Private Sector In Terms Research Articles

Corporate Investigations: Beyond Notions of Public–Private Relations

Based on qualitative research primarily carried out in the Netherlands, this article describes corporate investigations within the private sector in terms of investigators’ operational autonomy, which, in only a minority of cases, involves contact or cooperation with governmental law enforcement agencies. It is argued that, given this de facto public–private separation, theoretical concepts within the literature that take the nation-state as the imagined historical origin and/or continuing partner of corporate security—concepts such as privatization, responsibilization, or multilateralization—fail to capture the autonomy of corporate investigations. Furthermore, such concepts are politically distracting and potentially dangerous for public policy, since they imply that corporate security is effectively surveilled and supervised by the state within a framework of public–private cooperation. Nothing could be further from the truth; indeed the limited liaisons that do occur are initiated by the private sector.

Seigniorage in the 21st Century: A Study of the Profits from Money Creation in the United Kingdom and Denmark

This paper develops a new theory of seigniorage suited to modern economies where the majority of money is created not by the state or central bank but by commercial banks and other monetary financial institutions via their lending activity. We identify four different forms of seigniorage that take account of the modern institutional separation between the state, the central bank, commercial banks and the non-bank private sector in terms of their identities as ‘money creators’ and ‘money users’. The new typology differentiates between seigniorage profits arising from interest rate spreads on stocks of created money and profits arising from flows of interest payments on newly created assets. We illustrate our theoretical framework with empirical data on commercial bank seigniorage and related variables in the United Kingdom and the Denmark over the past quarter century.

El pacto por México: una reflexión sobre sistema precario de salud mexicano

La discusión sobre el desarrollo del sistema de salud mexicano se ha caracterizado por los procesos internos/externos orientados a concebir un modelo que pudiera solventar las necesidades estructurales de la sociedad civil para generar un sistema acorde a los principios de cobertura, universalidad, calidad y eficiencia, teniendo en cuenta las nociones expuestas por Dantés (2011), Mercedes (2013) y Puig (2015) entre otros. Así pues, la finalidad del presente artículo de investigación, radica en generar una discusión teórica sobre el sistema de salud mexicano, en donde se configuran elementos empíricos que reflejan la condición mixta entre el sector público/privado, al ser concebido como derecho social y servicio ante la ciudadanía. Teniendo como referencia las divergencias que simbolizó el pacto por México, al ser un escenario de convergencia que pretendió concretar rutas políticas/institucionales que hicieran contra-peso a las problemáticas profundas propias del SSM , debido a que no logro aportar soluciones concretas a las demandas en el campo de la salud que requiere la sociedad civil mexicana. La metodología que se utilizó en el artículo fue el análisis crítico sobre la historia de los modelos y la relación de la salud con el mercado en el contexto mexicano. Algunas de las conclusiones de la investigación son: 1) la existencia de un sistema que es incongruente con el plano social y las necesidades de los grupos en sus respectivas particularidades culturales. 2) la falta de políticas sociales estatales que puedan regular la dinámica del sector privado en materia de establecer tratamientos eficientes al interior del sistema de salud, y 3) la necesidad de impulsar acciones gubernamentales que establezcan un equilibrio entre la salud como derecho humano y servicio privado.

Foreign experience in the implementation of publicprivate partnership projects in the field of health and education

Public-private partnership acts as a form of effective interaction between the public partner and private investors in order to solve various social problems. The social sphere, being mainly the object of direct public administration and financing, is experiencing significant needs in resources, the introduction of modern management methods and advanced technologies. Budget funds do not allow to fully and in a short period to solve these problems, so it becomes necessary to attract directly the competencies and investments of the private sector. Education and health are at the center of the social sectors. The relevance of the use of public-private partnership in the social sphere is due to the fact that in a relatively short period of time it is possible to eliminate gaps in the development of social infrastructure by combining efforts, funds, risks of two economic entities – the state and business. The study of foreign experience in the implementation of socially significant projects using public-private partnership tools is necessary to assess the possibility of using similar models in Russia. Interaction between the state authorities and the private sector in terms of pooling resources and potentials within this task will actively attract investment, efficiently and timely implement social projects, improve the quality of social services to the population, increase the level of management of social infrastructure, promote the development of public institutions of the social sphere. At the same time, the public-private partnership will help to use effectively financial resources, experience and professionalism of the private sector while maintaining state control over social assets. Based on the analysis of the uncovered need for resources for the accelerated development of the social sphere, the author of the article proposes: the launch of new mechanisms of financial support from the Federal budget and the increase in budget funding for the purpose of providing “budget leverage” in public-private partnership projects; improvement of legislation in the field of public-private partnership to eliminate “barriers” and simplify the procedure for launching public-private partnership projects in education and health care; updating planning documents (changing existing documents of state strategic planning), including with a view to change priorities in infrastructure development and the mechanisms used for this.

Adapting The Outputs Of Education And Training To The Actual Needs Of Reality And Aspirations

The human element is the main pillar in the implementation of economic development programs, and therefore the countries have been keen to take care of its rehabilitation within the human resources development progress programs focused mainly on educational curricula.
 Education and training has become an effective and influential tool in the science of development, since the human element is the means and purpose of the movement of progress and development. Countries are comparing and measuring their progress not with their natural resources and wealth in the ground or outside, but measured by their ability to exploit these resources to meet the requirements Its population. As an example, a country like Japan does not possess natural resources such as oil, gas or gold, and it does not have important agricultural resources, but possesses the educated and qualified human element that enabled it to be one of the most advanced countries. Despite its natural wealth, its human wealth and quality have been at the core of its growth and progress. Our country is characterized by a wealth of human resources and, in particular, a high proportion of young people compared to direct countries, It puts pressure on resources to productive energy by developing their productive capacities and competencies and providing them with the skills, expertise and renewable knowledge through continuous training.
 The lack of coordination between the quality of the outputs of education and vocational and technical training and the skilled requirements of the labor market, and the lack of attention and awareness among graduates towards self-employment through the establishment of small enterprises due to the lack of guidance and guidance, the low levels of skills and lack of funding, And to activate and activate the role of the private sector in terms of effective partnership in the effective governance of the system of vocational and technical education and training or in the management of the vocational training system.
 Today, we face a great challenge to adapt ourselves in the face of the urgent and imminent economic changes represented by the fall of customs barriers, borders and the ease of labor mobility. Recent global developments, developments in the economic arena, and the global markets have caused serious disruptions and severe recession, Change the economic outlook and keen attention to local economic conditions and self-reliance to the maximum degree to get out of the cycle of loss between the welfare of the major countries.
 It has been proven from the practical reality that relying solely on education is not enough for the graduates to meet the requirements of the jobs and professions that the labor market needs. This requires training as a means to meet the skills required to practice professions and jobs, especially if it is planned and designed by closely linking to the reality of the market the work .

A Correlation Between the Outputs of Education and Training and the Actual Needs of Reality and Aspirations

The human element is the main pillar in the implementation of economic development programs, and therefore the countries have been keen to take care of its rehabilitation within the human resources development progress programs focused mainly on educational curricula.
 Education and training has become an effective and influential tool in the science of development, since the human element is the means and purpose of the movement of progress and development. Countries are comparing and measuring their progress not with their natural resources and wealth in the ground or outside, but measured by their ability to exploit these resources to meet the requirements Its population. As an example, a country like Japan does not possess natural resources such as oil, gas or gold, and it does not have important agricultural resources, but possesses the educated and qualified human element that enabled it to be one of the most advanced countries. Despite its natural wealth, its human wealth and quality have been at the core of its growth and progress. Our country is characterized by a wealth of human resources and, in particular, a high proportion of young people compared to direct countries, It puts pressure on resources to productive energy by developing their productive capacities and competencies and providing them with the skills, expertise and renewable knowledge through continuous training.
 The lack of coordination between the quality of the outputs of education and vocational and technical training and the skilled requirements of the labor market, and the lack of attention and awareness among graduates towards self-employment through the establishment of small enterprises due to the lack of guidance and guidance, the low levels of skills and lack of funding, And to activate and activate the role of the private sector in terms of effective partnership in the effective governance of the system of vocational and technical education and training or in the management of the vocational training system.
 Today, we face a great challenge to adapt ourselves in the face of the urgent and imminent economic changes represented by the fall of customs barriers, borders and the ease of labor mobility. Recent global developments, developments in the economic arena, and the global markets have caused serious disruptions and severe recession, Change the economic outlook and keen attention to local economic conditions and self-reliance to the maximum degree to get out of the cycle of loss between the welfare of the major countries.
 It has been proven from the practical reality that relying solely on education is not enough for the graduates to meet the requirements of the jobs and professions that the labor market needs. This requires training as a means to meet the skills required to practice professions and jobs, especially if it is planned and designed by closely linking to the reality of the market the work

New public management in Iran's health complex: a management framework for primary health care system.

New public management (NPM) was developed as a management reform to improve the efficiency and effectiveness in public organizations, especially in health sector. Using the features of private sector management, the managers of health organizations may try to implement the elements of NPM with the hope to improve the performance of their systems.AimsOur aim in the present study was to identify the elements and infrastructures suitable for implementing NPM in the Iranian health complex. In this qualitative study with conventional content analysis approach, we tried to explore the NPM elements and infrastructures in Iranian public health sector. A series of semi-structured interviews (n=48) were conducted in 2016 with a managers in public and private health complex. Three focus group discussions with nine faculty members were also conducted. A data collection form was used to collect the demographic characteristics and perspectives of the participants.FindingsFrom the perspective of managers, managerialism, decentralization, using market mechanism, performance management, customer orientation and performance budgeting were the main elements of NPM in the Iranian context. The most important infrastructures for implementing this reform were as follows: education and training, information technology, the proper use of human resources, decision support systems, top management commitment, organizational culture, flexibility of rules, rehabilitating of the aging infrastructures, and expanding the coverage of services. The NPM was generally identified to be an effective replacement for the traditional administration method. These reforms may be helpful in strengthening the public health complex and the management capacity, as well. NPM also seems to be useful in interacting the public health sector with the private sector in terms of personnel and resources, performance, reward structure, and methods of doing business.

Estimating the determinants of public private partnerships in infrastructure: the case of India

Public private partnership (PPP) mode of financing is quickly becoming the favoured way to invest and fund infrastructure in India. This paper focuses exclusively on the PPP mode of infrastructure financing by examining and estimating the significant determinants of attracting any PPP in India. The empirical findings indicate that for India a higher cash deficit with huge government debt tends to attract more number of PPP projects. The study also suggests that political factors play a crucial role for the private sector in terms of making decisions regarding involvement of the PPP mode for financing infrastructure. Ultimately, there is evidence in favour of all the channels except the macroeconomic factors. While examining the investment aspect for PPPs, it was concluded that soft governmental constraints, market conditions and effectiveness of government proved to be decisive.

Estimating the determinants of public private partnerships in infrastructure: the case of India

Public private partnership (PPP) mode of financing is quickly becoming the favoured way to invest and fund infrastructure in India. This paper focuses exclusively on the PPP mode of infrastructure financing by examining and estimating the significant determinants of attracting any PPP in India. The empirical findings indicate that for India a higher cash deficit with huge government debt tends to attract more number of PPP projects. The study also suggests that political factors play a crucial role for the private sector in terms of making decisions regarding involvement of the PPP mode for financing infrastructure. Ultimately, there is evidence in favour of all the channels except the macroeconomic factors. While examining the investment aspect for PPPs, it was concluded that soft governmental constraints, market conditions and effectiveness of government proved to be decisive.

Sustainable multi-period reverse logistics network design and planning under uncertainty utilizing conditional value at risk (CVaR) for recycling construction and demolition waste

Decreasing the environmental effect and increasing the social effect as well as the profit of organizations has gained a considerable attention in supply chain network problems. Construction and demolition wastes (C&D wastes) management poses serious challenges to the government and private sector in terms of the environmental damages and potential gains due to recycling these types of wastes. On the other hand, considering the triple bottom line in reverse logistics network design problems simultaneously is an issue that has gained little attention in previous studies. Therefore in this research we propose a multi-period multi-objective mixed integer linear programming to design and plan a network of reverse logistics under uncertainty for recycling C&D wastes in which the objectives are represented as profit and social impact maximization and environmental effect minimization. In this paper the network design problem with stochastic demand of recycled products and rate on investment is regarded. In order to cope with the uncertainty in the model, we consider a risk averse two-stage stochastic programming, where we specify the conditional value at risk (CVaR) as the risk measure. We also apply off-site and on-site separation as two common method for segregating C&D wastes. Appropriate numerical is conducted to learn the effects of crucial parameters on the model and gain managerial insights as well.

The malaria testing and treatment landscape in Benin

BackgroundSince 2004, artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) has been the first-line treatment for uncomplicated malaria in Benin. In 2016, a medicine outlet survey was implemented to investigate the availability, price, and market share of anti-malarial treatment and malaria diagnostics. Results provide a timely and important benchmark to measure future interventions aimed at increasing access to quality malaria case management services.MethodsBetween July 5th to August 6th 2016, a cross sectional, nationally-representative malaria outlet survey was conducted in Benin. A census of all public and private outlets with potential to distribute malaria testing and/or treatment was implemented among 30 clusters (arrondissements). Outlets were eligible for inclusion in the study if they met at least one of three study criteria: (1) one or more anti-malarials reportedly in stock on the day of the survey; (2) one or more anti-malarials reportedly in stock within the 3 months preceding the survey; and/or (3) provided malaria blood testing. An audit was completed for all anti-malarials, malaria rapid diagnostic tests (RDT) and microscopy.Results7260 outlets with the potential to sell or distribute anti-malarials were included in the census and 2966 were eligible and interviewed. A total of 17,669 anti-malarial and 494 RDT products were audited. Quality-assured ACT was available in 95.0% of all screened public health facilities and 59.4% of community health workers (CHW), and availability of malaria blood testing was 94.7 and 68.4% respectively. Sulfadoxine–pyrimethamine (SP) was available in 73.9% of public health facilities and not found among CHWs. Among private-sector outlets stocking at least one anti-malarial, non-artemisinin therapies were most commonly available (94.0% of outlets) as compared to quality-assured ACT (36.1%). 31.3% of the ACTs were marked with a “green leaf” logo, suggesting leakage of a co-paid ACT into Benin’s unsubsidized ACT market from another country. 78.5% of the anti-malarials distributed were through the private sector, typically through general retailers (47.6% of all anti-malarial distribution). ACT comprised 44% of the private anti-malarial market share. Private-sector price of quality-assured ACT ($1.35) was three times more expensive than SP ($0.42) or chloroquine ($0.41). Non-artemisinin therapies were cited as the most effective treatment for uncomplicated malaria among general retailers and itinerant drug vendors.ConclusionsThe ACTwatch data has shown the importance of the private sector in terms of access to malaria treatment for the majority of the population in Benin. These findings highlight the need for increased engagement with the private sector to improve malaria case management and an immediate need for a national ACT subsidy.

Linking vocational education and training (VET) progression pathways into the academic route in Tanzania: Case study in electrical and mechanical engineering programmes at Arusha technical college (ATC)

The bridging course was designed by the Vocational and Education Training Authority (VETA) in collaboration with three technical Colleges/Institutions: Arusha Technical College, Dar es Salaam Institute of Technology and Mbeya University of Science and Technology under the auspices of National Council for Technical Education (NACTE). The course was an immediate solution to the missing link between the Vocational Education and Training (VET) pathway for graduates and the Tanzanian national education model. Data were collected from a random sample of 350 students, from various parts of the country, to analyze the problem. Comparison tests of performance between students from the bridging course and from other educational routes were conducted. Results demonstrate that, the bridging course is a substantive solution to enabling VET students to progress toward further studies. Bridging courses in Technical Colleges and Institutes of Technology offer a valuable contribution to the vocational training sector if sponsored by both Government and Private sector in terms of fiscal and non-fiscal resources. Key words: VETA, NACTE, progression pathways, bridging Course, academic route.

Private needs, public responses: vulnerable people’s flood-disrupted mobility

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore the experiences of vulnerable people during flood events, impacts of changes in mobility on well-being and the extent to which frontline services, emergency planning officers and other service providers allocate resources for vulnerable members of the community to meet the challenges posed by floods. Design/methodology/approach – In-depth qualitative interviews carried out with 15 vulnerable residents, seven community representatives and eight service providers. Findings – Vulnerable people’s well-being was negatively affected by the disruption to travel caused by floods, though support from the community to some extent redressed these negative feelings. Whilst there seems to be a strong response from both the community and the local authorities to the mobility needs of vulnerable people during floods, what seems to be missing is an equal response from the private sector in terms of provision of transport services to access goods such as food and money. Practical implications – More needs to be done to make sure that communication and support networks are formalised to address the potential unevenness of informal networks. Private companies need to engage more with customers. Improved information and more resilient services such as 4×4 vehicles and doorstep provision of goods and money would directly support vulnerable people who are highly dependent on their services. Originality/value – This study is the first in the UK to explore and compare the private experiences of vulnerable people with the views of stakeholders who could support them during floods.

Private And Public Sector Innovation And The Importance Of Cross-Sector Collaboration

Innovation plays a very important role in the private sector in terms of competitiveness, and is the key to success for private businesses, helping to cut costs, improve products and open new markets. Nowadays, innovation is gaining in importance in the public sector as well, as it can improve the quality of service delivery as well as reduce costs. Innovation is an important driver of economic progress and competitiveness in all economies.Collaboration between public and private entities creates better and more effective public and private services and products. Collaboration enables the participants to exchange and share knowledge, experiences, know-how and expertise. Collaboration helps to bring a broader set of skills and talents and a more responsive work culture into public sector organisations, along with innovative thinking and creativity; it also helps private companies to innovate more effectively and to achieve their concrete goals in a more efficient way.The objective of this paper is to outline the differences and similarities between private and public sector innovation in terms of definition, driving factors, barriers and measurement; the paper also aims to examine the importance of cross-sector collaboration for private and public sector innovation, and demonstrate that collaboration can improve innovation.

Performance of Non-Financial Private Corporate Sector of India in the Post Reform Era

India embarked on its new tryst with destiny with a massive reforms initiative twenty years ago largely dismantling the restrictive industrial environment. Bringing almost an end to the license raj, nearly finishing up MRTP restrictions and reservations the government of India aimed at empowering the country’s private sector with a view to making India a star growth economy along with Brazil, Russia and China. Reforms delivered in terms of overall growth. With a modest growth of 5.5 per cent during 1980-2002, the Indian economy in the last almost one decade has graduated to the 8th fastest growing economy in the world with China leading the race. How much of the credit of such growth can be assigned to the private sector of the country? Has this been largely because of an enhancement in the ability of the private sector in terms of an increase in its financial performance? The present study makes a careful attempt towards answering such questions. Using the time series data on the standard performance indicators and ratios reflecting the extent of performance of this sector from the on-line source of the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) the present paper tries to study the following: the growth trend of the non-financial private corporate sector of India; extent of influence of number of companies on the sales growth in the sector; and the magnitude of impact of growth in sales on other leading performance parameters of the sector.

An Overview of Investment Efficiency of General Insurance Companies in India: A DEA

The study aims at finding out the efficiency of insurers in terms of their investment behaviour. Two models have been used in the data envelopment analysis (DEA) in order to measure their efficiency. For the first model, one input as investment under management and two indicators of output as net returns on investments to the shareholders and net returns on investments to the policyholders have been used. The results depict that the technical efficiency (TE) of the public sector has been 98.6%, which is quite high as compared with the private sector whose TE has been recorded at 56.9%. Among the public sector insurers, New India has been the most efficient of all the insurers. For the second model, two inputs, i.e. capital (including reserves and surpluses) and net premium income, and one output as investment under management have been used. The results of the second model also state that the TE of the public sector has been much more, i.e. 97.3%, as compared with the private sector, i.e. 79.1%, which state that the public sector has been more efficient as compared with the private sector in terms of investment efficiency. The United India Insurance Company has been the most efficient of all the insurers according to the second model. Moreover, the improvement space of the public sector is decreasing, which is a good sign for the public sector. In order to be more operative in the coming future, the private sector should give due emphasis on the improvement of the scale efficiency along with the managerial efficiency.

Availability of vaccines against major animal diseases in the European Union

This paper presents the results of a survey in which countries within the European Union and the European Economic Area were requested to provide information on the availability of vaccines against 47 major diseases of animals as part of the DISCONTOOLS project within the European Technology Platform for Global Animal Health. The objective of the survey was to help identify those diseases to which priority should be given by both the public and private sectors in terms of developing new tools to assist in their control. The survey also provides information on the availability of vaccines authorised at national level against the diseases concerned which may be useful in the event of a disease emergency or to enhance preparedness.

Is Forest Certification a Hegemonic Force? The FSC and its Challengers

Certification initiatives are an innovative response to both a perceived governance gap in industry regulation and the demands made on industry by civil society groups. They develop criteria for sustainable practices along supply chains, monitor compliance, and reward acquiescent firms by mitigating reputational risks and differentiating products for environmentally conscious consumers. They seek to accomplish this with minimal cost to taxpayers, nominal disruption to trade, and trivial cost to the private sector in terms of fees or inefficiencies. This article examines the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) certification scheme as an example of the move toward nonstate, market-driven environmentalism. By utilizing a critical, Gramscian approach, it finds that while the FSC can be seen as embedded in, and furthering the agenda of, the neoliberal political economy, a close comparison to rival, producer-backed schemes exposes its antihegemonic underpinnings.

Strategies directed to professionals for reducing unnecessary cesarean sections in Brazil

Brazil is among the countries with the highest cesarean section rates, especially in the supplementary health sector. However, some characteristics are similar in both the public and private sectors in terms of the wishes and expectations of pregnant women regarding their delivery. There is a preference for vaginal delivery among women of all social, economic, and cultural levels, a fact that shifts the focus of the negative influence of this variable from women to other subjects involved in delivery care. No isolated factor is able to justify the complexity of making a decision for cesarean section, but the physician and the type of hospital are the main associated factors. The several harmful effects of a non-judicious performance of cesarean section are scientifically recognized. It is important to raise the awareness of doctors and of other health professionals about the real consequences of this decision, the ethical deviations when conducts are chosen without exclusively focusing on the patient`s health, and the need for constant updating for the management of the various possible conditions of childbirth.

Differences between public and private universities' fields of study in Argentina

The literature on private higher education has identified striking differences between the public and private sectors in terms of fields of study. For example, unlike their public counterparts, private universities have traditionally specialised in the social sciences and humanities. This paper explores the university market in Argentina to see if these differences still persist today, or if they have blurred over time. This dynamic is studied from the perspective of both supply (the percentage of institutions offering a specific degree programme) and demand (student enrolments). Clearly, both sectors are venturing further and further into each other’s traditional domains.