RHS’s impacts on motorcycle use and car use. They suggested that policy makers should be aware of the unique factors in motorcycle-based societies such as Hanoi when formulating urban transportation strategies. Finally, the findings further supported an idea that multivariate analyses are more suitable than the simple descriptive statistics method to understand how the motivation for using RHS influences the impacts of RHS on private mode usage.

Social activity in older people with visual impairment

Introduction. A potential factor that significantly reduces the social activity of older people is visual impairment due to various diseases. Visual impairment caused by cataract and diabetic retinopathy changes the social activity of people with the above-mentioned pathology, but it is extremely rarely analyzed by specialists and researchers, which does not allow identifying the limitations of patients in the social sphere and providing targeted medical and social care.&#x0D; The purpose of the study is to study social activity in older patients with diabetic retinopathy and cataract. &#x0D; Materials and methods. According to a special questionnaire, one hundred fifteen 60–74 years patients suffered from cataract and diabetic retinopathy and 60–74 years 102 people without ophthalmic diseases were surveyed based on the S.N. Fedorov National medical research center «MNTK Eye Microsurgery», Tambov.&#x0D; Results. The average score of social activity in patients with cataract and diabetic retinopathy is statistically was found to be significantly lower, amounting to 3.10 ± 0.08 points versus 5.38 ± 0.09 points in people without ophthalmopathology. The main reasons that reduce social activity in patients with visual impairment are problems with making various purchases and using public or private transport. Factor analysis confirmed the contribution of these causes to the decline in social activity to be the highest and amounts to 0.876 and 0.708, respectively.&#x0D; Limitations. The study was carried out just in one territory, which makes it difficult to extrapolate data to other regions.&#x0D; Conclusion. It is recommended to increase social assistance to patients with cataract and diabetic retinopathy in solving problems of using transport and buying various goods.&#x0D; Limitations of the study. The study was carried out in one territory, which makes it difficult to extrapolate data to other regions.

Investigation of greenhouse emission inventory from transport system functioning in large and medium cities

The object of the research of the article is transport system of a city. The paper reviews the necessity to assess the greenhouse emissions in the city and proposes the methods for greenhouse emissions inventory of the urban transport system. The proposed approach is aligned with guidelines for the development of Sustainable Energy and Climate Action Plan (SECAP) of Mayor Covenants of European Union (EU). The methodologies outlined in the paper allow to estimate annual greenhouse emissions from transport sector. The SECAP defines transport sectors based on ownership and functioning as following: municipal transport fleet, public transport, and private and commercial transport. The paper proposes the methodology to estimate direct and indirect emissions in each of the described sector based on the information that is typicaly available to municipalities in Ukraine. The assessment is conducted on disaggregated level for different fuel types (diesel, petroleum, natural gas, biofuel, electricity, etc.) and separately for each fleet type (buses, trucks, passenger vehicles, specialized machinery). Total CO2 emissions are then estimated by multiplying the amount of fuel consumed by the emission factor for each fuel type and vehicle type. Information of fuel consumption is estimated based on annual milage and estimated based on available data and number of assumptions proposed in the paper. The proposed methodology for greenhouse emissions inventory for the transport sector allows to analyze available data, recommendations for data collection and a methodology for determining CO2 emissions from the operation of the transport system with sufficient accuracy of calculations. Based on these results, it is possible to forecast changes in energy consumption and emissions in the transport sector as a result of various interventions. For example, in Zhytomyr city the results of inventory were used to develop a set of measures, which include updating the rolling stock of electric transport; increasing the energy efficiency of the power grids of the transport system, developing cycling infrastructure.