Private Stores Research Articles

Diachronic change in the linguistic landscape in the Yi ethnic community in China: an apparent-time study

ABSTRACT This research utilises an apparent-time approach to interrogate changes in the linguistic landscape of Xichang City, the capital of Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture in China, over the past two decades. By examining a variety of public signage installed in different periods, this study found that both official and private signs have shifted from monolingualism to bilingualism or multilingualism. The official signs afforded space for the Yi script in addition to Chinese. By contrast, the proliferation of bilingual or multilingual signs on private stores occurred at the expense of Yi. The diachronic variation of private signage is indicative of the decline of the Yi language and reflects uneven power relations that favour Chinese and English. This study contributes to the methodological approach to linguistic landscape research by using signs of chain stores as evidence to reflect a multilayered and historically mediated diachronic change. It also showcases that the apparent-time approach serves as an effective way to trace changes in linguistic landscapes over time, which are not discernible through a synchronic approach.

Research on the Motivation and Influence of Musk's Acquisition of Twitter

Since the beginning of 2020, the spread of COVID-19 around the world has caused the economy to suffer greatly. Many chain stores and private stores are affected by this. Studies have shown that as the economic environment becomes unstable, companies will gather together to seek the possibility of joint risk protection. This article is based on Elon Musk's announcement of the acquisition plan for Twitter on social media and studies the impact on Musk's management company and Twitter users if the acquisition is successfully implemented. Mainly through literature analysis and case analysis. The subjects of the study are Musk and Twitter, both parties to the merger. The source of data is mainly through public data of listed companies. As far as the research results are concerned, no matter whether the merger can be successfully completed or not, it has already brought a negative impact on the stock prices of both parties.

The Impact of Retail Chains on the Structure of Small Towns and Rural Areas in Poland

The retail trade and services are becoming the most dynamically developing sector of non-agricultural activity in Polish rural areas. State-owned and cooperative stores have been closed down and they were replaced mostly by private stores. There are more and more commercial outlets of various formats, including supermarket chains, discount stores and integrated chains. Despite the growing number of modern retail trade formats, traditional small-format, often referred to as the local market, is also really important. Retail chains in small towns and rural areas are mainly located in the zones of influence of larger cities. They affect many changes of spatial, social and economic character. Small towns and rural areas more and more frequently start to compete for further retail trade investments while noticing lots of benefits and costs of this process. The aim of the article is to show the scale of new retail investment in small towns and rural areas in Poland and to recognize the impact of locating discount chains and supermarkets in small towns and rural areas on the economic and social sphere of these places. In the territory of small towns transformations of the structure of trade can be observed, mainly as a result of changes in the consumer behaviour. In small towns, functional and spatial transformations related to the retail sector take mainly from the expansion of grocery supermarket chains. The future of small traditional stores in small towns and rural areas is uncertain. Despite the restrictions in terms of the diffusion of consumer behaviour trends from metropolises to their outer areas, transformations seem to be inevitable. This change process should, therefore, be studied systematically. Research devoted to this field is important from the point of view of choosing the location of new investments related to discount chains and of the strategy for the development of small towns and rural areas. Identification of consequences of the operation of discount chains in chosen rural areas and in small towns can impact the verification of the policy adopted by local authorities in relation to spatial planning and forming the functional structure.

Basic school pupils' food purchases during mid-morning break in urban Ghanaian schools.

Unhealthy food vending can expose children to malnutrition and other diet related challenges such as obesity. This study sought to describe types and sources of food in basic schools in urban Accra, and to describe food purchases by pupils. This was a cross-sectional study of five basic schools (3 public; 2 private) and 644 pupils in the Ga-East Municipality in Ghana. Check-lists were used to document available sources of foods during school hours. Pupils were intercepted after making purchases during breaktime and the type, cost and sources of foods purchased documented. Energy content of foods were read from labels when available or estimated using the Ghana Food Composition database when unlabelled. Frequencies and crosstabs were used to compare food type by source and school type. Foods were purchased from school canteen, school store, private stores, and 'table-top' vendors. Meals were most frequently purchased (38%) although single purchases were sweetened drinks, savoury snacks and confectioneries. About 53% of retailers located within the schools sold relatively healthier food options. Similar foods with comparable energy content were purchased within and outside of school. Basic schools in urban Ghana provide ready access to energy dense food options, which are purchased by pupils both within and outside of school premises. Timely interventions inclusive of school food policies can encourage healthier diets among pupils.

КОНКУРЕНТОСПОСОБНОСТЬ КООПЕРАТИВНЫХ ОРГАНИЗАЦИЙ В СФЕРЕ ТОРГОВЛИ: НАПРАВЛЕНИЯ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ

The article is devoted to the study of approaches to assessing the competitiveness of cooperative trade organizations. In the face of increasing competition, cooperative trade organizations have to compete not only with private stores, but also with large retail chains that continue to expand into rural areas. Based on the available approaches to assessing competitiveness, the authors proposed a methodology for a comprehensive assessment of external and internal competitiveness, which allows to analyze various aspects, approaches to determining competitive advantages, including the opinion of buyers and an expert approach.

The Consumer-Private Labels Bond and the Store Loyalty: The Role of Satisfaction

This research aims to understand the relationship between customers’ satisfaction with private labels and their loyalty toward the stores that own and sell these private labels. 256 Tunisian customers participated in this research by fulfilling a questionnaire prepared to collect the data about their opinions and attitudes toward private labels and stores that sell these labels. Researchers add customers’ trust and customers’ attachment with the private labels as a variable mediating the relationships between customers’ satisfaction with the brands and customers’ loyalty to the stores. Results show that customers’ satisfaction with private labels directs customers’ loyalty toward stores that sell these labels. While this relation is not affected by the existence of trust and attachment to the private labels. Also, results found that trust with private label doesn’t yield to brand attachment. According to research results, researchers recommend marketers to focus their efforts on marketing private labels and satisfying customers’ needs in order to gain their loyalty toward the stores which will result in more benefits for the store in general.

AnyCharge: An IoT-Based Wireless Charging Service for the Public

Mobile phones have become a necessity of modern life and are used for various tasks, including audio calls, text messaging, Web surfing, video streaming, gaming, and payments. Most of these tasks consume significant battery power, which makes public charging services increasingly important. Therefore, there are many public places and private stores have started to provide free charging services. However, there are several issues that restrict the popularity of public charging service. First, people cannot easily find charging spots. Second, there is no effective way to monitor charging status and manage the chargers. Third, a free charging service increases business expenses. To address these issues, we developed a Internet of Things (IoT)-based wireless charging service system, which is called AnyCharge. There are five major components of AnyCharge: 1) a Wi-Fi enabled wireless charger; 2) an IoT gateway; 3) a cloud-based management platform; 4) a secure Wi-Fi auto-connection algorithm; and 5) a mobile app. The charger is connected to an IoT gateway through Wi-Fi using our secure auto-connection algorithm, and the gateways are linked to the cloud server using message queue telemetry transport. The administrators can monitor and control chargers using the management platform. In addition, Android and iOS apps have been created to allow users to locate free chargers and find the shortest route to the nearest charging spot. We initiated a large-scale experimental deployment in Taiwan, Thailand, Singapore, and Japan. More than 200 chargers have been installed in different places, including restaurants, hospitals, telecom stores, and hotels. Statistics shows that there is a strong demand for public charging services.

Impact of business strategies on in selling products increase in private stores in Hamadan Province, Iran

In today’s competitive world, companies must have great attention to customers and their needs to gain competitive advantage. Methodology: The method used in this research is survey. In this study, sampling size is based on Morgan table which included 50 managers. In this study, to determine the reliability Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was used for the research tool for data collection which was questionnaire. Results: Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the information including frequency, mean, standard deviation as well as inferential statistics including Pearson correlation test were used to verify hypotheses. Conclusion: The results showed that advertising as well as audio advertising have an impact on increasing sales.

Access to cannabis retail stores across Canada 6 months following legalization: a descriptive study.

On Oct. 17, 2018, Canada legalized recreational cannabis with the dual goals of reducing youth use and eliminating the illicit cannabis market. We examined factors associated with access to physical cannabis stores across Canada 6 months following legalization. We extracted the address and operating hours of all legal cannabis stores in Canada from online government and private listings. We conducted a descriptive study examining the association between private/hybrid (mixture of government and private stores) and government-only retail models with 4 measures of physical access to cannabis: store density, weekly hours of operation, median distance to the nearest school and relative availability of cannabis stores between low- and high-income neighbourhoods. Six months after legalization, there were 260 cannabis retail stores across Canada: 181 privately run stores, 55 government-run stores and 24 stores in the hybrid retail system. Compared to jurisdictions with a government-run model, jurisdictions with a private/hybrid retail model had 49% (95% confidence interval 10%-200%) more stores per capita, retailers were open on average 9.2 more hours per week, and stores were located closer to schools (median 166.7 m). In both retail models, there was over twice the concentration of cannabis stores in neighbourhoods in the lowest income quintile compared to the highest income quintile. Marked differences in physical access to cannabis retail are emerging between jurisdictions with private/hybrid retail models and those with government-only retail models. Ongoing surveillance including monitoring differences in cannabis use and harms across jurisdictions is needed.

Small Towns and Rural Areas – as A Prospective Place of Modern Retail Trade Formats in Poland

Abstract Retail trade and services are becoming the most dynamically developing sector of non-agricultural activity in Polish rural areas. State-owned and cooperative stores have been closed down and they were replaced mostly by private stores. There are more and more commercial outlets of various formats, including supermarket chains, discount stores and integrated chains. Despite growing number of modern retail trade formats, traditional small-format, often referred to as local market is also really important. New trading posts in small towns and rural areas are mainly located in the zones of influence of larger cities. They affect many changes of spatial, social and economic character. Small towns and rural areas surrounding them more and more frequently start to compete for further retail trade investments while noticing lots of benefits and costs of this process. The aim of the article is to show the scale of new retail investment in small towns and rural areas in Poland. Research devoted to this field is important from the point of view of choosing the location of new investments related to discount chains and of the strategy for the development of small towns and rural areas. Identification of consequences of the operation of discount chains in chosen rural areas and in small towns can impact the verification of the policy adopted by local authorities in relation to spatial planning and forming the functional structure.

Determination of Positioning Components in the Retail Market of Iran Market: A Mixed Methods Study

Positioning is a marketing concept that outlines what a business should do to market its product or service to its customers. In positioning, the marketing department creates an image for the product based on its intended audience. This is created through the use of promotion, price, place and product. The purpose of this research was to determine the condition of positioning components in the retail market of Iran market. This research was mixed methods (qualitative & qualitative). For formulating the research theoretical model, by using academic sources, the papers, master and Ph.D thesis focusing on positioning of retail stores were considered in this section. In this regard, 16 domestic and 19 foreign studies were used as valid academic sources. Among 35 studies, only 25 studies were considered to provide benchmark table. In this research, data gathered through deep interviews with customers of selected public and private stores. Data analysis was done by using coding in MAXQDA software. Some quantitative data were analyzed by using SPSS. V.16 software. Demographic characteristics of participants were such that approximately 20% of participants had diploma and associate degree, 48% had B.A and 32% had M.A and Ph.D. About 71% of participants were lower than 30 years old, 69% were 31 - 50 years old. 62% were married. Generally, from among three obtained variables, commodity (203), store (198) and personnel (47) have the highest importance for Iran’s retail store positioning, respectively.

Marketyzacja handlowa na obszarach wiejskich województwa łódzkiego = Commercial marketing in rural areas of the Łódzkie Voivodship

The new economic reality after the political transformation of the 1990s introduced decisive changes to the commercial space of rural areas. Private stores have been established, significantly expanding their extent of sales and service over time. Currently, the process of commercial marketing has been intensifying in the rural areas in Poland, being evidenced by a large-scale expansion of retail chain stores. These facilities (run by both Polish and foreign capital) introduce new commercial quality that affects spatial, functional and social changes in rural areas.The purpose of this article is to identify the process of commercial marketing in rural areas of the Łódzkie Voivodship and to demonstrate how it affects the behavior of consumers.

An assessment of the magnitudes and factors associated with postharvest losses in off-farm grain stores in Kenya

Off-farm grain storage is an important postharvest undertaking by government, traders and processors in Kenya. A survey was conducted in 2014/2015 to assess the kinds and magnitudes of perceived losses experienced in off-farm stores, and the factors associated with them. Store supervisors or key personnel charged with grain storage in 39 public and 74 private stores, spread across the six maize growing agro-ecological zones, were interviewed using a structured questionnaire. Total perceived losses averaged 17.6± 2.3%, and were attributed to insects (7.2± 1.0%), molds (5.7± 2.1%), moisture loss (3.4± 0.5%), rodents (2.0± 0.5%), spillage (0.50 ± 0.0%) and birds (0.10± 0.0%). Total losses experienced in public and privately owned stores were not significantly different. The losses attributed to insect and the vertebrate pests, moisture loss and spillage, were also not significantly different in the two storage systems. However, losses due to molds were significantly higher in the private stores. From regression analysis, higher losses were associated with the use of residual insecticides, purchasing low quality maize for storage, reuse of storage bags, untimely control of storage pests, and the agro-climatic conditions of the moist transitional, moist mid-altitude and dry mid-altitude zones. Relying on infestation reports to initiate pest control had the highest marginal effect (21.7%). Lower loss magnitudes were associated with cleaning and drying grain before storage, early pest control and storage periods shorter than two months. These findings provide important reasons for appraising current off-farm storage techniques with a view to taking possible actions for improvements. It is recommended that innovations to mitigate maize postharvest losses should also target off-farm storage, as the losses incurred are significant.

Pharmacist Cognitive Service and Pharmaceutical Care: Today and Tomorrow Outlook

The aim of this work was to ask more use of clinical pharmacists in medical team .The application of pharmaceutical care principle in practice settings can improve clinical outcomes, reducing therapy errors and containment cost. An opportunity to use pharmacist’s expertise in assisting physician’s drug and medical devices specialists. Isn’t time for the medical community to get aid of the clinical pharmacists to work side by side and assist the physicians, in order to give a better care, protect and safeguard patients. The rationale of this focus article was to invite pharmacists to take a much more active role and to help physicians using their expertise in order to complete the therapeutic work in a more rational way. Pharmacists need to get out of their private stores, sharing their expertise and knowledge, by making active presence in the very infrastructure of clinical centers, such as hospitals and ambulatory.Physicians alone cannot cover every aspect of the pharmacological treatment, for example in the field of drug therapy monitoring, interactions, adverse drug reaction (ADR), toxicology, novel delivery systems, immunoglobuline-based therapeutics and other innovative drugs and medical devices systems, which have their pharmaceutical specific worlds.
 For over 80 years the only role's pharmacists played were compounding and consulting for over the counter drugs. By the year 2025, the innovative polymer and nano drug delivery systems, genomes, immunoglobuline-based therapeutics and stem cells and other innovation will add or substitute to the ordinary local, enteral, or parenteral dosage forms. That era is now rapidly changing, and the all nations pharmacists need to come out of their convenient type of stores to the aid of the physicians in their actual duties, taking role in that missing rescuing the patients which in many occasions, their health and even lives can be at risk (Drug allergy undetected ).
 Observing some actual university courses of clinical pharmacy in different countries and some old and new studies involving clinical pharmacists taking part of wards’ medical teams, we have noticed that the pharmaceutical care service given by a pharmacist has an undeniable positive impact on, and improves the clinical outcome in the pharmacological therapies (Pharmaceutical treatments, on therapeutic levels).

P6.032 Design of a Complex Intervention: Community-Based Mobile Phone Text Messaging For Sexual and Reproductive Health Referral in Tanzania

<h3>Introduction</h3> In many countries there are private stores known as drug shops that sell medicines for treatment of various illnesses. These shops are licenced to sell non-prescription, pre-packaged medicines only. In Tanzania, evidence shows they sell ‘prescription-only’ drugs including antibiotics and antimalarials. An intervention with objective to increase uptake of reproductive health (RH) services in formal health facilities was designed to facilitate patients’ and drug shops’ access to prescriptions from formal health facilities. <h3>Methods</h3> Nested in a cluster-randomised trial, the intervention is implemented in 9 intervention communities against 9 comparison communities in Mwanza region Tanzania. Using a web-based mobile phone application, an electronic referral platform was designed to host a text messaging referral system. The platform was configured with the telephone numbers of drug shop attendants, dispensary and health centre clinical officers and a toll-free number. Drug shop attendants and clinical officers were trained and given a texting guideline cue card. <h3>Results</h3> Forty-four drug shop attendants, 14 dispensaries, and 3 health centres have enrolled onto the intervention. These facilities use the technology to treat patients with RH needs ranging from family planning to STI and HIV treatment. On average 14 patients pass through the system per week. We expect data on at least 700 patients by the end of a 12-month implementation period. This data will be analysed to report on family planning and contraception, pregnancy and antenatal care, STI and HIV/AIDS outcomes. <h3>Conclusions</h3> The system has proved to work effectively. Participation of stakeholders in the design was optimal. Given the automatic data collection facility of this system, data for research, monitoring and reporting is readily accessible to researchers, district health authorities and the ministry of health through authorised logins. The contribution of this system to RH service uptake and health system strengthening will be verified after an impact evaluation.

A Comparison of Private and Government-Controlled Liquor Stores in British Columbia

British Columbia (BC), Canada, has unique regulations for sales of alcohol in off-premise establishments where both government (n = 199) and privately controlled stores (n = 977) sell all types of off-premise alcoholic beverages. The purpose of this study is to compare the different marketing approaches of government and private stores and examine how their sales vary in relation to demographic characteristics within the regions that they operate. Data was collected for 89 geographic areas of BC from the following sources: a survey of BC private stores, BC demographic statistics, and sales records for different types of alcoholic beverages from private and government stores. Private stores had higher average prices, longer hours of operation, and were more likely to refrigerate beverages than government stores. Also, types of beverage sold differed between government and private stores depending on the demographic characteristics of the regions being served.

Banking on extinction: endangered species and speculation

Man y wildlife commodities, such as tiger bones, bear bladders, ivory, and rhino horn, have been stockpiled in large quantities by speculators who expect that future price increases justify for- going the interest income associated with current sales. When supply from private stores competes with supply from 'wild populations' (in nature) and when speculators are able to collude, it may be optimal to coordinate on an extinction strategy. We analyse the behaviour of a speculator who has access to a large initial store, and finds that it is optimal to deter poachers' entry either by depressing prices (carefully timing own supply) or by depressing wild stocks. Which strategy maximizes profits critically depends on the initial wildlife stock and initial speculative stores. We apply the model to the case of black rhino conservation, and conclude it is likely that 'banking on extinction' is profitable if current speculators are able to collude. Contrary to conventional wisdom, we also find that extinction is favoured by such factors as low discount rates or high growth rates.

Impact on alcohol‐related mortality of a rapid rise in the density of private liquor outlets in British Columbia: a local area multi‐level analysis

To study relationships between rates of alcohol-related deaths and (i) the density of liquor outlets and (ii) the proportion of liquor stores owned privately in British Columbia (BC) during a period of rapid increase in private stores. Multi-level regression analyses assessed the relationship between population rates of private liquor stores and alcohol-related mortality after adjusting for potential confounding. The 89 local health areas of BC, Canada across a 6-year period from 2003 to 2008, for a longitudinal sample with n = 534. Population rates of liquor store density, alcohol-related death and socio-economic variables obtained from government sources. The total number of liquor stores per 1000 residents was associated significantly and positively with population rates of alcohol-related death (P < 0.01). A conservative estimate is that rates of alcohol-related death increased by 3.25% for each 20% increase in private store density. The percentage of liquor stores in private ownership was also associated independently with local rates of alcohol-related death after controlling for overall liquor store density (P < 0.05). Alternative models confirmed significant relationships between changes in private store density and mortality over time. The rapidly rising densities of private liquor stores in British Columbia from 2003 to 2008 was associated with a significant local-area increase in rates of alcohol-related death.

Private Labels Meeting the Recession and Differentiation Challenges

Private labels or stores brands are on escalating journey for growth in last few years in Indian Market. Private labels once a small part of retailers merchandise, is today become a significant factor for most retail operations. The growth of private labels is quite impressive in food and grocery segment, in spite of presence of leading national manufacturers brand in most of the categories. The research in this area has highlighted that it is retail store name, its assurance and service, which are more important to customer rather than, the name of national manufacturer. Though, initially private labels were considered as cheap alternative and therefore visible in copycat and generic categories. But today they are a part of well-defined retail mix strategy, therefore are developed in value innovators and premium category by most retailers for profit maximization and customer loyalty. The purpose of this paper is to investigate, the need, significance and implementation strategy for private labels in Indian grocery retail. The major Indian and International retailer private label strategy will be researched and analyses.

Changes in per capita alcohol sales during the partial privatization of British Columbia's retail alcohol monopoly 2003–2008: a multi‐level local area analysis

To investigate the independent effects on liquor sales of an increase in (a) the density of liquor outlets and (b) the proportion of liquor stores in private rather than government ownership in British Columbia between 2003/4 and 2007/8. The British Columbia Liquor Distribution Branch provided data on litres of ethanol sold through different types of outlets in 89 local health areas of the province by beverage type. Multi-level regression models were used to examine the relationship between per capita alcohol sales and outlet densities for different types of liquor outlet after adjusting for potential confounding social, economic and demographic factors as well as spatial and temporal autocorrelation. Liquor outlets in 89 local health areas of British Columbia, Canada. The number of private stores per 10,000 residents was associated significantly and positively with per capita sales of ethanol in beer, coolers, spirits and wine, while the reverse held for government liquor stores. Significant positive effects were also identified for the number of bars and restaurants per head of population. The percentage of liquor stores in private versus government ownership was also associated significantly with per capita alcohol sales when controlling for density of liquor stores and of on-premise outlets (P < 0.01). The trend towards privatisation of liquor outlets between 2003/04 and 2007/08 in British Columbia has contributed to increased per capita sales of alcohol and hence possibly also to increased alcohol-related harm.