Contribution Of Private Sector Research Articles

Translating lessons to reinforce national stillbirth response; multi-stakeholder perspectives regarding priorities and opportunities to deliver quality evidence-based interventions within a limited-resource context in Uganda

BackgroundThere is noted increase in attention towards implementation of evidence-based interventions in response to the stillbirth burden in low- and middle-income countries including Uganda. Recent results reporting some of the strategies adopted have tended to focus much attention towards their overall effect on the stillbirth burden. More is needed regarding stakeholder reflections on priorities and opportunities for delivering quality services within a limited resource setting like Uganda. This paper bridges this knowledge gap.MethodsData collection occurred between March and June 2019 at the national level. Qualitative interviews were analysed using a thematic analysis technique.ResultsIdentified priorities included; a focus on supportive functions such as the referral system, attention to the demand side component of maternal health services, and improvements in the support supervision particularly focusing on empowering subnational level actors. The need to strengthen the learning for better implementation of strategies which are compatible with context was also reported. A comprehensive and favourable policy environment with the potential to direct implementation of strategies, harnessing the private sector contribution as well as the role of national level champions and patient advocates to amplify national stillbirth reduction efforts for continued visibility and impact were recommended.ConclusionGreat potential exists within the current strategies to address the national stillbirth burden. However, priorities such as improving the supportive functions of MCH service delivery and attention to the demand side need to be pursued more for better service delivery with opportunities including a favourable policy environment primed to better serve the current strategies. This calls for dedicated efforts targeted at addressing gaps within the existing priorities and opportunities for better delivery of national strategies to address the stillbirth burden in Uganda.

Contributory Pension Scheme and Workers Investment in Nigeria

The study investigated the relationship between contributory pension scheme and workers’ investment in Nigeria from 2007 to 2021. Specifically the study assessed the relationship between private sector contribution and workers’ investment in Nigeria; examined the relationship between public sector contribution and workers’ investment in Nigeria; and examined the relationship between total contribution and workers’ investment in Nigeria and also employed workers investment (WI) as independent variable while Private Sector Contribution (PRSC), Public Sector Contribution (PUSC), and Total Contribution (TC) as dependent variable. The study also employed Engle Granger Causality Test as estimated technique, the result revealed that a causal relationship between contributory pension scheme and workers investment in Nigeria. Evidence from the result revealed that there is a unidirectional relationship from private sector contribution (LNPRSC) to workers investment (LNWI) (6.41808, 0.0217***), also, there is a unidirectional relationship from public sector contribution (LNPUSC) to workers investment (LNWI) (13.5808, 0.0027***). Furthermore, there is a unidirectional relationship from total contribution (LNTC) to workers investment (7.92275, 0.0127***) and concluded that the direction of the flow comes from pension contribution scheme to worker investment. Therefore, recommended that pension regulatory authorities in Nigeria should compel strict compliance with the relevant provisions of the Act in order for the workers investment to experience the expected quantum growth; and the stakeholders should review the contributions to increase the volume of pension benefits to enable retirees take care of their basic needs at retirement.

High-performance Work System and Employee Retention: A mediated Mediation Model

High performance work systems HPWS are integrated human resource approaches designed to enhance employees' skills and efforts, resulting in higher levels of performance and productivity (Zhu, et al., 2018). The major components of HPWS include selective hiring procedures, employment security, decentralization of decision-making, extensive training, information exchange, and fair paying, all of which are interconnected and work in concert (Zhang et al., 2019). Performance is increased when HPWS is employee service-oriented, while morale and employee retention ER are increased when HPWS is creativity-oriented (Jo et al., 2023). HPWS is more efficient than traditional organizational systems, nevertheless, it is yet unclear how this happens. Multiple studies have produced conflicting findings, and some even contend that HPWS may increase employee effort and stress (Jensen et al., 2022; Cooke et al., 2019). There is a gap on previous researches explaining how HPWS can help translate EPB, JE, and EP into better ER outcomes and whether this relationship differs depending on the organizational setting or the industries, these connections need to be explored further in order to find practical methods improve organizational capacity for employee retention. In accordance with Vision 2030 and the (National Transformation Program) the Saudi government is increasing the private sector's contribution to the nation's healthcare system (Rahman & Al-Borie, 2021).Even though a lot of work has been put into HPWS, there are still large research gaps in Saudi Arabia.So this study is enhancing the current knowledge by examining possible mediators (i.e., EPB, JE, and EP) between HPWS and ER helps further knowledge of the function of HPWS in the Saudi Arabian healthcare system in light of Vision 2030. Keywords: High performance work system, Employee Proactive Behaviour, Job engagement, Employee performance, Employee retention

Contribution of private health services to universal health coverage in low and middle-income countries: Factors affecting the use of private over public health services in Vietnam.

The private sector's contribution to Universal health coverage (UHC) has been increasingly recognised by policymakers in low- and middle-income countries. This study aimed to identify service-provider and consumer-level factors affecting choice of private over public health services in Vietnam. A concurrent mixed-method design was adopted. A quantitative phase explored consumers' health service choice by analysing data from a random national sample of 10,354 individuals aged 16 and over. The qualitative phase investigated how private and public providers organise their services to influence consumer choices by conducting interviews with policymakers, hospital and clinic managers, and health practitioners. The combined results demonstrate that at the individual level, absence of any type of health insurance was the factor most closely associated with the use of private services. Private health services were more likely to be used by people from ethnic majority groups compared to ethnic minorities (odds ratio [OR]: 1.6, 95% CI: 1.4-2.0), and by people living in urban compared to rural areas (OR: 1.1, 95% CI: 1.0-1.3). The service providers suggested that consumers opted for private services that were perceived to have poorer quality in the public sector, such as counselling, physical therapy and rehabilitative care. Additional motivational factors include the private sector's more flexible working hours, shorter waiting times, flexible pricing of services, personalised care and better staff behaviour. The findings can inform national health system planning and coordination activities in Vietnam and other countries that aim to harness the attributes of both the public and private sectors to achieve UHC.

Engaging the Private Health Service Delivery Sector for TB Care in India-Miles to Go!

More than half of the people with TB in India seek care from the private sector, where suboptimal quality of care is a concern. Significant progress has been made over the last five years to expand the coverage and to involve more private sector providers in TB care under the National TB Elimination Program (NTEP) in India. The objective of this review is to describe the major efforts and the progress made with regard to the engagement of the 'for-profit' private health service delivery sector for TB care in India, to critically discuss this, and to suggest the way forward. We described the recent efforts by the NTEP for private sector engagement based on the literature, including strategy documents, guidelines, annual reports, evaluation studies, and critically looked at the strategies against the vision of partnership. The NTEP has taken a variety of approaches, including education, regulation, provision of cost-free TB services, incentives, and partnership schemes to engage the private sector. As a result of all these interventions, private sector contribution has increased substantially, including TB notification, follow-up, and treatment success. However, these still fall short of achieving the set targets. Strategies were focused more towards the purchase of services rather than creating sustainable partnerships. There are no major strategies to engage the diverse set of providers, including informal health care providers and chemists, who are the first point of contact for a significant number of people with TB. India needs an integrated private sector engagement policy focusing on ensuring standards of TB care for every citizen. The NTEP should adopt an approach specifically tailored to the various categories of providers. For meaningful inclusion of the private sector, it is also essential to build understanding and generate data intelligence for better decision making, strengthen the platforms for engagement, and expand the social insurance coverage.

Public-Private Partnership: Pathway to Educational Development in Nigeria?

This paper has provided evidence on the impact of public and private partnership on educational development in Nigeria, using OLS methodology in analysing the time series data from 1980-2020 best linear unbiased estimator (BLUE). The study found that government allocation to education in Nigeria fall below18% for past decades. However this can be augmented by private sector contribution to education which is derived as the proportionate of total expenditure on education and this form the basis for modelling the impact of public and private partnership on educational development. It was found that the estimated value of R2 (goodness of fit) of 0.98 or 98% shows that 98% systematic variation in Educational Productivity is caused by variation in total labour force, unemployment rate, inflation rate, public expenditure on education, private expenditure on education and gross fixed capital formation. The study conclude that public participation in financing education is not enough for effective funding of education but private sector can also argument the expenses in order to produce skilful and economic active labour force. Recommendation was made that there is need to increase budgetary allocation to the educational sector and also create an enabling environment for development of private sector which will improve educational productivity either by funding it or by employment.

Mapping the Private Healthcare Sector in Riyadh Region: Size, Services, and Alignment with the Saudi Ministry of Health Priorities.

Mapping exercises are important to inform development of interventions aiming to enhance private sector's contribution towards achieving health systems objectives. To map size, types, and distribution of private health institutions, and to identify the services they offer, and their alignment with Ministry of Health priorities. A cross-sectional study targeted licensed, for-profit private health institutions in Riyadh Region, Saudi Arabia. Secondary data were collected from Department of Private Health Institutions in Riyadh and the Ministry of Health Year Statistical Book. Descriptive statistics were employed to analyze the collected data. Private hospitals increased from 40 (2017) to 46 (2021), with private sector hospital beds rising from 5,426 (2017) to 6,339 (2021). Pharmaceutical institutions comprised 55.4% of private health institutions, followed by polyclinics (23%) and supportive health services centers (17.1%). Laboratories, hospitals, and clinics represented 2%, 1%, and 0.5% of private health institutions respectively. Ambulance and radiology service centers were least available private health institutions at 0.1%. Home healthcare, remote care, telemedicine, family medicine, and long-term care were offered by 1.3%, 0.5%, 0.4%, and 0.1% of private health institutions respectively. Private hospitals accounted for 41.4% of total hospitals and private hospitals beds constituted 30.9% of Riyadh's total, with an average of 137.8 beds per hospital. Around 82% of private health institutions were in Riyadh city, with around 18% in peripheral provinces. Private healthcare sector has witnessed substantial growth, primarily influenced by supply rather than demand dynamics. Incentives are essential to promote investment in Ministry of Health priorities.

The Role of Contextual Factors in Private Sector Engagement: A Case Study of Private Sector Contribution to COVID-19 Mitigation in Nigeria.

The Private Sector Coalition against COVID-19 (CACOVID) was established on the 27th of March 2020 to mobilize private sector resources toward supporting the government's response to the COVID-19 pandemic. More specifically, CACOVID set out to provide leadership functions, raise public awareness, provide buy-in for COVID-19 prevention, and provide direct support to strengthen the health system's capacity to respond to the crisis. In this paper, we examine the contextual factors that shaped the private sector's engagement in the fight against the pandemic with a view to identifying progress and learning opportunities. A desk review of the existing literature and documents from relevant stakeholders (government, organized private sector, and civil society organizations) was carried out. Using both the Grindle and Thomas (1) and Husted and Salazar (2) frameworks, we identified individual characteristics (industry expertise and position, philanthropy, and personal/economic interest); the economic crises created by the pandemic; a weak health system; and the multi-sectoral nature of the response to the pandemic.as contextual factors that influenced public-private collaboration in tackling the COVID-19 pandemic in Nigeria. That is, the private sector collaborated with the government based on several interrelated contexts that confront them with issues they need to address; determine what options are feasible politically, economically, and administratively; set limits on what solutions are eventually considered; and respond to efforts to alter existing policies and institutional practices. The identified contextual factors provide learning opportunities for enhancing public-private partnership in advancing healthcare not just in Nigeria, but also in related countries in Africa and other developing countries.

Companies’ sustainable reporting: assessment and practice

The article is devoted to highlighting of the results of scientific and practical research aimed at solving the problem of ensuring the comparability of enterprises' non-financial reporting data. The issues of current stage of non-financial reporting implementation are identified, including the lack of comparability of data disclosed in such reporting between companies, undustries and countries. These caused the difficulties with the monitoring of Sustainable Development Goals attainment. The results presented in the article is a part of the global overall countries’ case study of companies non-financial reporting practice in terms of SDGs’ attainment managed by UNCTAD. The ways and solutions to ensure the comparability of non-financial reporting data are suggested. The objective of the study is to determine the possility to align the company's core indicators with macro-indicators of SDGs attainment in appropriate areas. Case of Ukraine in the field of aggregation statistical data on progress in SDGs attainment and assessment of the private sector contribution to this process. The study was based on data from non-financial reporting of Ukrainian company for 2017-2018. This project was conducted in accordance with the requirements of the Guidance on core indicators for entity reporting on contribution towards implementation of SDGs, developed by ISAR-UNCTAD.

Social Welfare Policy Programs in Oman Sultanate: Reality and Challenges

This study aimed to address the social welfare policy programs in the Sultanate of Oman and identify the most significant challenges that may hinder their crucial values, benefits, and implications. Besides, this study seeks to suggest some practical recommendations as fundamental solutions for such challenges. The data collection process was carried out through a questionnaire, and a comprehensive social survey was carried out following the descriptive-analytical approach. Accordingly, social workers, social researchers, and other employees in the public, private, voluntary sectors of social welfare policy programs in Muscat Governorate were included in the survey. Data collection was conducted in May (from the 1st to 29Th) 2016. The results showed that the government, as well as the voluntary sectors, play a significant role in providing social welfare services compared to private sector contribution in this field. The results also indicated that these programs in their current forms could not make a significant change in beneficiaries' quality of life. These programs still face different challenges and obstacles, particularly social, cultural, economic, and legislative challenges.

Maternal Care in Private Sector, Colombo District, Sri Lanka; Profile and Factors associated with key Newborn Care Practices

Aims: Limited information is available on private sector contribution for maternal care in Sri Lanka. The main objective of this assessment is to describe the maternal and newborn characteristics of deliveries in private sector in Colombo District, Sri Lanka. Secondly, the assessment of the factors associated with key newborn care practices using the National Maternal and Newborn Health Management Information System of Private Health Institutions (NMNMIS-PHI)-Phase 1 was conducted.
 Study design: Secondary descriptive analysis was performed using data reported in the NMNMIS-PHI-Phase 1, Sri Lanka.
 Place and Duration of Study: All deliveries in private health institutions in Colombo District which were reported in the NMNMIS-PHI-Phase 1 was included in the study. The time period was from 1st January 2021 to 31st December 2021.
 Methodology: Maternal, delivery and newborn characteristics of national vs. private sector in Colombo District were compared using Z test. Associated factors for key newborn care practices was calculated using univariate and multivariate Odds ratios.
 Results: Incidence of Gestational DM was higher among pregnant women delivered at private sector, Colombo compared to national rate (17.9% vs. 7.1%, p<0.001). Further, the reported caesarean section rate in private sector was close to twofold that of the national rate (76.5% vs. 41.9%, p<0.001). Stillbirth rate of private sector in Colombo was comparatively low than the national rate (0.2% vs. 0.7%). Similarly, reduced number of low-birth-weight newborns was reported in private sector in comparison to national figure (12.4% vs. 13.9%). Significantly more newborns of primi-pregnant women received skin-to-skin contact (SSC) immediately after birth compared to newborns of multi-parous women (AOR=0.814, CI=0.735-0.900, p<0.001).
 Conclusion: Maternal and neonatal characteristics of pregnant women delivered in private sector in Colombo was significantly different from the national profile of pregnant women. Promotion of immediate SSC and reduction in unnecessary caesarean sections should be considered in private sector deliveries in Sri Lanka to further enhance the positive maternal and newborn outcomes.

Increasing domestic financing for the HIV/AIDS response in Nigeria: a catalyst to self-reliance

BackgroundAlthough Nigeria has the second largest HIV-positive population in the world, the country relies mostly on external donors for its HIV control. International donors account for over 81% of Nigeria's HIV spending, which is unsustainable and creates funding gaps that can be closed by identifying alternative domestic financing sources. The Health Policy Plus Project (implemented by Palladium), funded by the US Agency for International Development, supported the Nigerian government between July, 2020, and June, 2021, to assess challenges to HIV financing and to collaboratively identify feasible strategies to raise domestic resources for HIV control. MethodsA two-pronged approach that included desk reviews of relevant literature and key interviews with fourteen major stakeholders from government, donor, private, partner, and civil society organisations was adopted. Stakeholders were selected on the basis of their knowledge and involvement in the country's HIV response or their history of supporting health-system strengthening activities. The multisectoral approach helped to identify robust and feasible strategies that can easily be implemented across the 36 states and the federal capital territory in the country. FindingsChallenges to HIV financing include inadequate budgetary allocation, mostly caused by government perception of the HIV programme as the responsibility of donors; delays in fund releases; inefficient use of the HIV funds; poor tracking of funds and commodity use; inadequate country ownership; and poor accountability structures. With these findings, through a collaborative and multisectoral process, 12 strategies that can mobilise up to US$ 662 million in 5 years for HIV control were identified and included in a National Domestic Resource Mobilisation Strategy, which has been adopted for implementation across the country. The strategies included increasing government budgets and execution rates for HIV control; integration of HIV into health insurance; increasing private sector and philanthropic contributions to HIV control; raising funds from diaspora bonds, local HIV commodity production; strengthening governance, efficiency, and accountability structures, and increasing Civil Society Organisations' involvement in HIV resource mobilisation and tracking. InterpretationOverdependence on donors for disease control programmes, especially in low-income countries, is a global health problem. A multisectoral approach can be adopted by global health stakeholders to review and select appropriate and effective domestic resource mobilisation strategies with reduced contextual barriers, such as HIV integration in key universal health coverage programmes, enhancing private sector contribution, and strengthening efficiency for implementation as a global policy to mobilise health resources. Implementation of the strategies will reduce dependence on donor funds, reduce out-of-pocket payments for HIV, improve access to HIV services, and subsequently lead to improved HIV outcomes. FundingUS Agency for International Development.

Enhancing Private Sector Contribution in GDP through E-Government and R&D in ASEAN Region: A Panel Data Analysis

Private sector is very important for a country as it contributes to the economy and GDP of a country to a greater extent. E-government is actually the use of latest technologies in the services provided by the government and other information management systems. Research and development is the process applied before introducing a new product or starting a new business. This study analyzes the influence of e-government adoption and R&D process on private sector contribution of GDP in ASEAN countries. Two control variables i.e. literacy rate and per capita income have also been used. The past studies have been discussed in literature review section. For analysis purpose, data about the concerned variables has been collected from ASEAN countries for 27 years. After application of several tests and methods i.e. IPS unit root test, Pedroni cointegration test and FMOLS coefficient estimation test, the two major hypotheses of this study are accepted along with the impact of a control variable, literacy rate. However, the impact of other control variable i.e. per capita income is rejected. This study has various implications in theoretical, practical and policy making context in order to increase the performance and GDP contribution by private sector

Private Sector Contribution in Achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 7 in Kendari, Indonesia

This study aims to explain and find out how the contribution of PT DSSP Power Kendari in achieving sustainable development goals (SDGs) 7 (clean and affordable energy) through cooperation between PT DSSP Power Kendari and State Electricity Company (PLN). This study uses a qualitative approach and type of descriptive research with data collection techniques through interviews and documentation. This study uses the theory of sustainable development using the concept of Public-Private Partnership (PPP). The results of the study show that the contribution of PT DSSP Power Kendari in achieving SDGs 7 is to collaborate with PLN with a contract period of 25 years, to provide electricity with a capacity of 2 x 50 megawatts and create electricity education programs for the younger generation, this contribution is made to achieve development sustainable electrical energy by discovering the use of household electricity in the city of Kendari.

Indian Corporations, Climate Change, and The Law

Climate change is one of the biggest problems that humans have created for the whole of mankind. Discussions on combating climate change have been continuing since last 30 years when the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change was adopted at the Rio Conference in 1992. Despite this, nothing significant has been achieved so far. Due to public sector’s finite capabilities and increasing footprint of globalization and privatization, the world is rolling its eyes now on the private corporations to take the lead in this fight against climate change. This article will discuss the historic role that these corporations have played since climate change negotiation days, their contribution at present, and the progressive or regressive role they are set to play in future. The special focus of this article will be on analysing the role of Indian corporations and the existing legal framework governing them and its challenges. At the culmination of this article, the author will try to suggest mechanisms to magnify and intensify private sector contribution in combating climate change with minimum friction and maximum accountability and cohesion.

Assessing the role of the private sector in the country’s EU integration process

Acknowledging the private sector as a key interest group for the EU poliymaking level, little importance is given to the role of this sector during one country’s EU negotiation and membership processes. At the candidate country level, this role is articulated implicitily, but insufficiently. There are in general few evidences on the private sector interest and contribution to the EU integration process, although they remain country specific. Additionally, key connecting linkages between the private sector and EU processes relate to the impact the latter have on the private sector, regarding all internal transformation processes and adaptation to the "new market rules". Regarding Albania, there is currently: (1) no analysis on the private sector level of information on the EU, reforms, costs/benefits, together with the role and contribution that may come to the negotiation stages by the sector; (2) no assessment of the sector's perceptions of difficulties and potentials, as well as expectations at national/European level; and (3) no assessment of the current capacity to face the challenges and benefit from the potentials within EU, as a larger market. An evidence-based analysis on these issues will be conducted for the Albanian case, conducting a questionnaire that targets 65 top companies by sectors that will be previously selected based on a prioritization methodology. Starting a comprehensive public discussion on connecting linkages between the EU integration process and the private sector is necessary in this “momentum” of the country, aiming at helping the policy-making with practical evidences on the current capacities and expectations of the sector, as well as spaces/instruments for further involvement and contribution.

Private sector representation, contribution, and potential influence in global financing partnerships

ABSTRACT Multistakeholder financing partnerships are assumed to provide inclusive governance and mobilise private sector resources for sustainable development. Analysing the partnership space created between the board members of ten global financing partnerships allowed us to uncover two key findings. First, despite the narrative of equality in partnerships, donors continue to be privileged in this space. Second, counter to the expectation of the private sector will provide significant additional funding, their financial contribution was relatively small. High-income countries and private actors are thus privileged in decision making, and therefore wield more influence in defining which ideas of development are financed.

Status of Newborn Hearing Screening Program in the State of Tamil Nadu, India.

Newborn hearing screening in India is gaining momentum and more programs are getting established every year. We need to know their performance levels, strengths and weaknesses to provide suggestions for building effective future programs. The study aimed to report the status of Newborn Hearing Screening (NHS) program in the state of Tamil Nadu, India. A questionnaire on "Newborn Hearing Screening Survey" was developed and sent to 80 sites with NHS facility all over Tamil Nadu, India. The information collected was subjected to descriptive statistical analyses. On a 95% return rate, private sector contribution towards NHS program are the highest and most of the private hospitals have outsourced the NHS program. In most of the sites, audiologists are incharge of the NHS program and carried out the NHS testing. The majority of sites (67.1%) follow selective screening such as high risk factors, doctor's referral and admission at NICU. The preferred testing was TEOAE in the screening program. NHS protocol was found to be variable at each site and for each patient. The time between second screening and diagnostic testing went up to 3-6 months. However, there is a lack of organized system for documenting the program outcome. The result of this study calls the need for wider implementation of UNHS and to introduce a centralised state or local reporting system for documenting and tracking the infants with hearing impairment.

Redefining deterrence in cyberspace: Private sector contribution to national strategies of cyber deterrence

ABSTRACT This article explores the nature and the desirability of private sector contribution to national strategies of cyber deterrence. The article starts by developing a variation of the concept of cyber deterrence, called RCDC deterrence, which is simultaneously restrictive, comprehensive, dynamic, and complemental. Second, it applies RCDC deterrence to identify and analyze specific areas of cyber deterrence that can benefit the most from private sector contribution. Third, the article cautions about the potential security, legal, and moral issues that could arise from such private contributions. Instead of offering definitive answers on these complex issues, the article ends by suggesting avenues for further research. The ultimate objective is to assist decision-makers in designing policies and regulations aimed at maximizing the benefits of public–private cooperation in cyber deterrence while mitigating its potential downsides.

The efficiency of public spending in Saudi Arabia

Saudi Arabia faces challenges in using public expenditures to create successful public programs and projects. Additionally, in developing countries like Saudi Arabia, the public sector is a key to supporting economic development, since the private sector's contribution to gross domestic product (GDP) tends to be small. This study investigates the relationship between government spending and key issues that have shaped Saudi national plans, including Vision 2030 (e.g., economic growth, human development, and the unemployment rate), over the period from 1996 to 2017. The outcome of the study finds that the efficiency of public spending in Saudi Arabia is essential for sustainable development. Even though some factors are significant, insignificant factors in relationship to government spending are those that need special attention to reach the strategic goals set by the government, especially economic complexity, and to control the wasting of public funds. In addition, this study finds that public expense efficiency is a key to economic development. Thus, the decision-makers in Saudi Arabia need to emphasise on improving the quality of the budgeting process, through enhancing the effectiveness and efficiency of the budget allocations, to reach sustainable development.