Personal Training Research Articles

Unveiling the Impact of Metacognition on Academic Achievement in Physical Education and Activity Settings: A Comprehensive Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Qualitative Insights.

The purpose of this study is to unveil the impact of metacognition on academic achievement in physical education and activity settings by conducting a comprehensive systematic literature review with a meta-analysis of qualitative findings. Systematic searches identified English-language, peer-reviewed journal articles reporting the results of qualitative or mixed-methods studies of the emerging themes of metacognition on academic achievement in sports. PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, ProQuest, and SPORTDiscus were searched from inception to June 2023. Data from 20 studies were included in the review. Thematic meta-analysis identified descriptive themes: 1) Metacognitive performance during the learning process in different sports disciplines; 2) Domains of metacognitive skills related to academic performance; 3) Self-regulation strategies related to academic performance; 4) Influencing factors of metacognition; 5) Metacognitive interventions on motor learning and academic performance. Generate an analytical theme based on five descriptive themes. In-depth descriptions of the emerging themes related to metacognition and academic performance during motor learning were provided by different students and athletes. The conclusions reported in the study align with the theoretical models of metacognition. The research findings will provide strategies for physical education teachers, coaches, and trainers to enhance both physical and academic performance.

Importance of mental health in the sports environment

The objectives of this study are focused, firstly, on understanding the levels of cognitive anxiety, self-confidence, and pre- and post-match somatic anxiety. Secondly, to analyse the impact of the match outcome (win-loss) on the mentioned dimensions according to the Home-Away condition. The research involved 70 volleyball players (28 home and 42 away) belonging to cadet categories from different volleyball teams competing in the School Sports Program in the province of Araba, specifically in the city of Vitoria Gasteiz. Participants completed the Competitive State Anxiety Inventory in Sport (CSAI-2) (Martens et al., 1990), consisting of 27 items, adapted and validated in Spanish by Capdevila (1997), and subsequently reviewed and used by other researchers (Arruza et al., 2001; Telletxea, 2008). The results show that somatic anxiety significantly decreased between pre and post-match in the home condition, and there are significant differences between home players and away players in response to a victory outcome. The ability of coaches, monitors, and fitness trainers to understand and address athletes' anxiety states is crucial for optimizing their performance and overall well-being, as well as adherence to physical activity.

Gradient Leakage Attacks in Federated Learning: Research Frontiers, Taxonomy, and Future Directions

Federated learning (FL) is a distributed deep learning framework that has become increasingly popular in recent years. Essentially, FL supports numerous participants and the parameter server to co-train a deep learning model through shared gradients without revealing the private training data. Recent studies, however, have shown that a potential adversary (either the parameter server or participants) can recover private training data from the shared gradients, and such behavior is called gradient leakage attacks (GLAs). In this study, we first present an overview of FL systems and outline the GLA philosophy. We classify the existing GLAs into two paradigms: optimizationbased and analytics-based attacks. In particular, the optimizationbased approach defines the attack process as an optimization problem, whereas the analytics-based approach defines the attack as a problem of solving multiple linear equations. We present a comprehensive review of the state-of-the-art GLA algorithms followed by a detailed comparison. Based on the observations of the shortcomings of the existing optimization-based and analyticsbased methods, we devise a new generation-based GLA paradigm. We demonstrate the superiority of the proposed GLA in terms of data reconstruction performance and efficiency, thus posing a greater potential threat to federated learning protocols. Finally, we pinpoint a variety of promising future directions for GLA.

Associations between chronotype and physical activity and well-being in adults

ABSTRACT Circadian rhythms influence a preference for people’s time of activity and sleep time during the day and the hours of best performance. The aim of the study was to assess the associations between chronotype, physical activity, and well-being in adults aged 20–50. The chronotype, physical activity and well-being scores were determined based on the Composite Scale of Morningness (CSM) questionnaire, the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) and the Well-Being Index (WHO-5) questionnaire, respectively. Study data consisted of the answers of 213 respondents (including 64 men) who took part in an online survey. The Spearman rank correlation coefficient and the matrix scatter plots were used to check the correlations between the CSM score and quality of life parameters’ values. General linear models (GLMs) were performed to find differences in quality-of-life parameters between different combinations of sex and chronotype. Morning types showed the highest value of well-being score (mean = 13.48) while evening types the lowest one (mean = 8.35). Evening types spent the most time sitting compared to other chronotypes. Results of this study revealed the significant effect of chronotype on well-being and physical activity among adults. These findings suggest that chronotype is an important factor that psychologists and personal trainers should take into account.

Beyond hard workout: A multimodal framework for personalised running training with immersive technologies

AbstractTraining to run is not straightforward since without proper personalised supervision and planning, people will not improve their performance and will increase the risk of injuries. This study aims to identify the different factors that influence running training programmes, examining the benefits, challenges or limitations of personalised plans. Moreover, this study explores how multimodal, immersive and artificial intelligence technologies can support personalised training. We conducted an exploratory sequential mixed research consisting of interviews with 11 running coaches from different countries and a survey of 12 running coaches. Based on the interviews and survey analysis, we identified and extracted relevant factors of the training process. We identified four relevant aspects for running training: physical, technical, mental and body awareness. Using these aspects as a reference, we derived a framework using a bottom‐up approach. This framework proposes multimodal, immersive and artificial intelligence technologies to facilitate personalised running training. It also allows coaches to personally guide their athletes on each aspect. Practitioner notesWhat is already known about this topic Running is a popular sport that provides health benefits and is practised by many people around the world. Training is a process that enables athletes to improve their development in various aspects of their sport; in the case of running, it helps them to increase their speed and endurance. Personalised training supports the needs and abilities of athletes, by helping them to achieve their potential through individualised activities or programmes. Sports science research indicates that personalised training can be improved by applying technology to tackle its challenges and limitations. What this paper adds We show that personalising the training requires not only focusing on the runners' physical condition but also on their mental, technical and body awareness aspects, where each of them has a different adaptation to training. We show that multimodal and immersive technologies offer suitable and portable ways to measure and target the mental and body awareness aspects during running training. Implications for practice and/or policy This paper presents a list of factors, measures and devices that coaches can use to plan and design their training sessions in a more personalised manner. This study can serve as a foundation for future research that aims to identify and target the various factors that influence the learning and training of sports.

Digital Accounting Information System Implementation at BPKAD SAMOSIR District

Digital Accounting Information System Implementation at BPKAD SAMOSIR District

Security and Privacy Issues in Deep Reinforcement Learning: Threats and Countermeasures

Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) is an essential subfield of Artificial Intelligence (AI), where agents interact with environments to learn policies for solving complex tasks. In recent years, DRL has achieved remarkable breakthroughs in various tasks, including video games, robotic control, quantitative trading, and autonomous driving. Despite its accomplishments, security and privacy-related issues still prevent us from deploying trustworthy DRL applications. For example, by manipulating the environment, an attacker can influence an agent’s actions, misleading it to behave abnormally. Additionally, an attacker can infer private training data and environmental information by maliciously interacting with DRL models, causing a privacy breach. In this survey, we systematically investigate the recent progress of security and privacy issues in the context of DRL. First, we present a holistic review of security-related attacks within DRL systems from the perspectives of single-agent and multi-agent systems and review privacy-related attacks. Second, we review and classify defense methods used to address security-related challenges, including robust learning, anomaly detection, and game theory approaches. Third, we review and classify privacy-preserving technologies, including encryption, differential privacy, and policy confusion. We conclude the survey by discussing open issues and possible directions for future research in this field.

Physical Exercise and Older People: Always a Happy Relationship? Four Qualitative Reflections to Deepen Understanding

In this paper, I recall reflections from and discussions with both older people who exercise actively and with personal trainers who specialise in working with older people to address two essential elements that should be clarified: First, what are we talking about when we discuss sport, physical exercise and physical activity, especially when we relate them to older people? Second, the benefits of exercise are known, but what are the margins and precautions that this group of people should consider, and even the damage that physical exercise can cause to them? Based on qualitative data that are taken from different ethnographic works, four areas are considered: What does it mean to train as a senior?; are injuries inevitable?; the dangers of having an athlete’s identity; and the hazards of body-image ideals. This work gives voice to older athletes and their coaches, and contributes to studies on physical activity, older people and wellbeing.

A Method to Facilitate the Regeneration of Human Resources: A Sustainability Perspective

Within the sustainable development framework, organizations are tasked with creating strategies that ensure the enduring provision of value through human capital for the future. Our study emphasizes employee development and training, adopting a people-centric approach aligned with sustainability principles. By leveraging techniques for the identification of Characteristics of Individual Strengths (CIS), Agent Evaluation, and composite decision making, we introduce a novel approach to formulating personalized employee training strategies. This approach is structured around three pivotal steps: identifying CIS, assessing employee roles within the organization based on CIS, and analyzing training strategies. Demonstrated through illustrative examples, our method validates its applicability in real-world settings. This research provides organizations with an innovative pathway for effectively fostering employee skills and securing a steady influx of high-quality, diverse talent.

Rights and responsibilities: Women leadership for health in Kyrgyzstan.

The World Health Organization (WHO) is committed to empowering countries by implementing a gender, equity, and human rights approach in the health sector. The objective of this gender and inclusion analysis is to assess potential gender disparities of health sector management in the Kyrgyz Republic. The employed mixed-method approach takes advantage of data triangulation. Besides information from the literature and policy documents available at the international and national levels, the analysis includes interviews and data from the self-assessment of health services managers in the Kyrgyz Republic. A convenience sample of 75 health managers was taken and after up to three reminders a commendable response rate of 80% was achieved which resulted the final sample size of N = 60. A factor analysis using quartimax orthogonal rotation was applied to investigate the correlation between Teaching Qualification, Digitalization, Training Usefulness, Computer Workplace, and Gender Equality. In 2021, the Kyrgyz Republic adopted a new Constitution, which provides a sound legal framework to support gender equality and promote women's empowerment. However, according to a survey, only 42.9% of the respondents felt that equal rights and opportunities were integrated into their job descriptions. Similarly, only 40.7% believed that their institutions' written documents reflected a commitment to equal rights and opportunities for both genders. Two factors were identified as influencing gender equality: (1) personal and (2) technical aspects. Regarding personal aspects, gender equality, teaching qualification, and training usefulness were found to be significant. Regarding technical aspects, the computer workplace was related. In recent years, the Kyrgyz Republic has been developing a culture of gender equality. Political will is essential to promote and make organizational change possible. It is important to create a written mid-term policy that affirms a commitment to gender equality in organizational behavior, structures, staff, and management board compositions. Healthcare institutions need to prepare strategic and operational plans that incorporate gender equality principles.

Racial conflict in a higher education policy vacuum

This study explored how 14 higher education and student affairs (HESA) professionals navigated institutional policy vacuums to address interpersonal racial conflict between students. Grounded in perspectives of policy vacuums, findings revealed that HESA professionals learned about racial conflict by referring to their own personal, professional, and academic training. Additionally, they employed strategies that were often self-generated and informal to address racial conflict. The paper concludes with a discussion of the findings, specifically highlighting that relying on HESA professionals’ dispositions is an insufficient way to address racial conflict and that more institutional support is necessary to train racially responsive HESA professionals.

Reference Values of Physical Performance in Handball Players Aged 13-19 Years: Taking into Account Their Biological Maturity.

Biological maturity status significantly influences success in handball, impacting an athlete's performance and overall development. This study aimed to examine the anthropometric and physical performance variables concerning age and maturity status, establishing reference values for physical performance among Tunisian players. A total of 560 handball players (309 males and 251 females aged 13-19 years) were categorized based on maturity status: early (n = 98), average (n = 262), and late (n = 200), determined through Mirwald and colleagues' equations. Anthropometric, physical fitness, and physiological data were collected for reference value creation. Our findings revealed significantly higher anthropometric parameters (p = 0.003) in late-maturing athletes compared to their early-maturing counterparts. Post-pubertal athletes showed significantly superior (p = 0.002) jumping ability, change of direction, and aerobic performance compared to their pre-pubertal peers. Additionally, male athletes outperformed females in both fitness (p = 0.001) and aerobic (p = 0.001) performance. A notable age-by-maturity interaction emerged for most performance outcomes (η2 ranging from 0.011 to 0.084), highlighting increased sex-specific differences as athletes progressed in age. Percentile values are provided for males and females, offering valuable insights for coaches and sports scientists to design personalized training programs. Understanding a player's performance relative to these percentiles allows trainers to tailor workouts, addressing specific strengths and weaknesses for enhanced development and competitiveness.

Physical activity counseling within the «KiKli Fit»-project: Development and first implementation

Introduction Increasing physical activity (PA) levels in children and adolescents with cancer holds promise for enhancing outcomes both during treatment and into survivorship (Stout et al., 2017). Despite this potential, the promotion of PA within Swiss pediatric oncology units remains largely overlooked. To address this gap, the “KiKli Fit” project has been initiated. This program features personalized training sessions during acute care, accompanied by PA counseling during the transition to the post-acute phase. Importantly, it engages not only the patients but also their families, since they play a crucial role in shaping youth’s PA behavior (Cheung et al., 2021). The PA counseling is designed to enhance motivation, volition, enjoyment, family health-climate, and ultimately, foster an active lifestyle (Schorno et al., 2022). This study aims to outline the theoretical development of the counseling approach and present initial findings from its implementation. Methods We plan a two-arm multicenter crossover-controlled trial to investigate the effects of the whole PA program. The trial will compare the PA program (intervention group in Bern, n = 40) with standard treatment (control group in Basel, n = 40). Participants will be aged 6-18, newly diagnosed with cancer and undergoing neurotoxic treatment for at least six weeks. The PA counseling comprises four sessions involving the child or adolescent and their parents. These sessions cover various topics, including parental concerns about their child performing PA, individual preferences in exercise and sports, and ways to be physically active as a whole family. Motivational interviewing techniques are applied across all sessions. The study will start in early 2024. Outcomes will be measured three times (once at admission, after twelve weeks of intervention and for follow-up after six months). Discussion The “KiKli Fit”-project is a complex program that aims to promote PA in and after acute care by combining personalized training sessions with PA counseling. The scalability of the PA counseling is a key advantage, allowing it to reach a wide demographic, including those who have completed treatment. Fostering PA in young cancer patients seems to particularly important because it can set a foundation for a healthier lifestyle as they transition into adulthood.

Peran Diklat Dalam Meningkatkan Kompetensi Guru

The research aims to explain and describe the role of training programs (diklat) in enhancing teachers' competencies. The research methodology employed is a qualitative literature review. Data collection involves documentation, and data processing includes reduction, data presentation, and conclusion. The results indicate that pedagogical competence training encompasses teachers' skills in lesson planning, classroom management, and evaluating student learning outcomes, with the goal of enabling teachers to gain a deep understanding of effective teaching strategies. Professional competence training involves teachers' understanding of curriculum development, educational innovation, and profound knowledge of the subjects they teach. Personal competence training for teachers, encompassing emotional intelligence and strong interpersonal skills, can create a conducive learning environment. Meanwhile, social competence training establishes a positive classroom climate and supports the development of students' character.

Differences in the performance of bullfighters during a bullfight. Does bull behavior have direct influ-ence on the variables determining professional bullfighter’s performance?

The aim of the study was to analyze whether the physiological variables and movement time of bullfighters are different with each bull fought during a professional bullfight. For this purpose, heart rate monitors were used to record heart rate parameters and GPS to record the speed and distance traveled of three bullfighters during the fight with six bulls (n = 6). The results found show that performance variables such as maximum heart rate (P <0.001; CV = 53.55%), TRIMPS (P = 0.006; CV = 53.55%), total distance traveled (P = 0.001; CV = 26.45), average speed (P = 0.001; CV = 26.45) different with each bull due to the variability in the behavior of the bull during the fight, which increases as the intensity increases. At the same time, the average heart rate achieved by the bullfighters during the fight, despite being different with each of the bulls (p <0.001), presents a coefficient of variation of 4.24%, which means that the average heart rate parameters are homogeneous. It is possible to establish indications that the average heart rate of the bullfighters is within the confidence interval (143.61, 169.06). Our findings could help physical trainers and researchers better understand the context of bullfighting from the point of view of sports performance. Key words: Bull, performance, heart rate, variability, bullfighter.

TOWARDS GROWTH-FOCUSED PHYSICAL ACTIVITY: QUALITATIVE EVALUATION OF A BETTER FUTURE

https://youtu.be/3xvOOk9vfEQ BACKGROUND Physical activity promotion has traditionally centered on weight loss, contributing to harmful practices and missed opportunities to do good. This study emphasizes the multifaceted benefits of physical activity beyond weight loss. The objective is to provide evidence for a growth-focused approach that will hopefully encourage more successful referral networks between clinical practice and health fitness professionals. METHODS Qualitative data were gathered through questionnaires from participants in 1:1 personal training and fitness classes. Questions included intended goals of participation, what they were able to accomplish, what aspects were most enjoyable and provided the greatest benefit, what may have exceeded their expectations, a single word to describe the experience, feedback about the instructor, and what they would tell someone who is considering participation. RESULTS Qualitative findings revealed that participants responded positively to the growth-focused approach, expressing increased enjoyment and adherence to sustain physical activities. Social connections formed during group activities emerged as significant contributors to sustained engagement, along with the instructor’s support and structure throughout the process. Data showed improvements in overall mental well-being, reductions in stress levels, increased fitness knowledge, self-efficacy, adherence, strength, conditioning, and mobility. CONCLUSIONS This study advocates for a shift in physical activity promotion, moving away from a weight-centric model towards a growth-focused approach. The positive reception and sustained engagement observed among participants suggest that emphasizing well-being, mental health, social connections, and overall growth can be effective in encouraging regular physical activity. This approach has the potential to contribute to a more positive and sustainable health and fitness culture. Future interventions and public health campaigns should encourage continued collaboration between clinical practice and health fitness professionals.

Evaluation of a novel home-based laparoscopic and core surgical skills programme (Monash Online Surgical Training)

IntroductionLimitations to surgical education access were exacerbated during the COVID-19 Pandemic. In response, we created a national home-based comprehensive surgical skills course: Monash Online Surgical Training (MOST). Our aim was to evaluate the educational impact of this approach.MethodsA remote, 6-week course was designed with learning objectives aligned to the national surgical training. Participants received a personal laparoscopic bench trainer, instrument tracking software, live webinars, access to an online theoretical learning platform, and individualised feedback by system-generated or expert surgeons’ assessments. Mixed method analysis of instrument tracking metrics, pre- and post-course questionnaires (11 core surgical domains) and participant comments was utilised. Data were analysed using the Mann–Whitney U test, and a p-value of < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.ResultsA total of 54 participants with varied levels of experience (1 to > 6 years post-graduate level) completed MOST. All 11 learning-outcome domains demonstrated statistically significant improvement including core laparoscopic skills (1.4/5 vs 2.8/5, p < 0.0001) and handling laparoscopic instruments (1.5/5 vs 2.8/5, p < 0.0001). A total of 3460 tasks were completed reflecting 158.2 h (9492 min) of practice, 394 were submitted for formal feedback. Participants rated the course (mean 8.5/10, SD 1.6), live webinars (mean 8.9/10, SD 1.6) and instrument tracking software (mean 8.6, SD 1.7) highly. Qualitative analysis revealed a paradigm shift including the benefits of a safe learning environment and self-paced, self-directed learning.ConclusionThe MOST course demonstrates the successful implementation of a fully remote laparoscopic simulation course which participants found to be an effective tool to acquire core surgical skills.Graphical abstract

Is change of direction influenced by motor competencies? A possible response from a MOBAK-based study in Italian schoolchildren.

Change of direction (COD) ability requires higher motor control capacity and helps children improve individual motor skills. Likewise, basic motor competencies (BMC) are relevant during child maturation and may interleave with COD ability. This study aimed to investigate the possible individual determinants between the COD ability and the BMC, cognitive skills, and anthropometrics characteristics in Italian primary school children aged 6 to 11. Children of both sexes (N.=221) were recruited from primary schools (grade 1 to 5) of Northwestern Italy. COD was assessed by 10×5 m Shuttle Run Test; motor coordination by the Motor Coordination (Motorische Basiskompetenzen, MOBAK) 1-6 test battery, whereas Trail Making Test was used to assess cognitive performance. A stepwise linear regression indicated that motor competencies level - assessed by the MOBAK Test - is the most fitting dimension describing COD performance for girls, with the highest R2 in Grade 5 (SEE=0.56); and the lowest SEE in Grade 5 (SEE=1.44); moreover, for boys the highest in Grade 3 (SEE=0.52) and the lowest SEE in Grade 4 (SEE=1.30). This study confirms the biunivocal relationship between COD and BMC, and the need for physical education teachers and trainers to stimulate both, during growth.

Utilization of 3D printing technology in hepatopancreatobiliary surgery.

The technology of three-dimensional (3D) printing emerged in the late 1970s and has since undergone considerable development to find numerous applications in mechanical engineering, industrial design, and biomedicine. In biomedical science, several studies have initially found that 3D printing technology can play an important role in the treatment of diseases in hepatopancreatobiliary surgery. For example, 3D printing technology has been applied to create detailed anatomical models of disease organs for preoperative personalized surgical strategies, surgical simulation, intraoperative navigation, medical training, and patient education. Moreover, cancer models have been created using 3D printing technology for the research and selection of chemotherapy drugs. With the aim to clarify the development and application of 3D printing technology in hepatopancreatobiliary surgery, we introduce seven common types of 3D printing technology and review the status of research and application of 3D printing technology in the field of hepatopancreatobiliary surgery.

The effects of foam rolling vs massage as recovery tools among UiTM Perlis FC footballers

A new idea of recovery has been discovered called self-myofascial release. Foam rolling is one of the self-myofascial approaches that can help to speed up the recovery process. It works by relaxing contracted muscles, improving blood and lymphatic circulation, and stimulating the stretch reflex in muscles. However, there is no previous research that studies the comparison of recovery modalities between foam rolling (FR), massage (M) and passive recovery (PAS) as tools of the recovery process on youth footballers. The aim of this study was to examine the effectiveness of FR (20 minutes of FR exercises on quadriceps, hamstrings, adductors, gluteus, and gastrocnemius), M (20 minutes of M on quadriceps, hamstrings, adductors, gluteus and gastrocnemius) and passive recovery (20 minutes sit on a bench) interventions performed immediately after a training session on Total Quality Recovery (TQR), perceived muscle soreness (VAS), jump performance, agility, sprint, and flexibility 24 hours after the training. During the two experimental sessions, 30 UiTM FC football players participated in a randomized controlled trial design. The first session was designed to collect the pretest values of each variable. After baseline measurements, the players performed a standardized football training. At the end of the training unit, all the players were randomly assigned to the FR, M and PAS recovery groups. A second experimental session was conducted to obtain the posttest values. As results, CMJ, agility (Arrowhead) and TQR showed positive effects in the FR group in comparison with the M and PAS groups at 24 hours after training. Thus, it is recommended that football coaches and physical trainers working with football players use a structured recovery session lasting approximately 20 minutes based on FR exercises that could be implemented at the end of a training session to enhance recovery between training loads.