Private Sports Research Articles

Athletics and Disabilities Are Not Mutually Exclusive

Youth sports create opportunities for children to be active, to form friendships, and to learn essential life skills. Playing sports teaches children endurance, stamina, and accountability. Athletics also help children to develop confidence, to enhance moral and physical character, and to learn executive functioning and emotion regulation skills. Yet, despite the overarching benefits of athletics, children with physical disabilities continue to be marginalized and excluded from athletic opportunities. They are excluded from private sports teams, minor leagues, extracurricular, and interscholastic athletic opportunities. These acts of exclusion create additional barriers for children living with disabilities by worsening their internal emotional struggles and wrongly confirming their misgivings of being productive members of society. This article highlights the impact that the exclusion from athletic opportunities has on children living with physical disabilities. It outlines key issues and provides actionable recommendations to promote a more inclusive environment where all children can have equal access to athletic opportunities.

Strategy Implementation to Improve Human Capital Quality in Indonesian National Sports Institute

The Indonesian National Sports Institute is a private sports college in Indonesia that focuses on producing competent, innovative and professional coaches who can create outstanding athletes and can educate the public to be able to exercise properly. Based on this, IONI as a professional forum must have human capital consisting of lecturers, support staff and other staff, so human capital in IONI must be able to reflect a professional, healthy, dedicated character and be able to provide excellent service. That is what makes the plan to improve the quality of human capital so important. This paper describes the human capital plan and how to achieve it.

The influence of subjective well-being on the perceptions of customers of private sports centres. linear models vs qualitative comparative analysis

ABSTRACT RESEARCH QUESTION: There has been high demand for fitness centres, and customers’ perceptions and behaviours have become a key element for the viability of these services. This work analyses the perceptions of the clients of a fitness centre through the different management variables, as well as the subjective well-being of the users. RESEARCH METHODS: The sample was made up of 398 customers of the sports centre. To this end, two different data analysis techniques were used, such as hierarchical regressions (HRM) and sets of comparative qualitative models (fsQCA), in order to observe the results that were obtained and determine their contributions to the literature. RESULTS AND FINDINGS: The regressions show how the management variables predict each model, with little increase in variance with the addition of subjective well-being. However, the fsQCA shows that the combination of variables more broadly predicts each condition, with customers’ level of satisfaction and personal well-being being perceived as highly influential in their future intentions. IMPLICATIONS: The practical applications that this paper may have in the field of sports services, specifically in sports centres, and information to help managers discover users’ perceptions of the sports centre through these methodologies, are presented.

The Innovation of Table Tennis Coach Post Curriculum Content under the Background of School Enterprise Deep Integration

The aim of this study is to evaluate the status and drawbacks of current table tennis curricula in higher vocational college. Literature review, questionnaire survey, and logic analysis were used to discover the discrepancy between school education and position requirements of enterprises. The results indicated that new course reformation should focus on the change of teaching concept and update of course content and evaluation methods through the guidelines characterized by professionalization, modularization, and miniaturization. This new teaching mode of course-certificate integration can favor the cooperation of faculty training in curriculum content for table tennis coach between school and enterprise, achieving a complete match among various courses and jobs. We wish this knowledge might lead to a clue toward the cultivation of applied talents for table tennis. The development of this research can not only promote the healthy development of the sports training market but also help to standardize the compensation system of the private sports training market in the field of teachers.

Excerpts on football hooliganism

The study illustrates the complexity of the issue of football hooliganism, and highlights the innovative solutions for the treatment of it. The background of football hooliganism by presenting domestic and foreign examples, the types of supporters and spectators, and the role of private security and sports policing are observed. In the decades following the regime change, the police lost their monopoly, and private security and civil policing became more prominent in Hungary. Nowadays, the personnel of private security and civil policing are involved in the process of risk assessment of sports events, escorting and transporting groups of supporters, detaining supporters after sports events. It is important to mention sports policing, a specific part of sports administration. This narrow field can be clearly defined as specialised policing, with a set of laws regulating everything related to sports policing, complemented by the regulations of the sports federations, which also serve as guidelines for the maintenance of sports law enforcement records and the security provided at sports events. Football hooliganism is a social and sport security problem that has been present in our world for centuries, and is something that we will probably have to deal with as long as football exists. Football hooligans are a closed community, a subculture with a specific set of rules and a deep knowledge of their functioning is essential to maintain the safety of our sport events. Nowadays, the emphasis is more on understanding the processes, communication and cooperation, as well as openness to innovative solutions.

Participation in Sports Activities before and after the Outbreak of COVID-19: Analysis of Data from the 2020 Korea National Sports Participation Survey.

The present study aimed to describe the characteristics and rate of participation in sports activities, changes in sports, and the causes of these changes before and after the COVID-19 out-break in Korea using data from the 2020 Korea National Sports Participation Survey (KNSPS). Furthermore, evidence from this study could be used as basic data to maintain and promote sports activities given the current situation, in which the continued spread of infectious diseases, such as COVID-19, is likely. The KNSPS is an annual survey of subjective health and fitness, sports activities and conditions, and participation in sports activities, conducted among a sample comprising the entire Korean population. The current study analyzed data for 9000 participants, and descriptive statistical analysis was performed to calculate the frequency of each item and sample weight. The rate of regular participation in sports activities at least once a week was found to be 60.10% in 2020, representing a decrease of 6.48% from the rate observed in 2019. Among the types of sports facilities frequently used within the residential area, the most common facilities were private sports facilities (22.97%), other sports facilities (20.60%), and public sports facilities (18.97%), although the utilization rate for other sports facilities increased after the COVID-19 outbreak. After the COVID-19 outbreak, 34.12% of men and 29.72% of women responded that there had been a change in their participation in regular sports activities. Both before and after the COVID-19 outbreak, walking was the most common activity, although the participation rate increased from 29.23% in 2019 to 35.70% in 2020. The rankings and participation rates for indoor sports activities (bodybuilding, swimming, etc.) tended to decrease, while those for outdoor sports activities (climbing, cycling, etc.) tended to increase. These changes may be explained in part by the increasing concern regarding infection with increasing age, except among teenagers, and by economic factors. While participation in physical activity provides numerous health benefits, the COVID-19 pandemic has had a negative impact on regular participation in sports activities. The results of this survey suggest that government action is required to enhance participation in sports activities, even in the face of a pandemic.

COVID-19로 인한 공공스포츠클럽 운영 애로사항 및 극복 노력 사례 연구

The purpose of this study is to understand the challenges that Public Sports Clubs encountered due to COVID-19 and their efforts to overcome these difficulties. Public Sports Clubs have been supported and subsidized by the KSOC(Korean Sport & Olympic Committee) and the Ministry since 2013. For this qualitative research, twelve research participants were selected via the criteria group method for in-depth interviews, complemented by a study of papers and reports. The findings revealed the following four challenges. Firstly, most Public Sports Clubs have been forced to close or limit the operations of their facilities due to imposed measures to prevent the spread of the virus. Secondly, club members left the clubs for private sports centers to continue exercising. Thirdly, most clubs have experienced financial difficulties and saw a decline in their workforce. Lastly, Public Sports Clubs could not promote their inherent projects properly such as fostering elite athletes and National Sports Clubs events. The subsequent four efforts to overcome these challenges have been formulated. Firstly, clubs have endeavored to secure other facilities, such as private or school facilities, to operate club programs. Also, they tried to be selected to promote local sports projects which had sports facilities. Secondly, they worked hard to use online media to connect with members not only to communicate but also to offer sports lessons. Thirdly, Public Sports Clubs have tried to become beneficiaries of public financial subsidies to mitigate difficulties. Also, clubs tried hard to maximize the employment rate by adopting a flexible employment system. Lastly, to continue their inherent projects such as fostering elite athletes, clubs tried to secure other facilities where young athlete can train regardless of travel time and promote local youth sports programs by collaborating with local authorities.

Cinema and its relationship with merchandising at the beginning of the 21st century

The cinema of the first two decades of the 21st century cannot be understood without the visual, technological, economic and cultural impact of blockbusters, linked in their transmedia dimension with a series of franchises: Harry Potter, Star Wars, Marvel. The digital revolution that began in 1999 (The Matrix and Episode I: The Phantom Menace) reached its zenith in 2019 with the premiere of Avengers: EndGame, breaking the box office. Thus, Disney, owner of LucasFilm, Pixar and Marvel Studios, reached the highest annual gross achieved by a film studio. Productions all premiered on the big screens of the world’s cinemas financed with the sale of licenses for the commercialization of merchandising. The year 2020 will go down in history due to the global health crisis produced by Covid-19, the collapse of the health system, the confinement of the population, the closure of productive sectors, public and private services, sports, education and culture. At the same time, online sales businesses such as Amazon or audiovisual content platforms (Netflix, Disney or HBO) were reaching subscriber numbers expected for the not so near future. While all the cinemas in the world closed their theaters, postponing or moving premieres to streaming services and sales of domestic formats fell, merchandising companies increased their annual turnover derived from their licenses. The symbiotic relationship between companies dedicated to audiovisual production and those specialized in the design of licensed products is our object of study from the history of art and design from visual culture studies. The symbiotic relationship between companies dedicated to audiovisual production and those specialized in the design of licensed products is our object of study, analyzed from the history of art and design within visual culture studies

Determination of Involvement and Life Satisfaction Levels for Recreational Activities of Individuals who are Members of Fitness Centers

Background: It can be thought that it is possible to define an individual's motivation and interest in a product or activity, the excitement of doing that job, as the concept of involvement. Aim: The aim of this research is to determine the involvement and life satisfaction levels for the recreational activities of individuals who are members of fitness centers. Methods: As a data collection tool in the research, Leisure Time Involvement Scale (LIS) developed by Kyle et al. (2007), whose validity and reliability for Turkish culture was made by Gürbüz et al. (2015), and Life Satisfaction Scale (LSS) developed by Diener et al., (1985) and adapted to Turkish culture by Köker (1991) were used. The population of the research consisted of private sports and fitness center users in Kastamonu, Samsun and Hatay provinces. The sample of the study consisted of 450 people (55% Female, 45% Male) who are members of private sports and fitness centers in Kastamonu, Samsun and Hatay provinces and were selected by purposive sampling method. Descriptive statistical methods (percentage, frequency, mean, standard deviation), T test, one-way analysis of variance ANOVA and pearson correlation test were used to analyze the data in the study. Results: According to the findings of the study, while there was a significant difference in the variables of age group, education level, frequency of use of the sports center, and hours spent daily in the sports center in the leisure time involvement scale, no significant difference was found in the gender variable. In the life satisfaction scale, while there was a significant difference in the variables of gender, education and weekly usage frequency, no significant difference was found in the age group and the daily hours spent in the sports center. Conclusion: In conclusion, the attractiveness factor has the strongest effect on individuals' leisure time involvement. In addition, it was determined that the participants' life satisfaction was high and there was a low and positive relationship between life satisfaction and leisure time involvement. Keywords: Fitness centers, Recreational activity, Involvement, Life satisfaction.

The Birth of Sports Medicine in Prewar Japan: A Perspective on Its Ideological and Organizational Origins

The relationship between sports and medicine in Japan has remained largely unexplored by historians. This paper aims to clarify the historical context in which the relationship became closer and the professional practice called ‘sports medicine’ grew in relation to the social and political situation surrounding sports around 1930 in prewar Japan. From the late-1920s to the early 1930s, the view on sports of sports medical scientists, who had come to occupy a position as experts on sportspeople’s bodies, was different from that of physical education and exercise advocates, and they rejected the framing of sports as physical education. Also, the mechanism for realizing sports medicine research and the application of the findings were not established by the state-led movement, but by private sports medicine organizations. It can thus be said that sports medicine was the product of a movement by the sports world to define sports and the ‘sportsman’, and to autonomously prevent the physical harm of sports and at the same time contribute to the improvement of athletic performance.

The exchange of self-incriminating information of athletes between sports organisations and law enforcement

Sports organisations generally have the burden of proving sports rule violations of sportspersons subject to their rules and regulations. Sports rule violations can generally be proven by any reliable means. A common approach taken by sports organisations in this respect is the implementation of so-called cooperation and reporting obligations embedded in their regulations. On this basis, athletes can be obliged to provide all kind of documentary evidence related or unrelated to the matter under investigation. This may cause problems to the privilege against self-incrimination of athletes. In addition, obtaining self-incriminating information in internal sports investigations carried out by private sports organisations can have legal and personal consequences that go well beyond the professional life of athletes. The integrity of sport has been characterised as a public interest due to the social impact of amateur and professional sports in most societies. As a consequence, negative sports-related conduct, such as doping or the manipulation of sports competitions, has been criminalised in various national laws to protect sporting values and preserve the role model function of athletes for young members of our society. This development has led to cooperation between sports organisations and law enforcement agencies, such as prosecutors and the police. Specifically, both collaborate in order to assist the other party’s investigations of sports rule violations and criminal offences, respectively. However, the exchange of intelligence between sports organisations and law enforcement may cause some legal tension. If the same misconduct of athletes leads to both internal sports investigations and criminal proceedings, athletes could be forced to provide self-incriminating information in internal sports organisations, which could then be subsequently transmitted to law enforcement. This system of intelligence gathering raises serious concerns regarding the procedural fairness thereof, keeping in mind the detrimental effects for sportspersons under investigations. A closer look is thus necessary to the legitimacy of the exchange of intelligence. Therefore, the aim of this article is to shed some light on this issue and clarify if and under what conditions internally obtained evidence can be passed on to law enforcement agencies.

Investigating the mediating role of market orientation between internal marketing and the development of entrepreneurial orientation within private sports clubs

PurposeThis study examines the role of market orientation in the relationship between internal marketing and entrepreneurial orientation within private sports clubs.Design/methodology/approachThe research is a descriptive-correlational study based on private sports clubs employees within Iran (Sanandaj). A theoretical model was developed based on the literature and tested using SPSS and PLS-SEM software.FindingsThe findings indicate a positive relationship between internal marketing and employees' entrepreneurial orientation. Market orientation has also played a positive mediating role in the relationship between internal marketing and entrepreneurial orientation.Originality/valueThe results suggest a higher level of market orientation in the organization can increase teamwork and, consequently, entrepreneurship development among employees. This is important in sports clubs as employees have a significant role in the success of the sports club. Club employees' satisfaction, generated through internal marketing, provides is a prerequisite for customer satisfaction. This therefore creates an environment supportive of entrepreneurial orientation in the club.

An Investigation of the Effect of 12-Week Gymnastics and Ballet Training on Balance and Flexibility Skills in Preschool Children

The aim of this study is to examine the impact of a 12-week gymnastics and ballet training on the balance and flexibility skills in pre-school children. The study was conducted with a total of 23 girls who had just started gymnastics (n = 11) and ballet (n = 12) in private sports clubs in Erzurum, Turkey. The verbal provocation method was used during the tests and exercises since the children aged 5-6 years may have low attention span. Also, some alternative methods (i.e. educational games) were used in cases where children were distracted. Flexibility of the children was measured on the sit-and-reach box, and their static balance was measured with the flamingo balance test. First, the pre-tests and then, after 12 weeks of training, the post-tests were administered, upon which the difference between the pre-test and post-test scores was estimated. Mann-Whitney U Test was used to examine the relationship between pre-test and post-test values. No statistical significance (p> 0.05) was found between the balance pre-test and post-test scores after 12 weeks of training, while a statistical significance (p<0.05) was found in terms of the flexibility scores. As a result, it turned out that the training did not affect the stabilization between the two branches, but it increased the flexibility development in gymnasts in comparison to ballerinas. This can be explained by the different development rates of balance and flexibility in children, and also by the fact that gymnastics and ballet develop children's bio-motor characteristics at different rates.

Independence and impartiality of sports disputes resolution in the UK

Private sports governing bodies in the United Kingdom have the contractual freedom to organise their own sports tribunals and disputes procedures. There is no legislation in the UK that governs the form of a sports governing body’s dispute resolution procedure. The common law and, to a certain extent, other industry measures influence the structure of a disputes procedure within a private sports governing body. When establishing dispute resolution systems in self-regulating industries, there is potential for structural conflicts of interest to arise. Reporting mechanisms and adjudicatory processes may be structurally bias through, for example, the way appointments are made to a dispute resolution panel. There may be the suggestion of implicit bias of panel members because of the interests that control the appointment process. Even if no actual bias arises, the perception of bias can damage the engagement of stakeholders in a dispute process and damage the reputation of the sport with sponsors or the general public. The key is to minimise structural conflicts of interest and ensure that the process is independent and impartial. This article examines the challenges faced with organising sports dispute resolution procedures, the requirements of Article 6 of the European Convention on Human Rights and highlights the important factors that a sports governing body should consider when designing an independent and impartial dispute resolution system. It concludes with a discussion of whether the legal basis for sports dispute resolution in the UK requires reconsideration to provide certainty, independence, impartiality and, above all, to guarantee a fair hearing.

어린이전용수영장 시설 안전관리에 관한 법·제도적 고찰과 운영 실태

The purpose of this study is to analyze the act and system and operational status on safety management of kids swimming pool facilities, which have rapidly grown into private sports facilities, and the actual conditions of facilities and operations. To achieve these research objectives, this study established four research problems and collected data through literature reviews, fact-finding surveys through quasi-participatory observations, and in-depth interviews to identify them. The results of the study are as follows. First, it was found that small private sport facilities such as kids swimming pools were very vulnerable to restrictions on application standards and regulations compared to public sport facilities. Second, the kids swimming pools are managed by establishing its own operating manual and system, while the relevant laws and regulations of the government and the departments are insufficient. Third, it was confirmed that there were no detailed laws, systems or regulations on facilities for safety management as a result of investigating the actual condition of facilities of the kids swimming pools. In terms of the management of facilities, it was confirmed that the kids swimming pools are self-organizing the relevant manual and that the facilities are also managed and maintained by themselves. Fourth, it is suggested that it needs to draw institutional attention of the government and local governments in order to supplement and improve legal and policy regulations on Facility and operational safety. It is necessary to establish an efficient management system for the kids swimming pools through the implementation of new systems such as evaluation and certification system.

ЗМІНИ ОБСЯГУ ДЕРЖАВНОГО ТА ПРИВАТНОГО ФІНАНСУВАННЯ СФЕРИ ПРОФЕСІЙНОГО СПОРТУ

This paper examines the relationship between changes in the sum of public and private financing of sports for professional activities of athletes. The purpose of this work is to analyze the influence of changes in public and private sports funding on first of all, professional athletes and to form recommendations for stabilizing the situation in this area. In recent years, there has been a tendency to a slight decrease in the amount of total funding for physical culture, but the events of the end of 2019 have significantly aggravated this situation. Due to the announcement of the infection threat, the governments of countries were forced to revise the budget and reallocate finances to more necessary areas, primarily medicine and science. With the redistribution of finances most countries have adopted similar solutions, namely, the reduction of the costs on the sport. The object of the study is the sums of the funding for sports in thirty analyzed countries, as well as international and regional sports organizations. The result of the research has shown that the decrease in financial support has mainly affected large organizations that initially relied on the support of investors, the amount of financial investments that are usually linked to the number of wins, and since the competitions were cancelled due to the pandemic, the investors’ interest in the field of sports has significantly decreased.The unstable situation at the end of 2019 has showed that many areas were not prepared for an unplanned reduction in funding, albeit it was insignificant. The physical culture industry is no exception, on average, the share from the budget has decreased by only 0.3 %, but because of this, organizations at both the international and regional levels faced a lot of problems.

Analysis of the economic impact on a sporting event. Nea regional college games. 2019 edition

This work is a contribution to the economics field of sport, considering the objective main application of the input-output model to the assessment of economic impact of a sporting events, taking as a case study "Regional University Games NEA 2019". In addition, it is proposed to study the different dimensions of the event's legacy, directly associated with the concept of impact. Thus, this model makes it possible to evaluate the impact of a specific public policy or private demand to stimulate economic activity through a specific sector, sport in this case. To do so, they employ the multipliers of the Argentinian input product matrix and surveys to reveal the consumption of the organizers and participants of the event. All this, with the intention of adding rationality criteria to the decisions made by both public and private sports organizations. It is important to mention that this study joins the lines of research widely studied by Salgado Barandela, Barajas and Sánchez Fernández (2017) on the subject developed mainly in Europe and the United States, not having found academic references in Argentina or Latin America on the subject. The results indicate that these games have generated an additional boost to the demand for goods and services of the host city and the generation of both economic and social legacy has been verified.

User Matching System for Activating Sports Tourism Based on Hybrid App

In this paper, we propose a user matching app based on hybrid app and a utilization plan to promote sports tourism in line with the growing trend of sports industry scale. The proposed app categorizes sports facilities across the country into regional, sports, private and public sports facilities to support reservations and matching. The proposed app applied a matching system in which matching scores were given according to the preference of events, places, and users by user net matching algorithm. Users can enjoy sports as a team or individual through the suggestion app even if they do not have any clubs or friends to which they belong. It can be used to improve tourism content services and establish tourism industry policies by analyzing data generated while using a user matching system.

The politics of urban regeneration in Liverpool and Everton FC’s alternate new stadium-project plans

ABSTRACT Urban politics is a US-dominated field, and since the late 1990s there have been academic discussions with a view, on the one hand, to better understanding the British/European case and what distinguishes it from the US one and, on the other, to develop a better comparative theory much of which subsequently went down the path of studying neoliberalism. This article follows an urban politics perspective and the qualitative case-study method to explore Everton Football Club’s 20-year-long unsuccessful struggle to relocate to a new modern stadium of its own in the Liverpool city-region. Although this paper has limitations stemming from the fact that it is a single case study, its contribution to the field is three-fold. First, it adds to the scant literature on new private sports stadia in the UK. Second, it shows that US-based urban politics theories beyond regimes may remain alive in the UK. Third, it supplements the neoliberalist–financialized city statecraft literature by adding sports stadia as infrastructural projects never before incorporated.

Typology of Customer Retention Schemes in the Private Sports Sector During COVID-19: Analyzing the Behavior of Martial Arts Instructors Using Latent Class Analysis

The COVID-19 pandemic brought new challenges in all aspects of life. It largely brought the sports sector to a halt: major events were postponed or canceled, while gyms and training centers were closed due to repeated lockdowns and social distancing rules and regulations. In the private sports sector, some instructors adopted technological means of maintaining contact with their students in an attempt to retain customers and maintain a high volume of cash flow. Our work focuses on the martial arts (MA) sector in Israel during two crucial periods in 2020: The first lockdown of March through June, when all sports activities were banned, and the period following it, when trainers were allowed to commence training under some regulations. Using data collected from 199 MA instructors, we test for their level and means of engagement with trainees during the lockdown, and the impact these had on customer retention in the period that followed. Using latent class analysis, we establish an empirically based typology of retention schemes (low contact, high contact, and maverick), and test whether these influenced the financial performance of MA studios. Our findings show that the financial damage and the return rate of trainees do not vary between the three types. We offer some insights into the uniqueness of the MA field, and how this may explain these counter-intuitive results.