Private Sector Initiatives Research Articles

Insurance Solution for Climate Change: Legislation Analysis in Türkiye

In the light of changing and evolving parameters throughout the World, risk definitions vary as well, leading to the necessity to make new risk definitions in various fields in addition to those, the effects of which can be easily observed and measured, such as technology and information securiAty. This change also manifests itself in the insurance industry based on climate change. The increase in the number and scale of climate-based natural disasters throughout the World, in conjunction with global warming, made the economic losses caused by natural disasters visible. Climate changeA caused and will continue to cause significant changes in many fields of the insurance industry, such as property insurances, agricultural insurances, and health insurance. The insurance industry attempts to mitigate the negative impacts of climate change through active risk measures such as mapping, risk analysis, funding research, collective data sharing, and active participation in climate protection activities throughout the World. However, it is crucial for the State and affiliated public enterprises to support this process as a regulatory and adequate power, create a suitable legal, financial and regulatory framework for private sector initiatives, and conduct informative activities about the importance of insurance in natural disasters. Emerging financial burden should be divided between individual-public-private enterprises, and this division should be made in a balanced and fair manner in the light of the applicable legislation. This study primarily addresses the devastating impacts of climate change on the World and Turkey, which emerged notably in the recent era and the financial burden brought about by this. Then the issue of responsibility of the public sector, which is responsible for taking necessary and adequate measures against climate change, was explored in the context of both national legislation and international agreements. The adequacy of the applicable legislation for the State and public enterprises to create a suitable consciousness-raising, a preventive and compensatory legal framework specific to the climate change in Turkey was reviewed, and suggestions were made.

Digital transformation at what cost? A case study from Germany estimating the adoption potential of precision farming technologies under different scenarios

This study addresses the research gap in understanding the low adoption of Precision Agriculture Technologies (PATs) by extrapolating regional trends from in-depth farm-level analyses. Focusing on a smallholder region in Germany, it investigates the adoption limits of PATs, questioning whether the low rates are due to unknown economic thresholds and how these thresholds can be influenced. Six PATs are evaluated, along with the impact of six potential measures to increase adoption rates, using predictive economic modeling and scenario analysis. Findings confirm low adoption rates, peaking at 4.61 % for automatic guidance and 17.73 % for site-specific fertilization, highlighting that current strategies are only partially effective, especially for precision weeding, site-specific seeding, planting, and spraying. Fortunately, targeted interventions for less adopted PATs enhance average farm income, which may increase their broader acceptance. The study advocates for targeted, technology-specific strategies over broad measures like subsidies, emphasizing the effectiveness of private sector initiatives like machinery cooperatives and service providers in improving adoption. The study concludes that greater PAT uptake in agriculture is only possible if realistic expectations are set by all stakeholders and tailored strategies are developed to promote a comprehensive digital transformation of the sector.

Reskilling and Upskilling Initiatives in the Indian Industrial Sector

The Indian industrial sector is undergoing rapid transformations propelled by technological advancements, globalization, and shifting market demands. In response to these changes, the imperative for reskilling and upskilling the workforce has gained prominence. This research study critically examines reskilling and upskilling initiatives within the Indian industrial sector, focusing on their effectiveness, key determinants, and impact on workforce adaptability. Employing a case study methodology, the research evaluates government-led skill development programs, industry- academia collaborations, and private sector initiatives. By identifying critical skills in demand across diverse industrial domains, the study sheds light on the dynamic skill landscape shaped by digital transformation. Furthermore, the research explores barriers and facilitators influencing employee participation in skill development programs, with a specific emphasis on gender disparities. In assessing the correlation between reskilling and career advancement, the study provides insights into the tangible outcomes of workforce development initiatives. Additionally, the research evaluates the role of online learning platforms in industrial skill enhancement and proposes policy recommendations to fortify the reskilling ecosystem in India. The findings of this study contribute valuable insights for policymakers, industrial leaders, and educational institutions aiming to align workforce capabilities with the evolving needs of the Indian industrial landscape.

The Impact of Soft Skills Training on the Employability of Brazilian Youth

This paper explores the impact of soft skills training on the employability of Brazilian youth. Amidst high youth unemployment rates in Brazil, a critical gap exists in essential soft skills such as communication, teamwork, and problem-solving. This study investigates various soft skills training programs, including those by government agencies, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), and private sector initiatives, assessing their effectiveness in enhancing employability. Through in-depth interviews with program participants, educators, and employers, and detailed case studies of successful training programs, the study provides a comprehensive analysis of the factors influencing the effectiveness of these programs. Findings indicate that high-quality training, program duration and intensity, participant support, and engagement levels significantly impact training outcomes. The study concludes with policy recommendations to integrate soft skills training into the formal education system and enhance collaboration among stakeholders to improve youth employability in Brazil.

ORGANISATIONAL COMMITMENT AND ORGANISATIONAL CYNICISM AS FEEDBACK SIGNALS: FROM ZERO TO SUBSTANTIVE CSR

Corporate social responsibility (CSR) declared by organisations can be understood as a specific signal sent to stakeholders. However, social responsibility can vary from its complete absence to symbolic or substantive CSR. There is still a lack of knowledge on how employee feedback, manifesting itself by organisational commitment or organisational cynicism, varies depending on the nature of CSR and employee seniority. Therefore, this exploratory study examines how organisational cynicism and organisational commitment manifest themselves in organisations in different situations with regard to CSR. The study was conducted in Lithuania, surveying 981 employees from public and private sector enterprises. Organisations are divided into three groups showing the corresponding level of social responsibility: substantive, symbolic and not CSR. Organisational commitment was tested using two different instruments: Organisational Commitment Questionnaire (OCQ) by Mowday et al. (1979) and an instrument created by Allen and Meyer (1990). Organisational commitment (as in the cases of affective, continuance and normative commitment) was the strongest in the substantive CSR group; and the weakest, in the not CSR group. Employee cynicism showed the opposite result. The same consistency was observed separately in the public and private sectors, with stronger commitment and weaker cynicism found in the public sector. Organisational commitment and cynicism demonstrated by employees emerge as reactions to corporate social responsibility and as a kind of feedback signal sent to persons responsible for organisational management. The results are discussed considering the signalling theory, and their implications for practice are highlighted.

Entrepreneurial Intentions in the Absence of Banking Services: The Case of the Lebanese in Crises

This paper investigates the complex factors hindering entrepreneurial aspirations in Lebanon, focusing on the absence of a functional financial system and its impact on entrepreneurial intentions. Drawing on surveys conducted with 325 Lebanese participants across three generations, using ordinal regression, the research reveals crucial determinants of entrepreneurial intentions, emphasizing the roles of entrepreneurial attitude, the absence of banking sector services, optimism, risk propensity, and age. Positive attitudes and optimism correlate with stronger intentions; however, the weakened economic situation and lack of a functional financial system diminish this positive correlation. Demographic factors like gender and education do not significantly influence intentions. In addition, the study reveals differences in entrepreneurial intentions determinants across the three generations of X, Y, and Z. This study underscores the urgent need for financial system reforms in Lebanon to enhance stability while advocating for financial literacy programs and private sector initiatives to empower entrepreneurs and expand their businesses.

STRATEGI KEBIJAKAN PERTUMBUHAN HIJAU (GREEN GROWTH) INDONESIA: DALAM ADAPTASI PERUBAHAN IKLIM

The purpose of this research is to understand and discuss Indonesia's green growth strategies in facing global challenges related to climate change The main focus of this study lies in policy adaptation and practices that support climate change mitigation and adaptation, taking into account both local and global contexts. Through secondary data analysis, this article identifies the main challenges faced by Indonesia, such as increasing greenhouse gas emissions and deforestation Additionally, the article evaluates government and private sector initiatives in promoting renewable energy, natural resource conservation, and enhancing community adaptation capacity. Research findings indicate that the success of Indonesia's green growth strategy heavily relies on multisectoral collaboration, increased public awareness, and strong political commitment The conclusion of this article emphasizes the need for a holistic and inclusive approach in designing policies and implementing them to achieve sustainable economic growth and climate resilience.

Social sustainability of communities: A systematic literature review

Social sustainability, a critical pillar of sustainability, has gained increasing recognition in recent years. It focuses on achieving human well-being and enhancing life quality. Communities, as the fundamental physical and social units within cities, present a practical scale for examining social sustainability in the built environment. This paper presents a Systematic Literature Review of articles from two of the largest academic online databases, Web of Science (WoS) core collection and Scopus, aiming to augment understanding of social sustainability in community contexts. The review identifies four conceptual frameworks, eight foundational indicators, and four strategies for improvement. The results highlight the integration of physical and social attributes, alongside community experiences of residents, as essential to social sustainability. Improvement efforts necessitate collaboration among local authorities, the private sector, and various stakeholders. This study contributes to a deeper comprehension of community-based social sustainability, laying the groundwork for future scholarly research and guiding local authorities and private sector initiatives in effective infrastructure and service delivery.

The power of implicit political capital on companies’ entry barriers

The paper distinguishes the political capital of private enterprises into three types, in terms of the political identity of entrepreneurs, partial state ownership, and government background of entrepreneurship. The first two are classified as explicit political capital, while the third is called implicit political capital. We investigated how political capital, the institutional environment, and access to protected industries intersect within private sector enterprises (PSEs). The data sample from 2011 to 2018 of listed private companies in China is employed. Firstly, the findings indicate political capital significantly enhances access to protected industries for PSEs. Second, implicit political capital shows a strong impact, while the effects of partial state ownership and entrepreneurs’ political identity are weak. Third, explicit political capital weakens the effect on access to protected industries, while implicit political capital still holds significant influence under the improvement of institutional environments. It reveals the situation under the imperfect environment of the market economic system and legal system in China. To be explicit, the concept of ruling by man or power is deeply rooted in the traditional Chinese social governance and social structure model. Therefore, there is enormous room for implicit political capital to function.

The Human Insulin Thermal Solution project—a private sector initiative to address the thermostability of insulin

The Human Insulin Thermal Solution project—a private sector initiative to address the thermostability of insulin

Transforming the Finance of Small and Medium Micro Enterprises: Unlocking Growth Through Innovation in Central Lombok District

This study discusses the challenges faced by MSMEs. This study focuses on the importance of innovation as a transformer for micro, small, and medium enterprises, especially in the financial sector of Central Lombok Regency. The increasingly difficult challenges faced by Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises are in Central Lombok Regency. This study uses a qualitative-exploratory approach. The study locus is Central Lombok Regency. Primary data collection was carried out using 3 (three) techniques. In-depth interviews were conducted with Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises, the financial sector, and other stakeholders involved in Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises activities and ecosystems. Next, observations were carried out on activities to better understand the daily operations and challenges faced by Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises. In an effort to confirm the data and information obtained, a focus group discussion (FGD) was then carried out as part of the triangulation technique in qualitative methods. This study finds that fostering interaction among Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises is key to their growth and sustainability. Whether through traditional partnerships or digital platforms, Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises can benefit from coming together to increase their competitiveness and contribute to overall economic development. Apart from that, the financial transformation of Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises through innovation opens up growth opportunities and increases competitiveness in the digital era. The government and various related parties must continue to work together to support the financial transformation of Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises. This can be achieved by providing adequate digital infrastructure, fintech education and training programs, and regulations that support the growth of Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises. In addition, this study recommends that the government, private sector, Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises, and other stakeholders work together to overcome challenges and realize financial improvements for Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises through sustainable innovation in Central Lombok Regency.

Corporate social responsibility, political connections, and barrier industry diversification: Evidence from China

In this paper, using the data of private sector enterprises listed in China from 2009 to 2014, we study the relationships between corporate social responsibility, political connections, and barrier industry diversification among Chinese public-listed private-sector enterprises. The empirical test results reveal that establishing political connections can contribute to diversification of these firms, while engaging in corporate social responsibility helps to promote their barrier industry diversification. More engagement in corporate social responsibility makes it easier for them to establish political connections and strengthen the association between political connections and barrier industry diversification. This study provides new empirical evidence for not only understanding the relationship between political connections of these firms and access to economic resources but also a new perspective regarding their conduct related to corporate social responsibility (CSR).

Innovating business practices: The impact of social media on fostering gender equality and empowering women entrepreneurs

Social media has emerged as a powerful tool for fostering gender equality and empowering women entrepreneurs by providing them with unprecedented access to resources, networks, and markets. This abstract explores the impact of social media on innovating business practices to promote gender equality and empower women entrepreneurs. Social media platforms have democratized access to information and resources, enabling women entrepreneurs to overcome traditional barriers to entry in business. By leveraging social media, women entrepreneurs can build and expand their networks, access mentorship and support, and showcase their products and services to a global audience. Additionally, social media provides a platform for women to collaborate, share experiences, and advocate for gender equality in entrepreneurship. The impact of social media on gender equality in entrepreneurship extends beyond individual empowerment to systemic change. Social media campaigns and movements have raised awareness about gender biases and discrimination, leading to increased calls for gender-inclusive policies and practices in business. Moreover, social media has enabled women to access funding and investment opportunities, breaking down traditional barriers to capital that have hindered women's entrepreneurial endeavors. Overall, social media has revolutionized business practices by empowering women entrepreneurs to overcome barriers, access resources, and advocate for gender equality. However, challenges remain, including online harassment and cyberbullying, digital skills gaps, and the digital divide. Addressing these challenges requires a multi-stakeholder approach, including government intervention, private sector initiatives, and civil society engagement, to ensure that social media remains a force for positive change in fostering gender equality and empowering women entrepreneurs.

Alpha Design Technologies: making a mark in India’s Defence exports

Learning outcomes Alpha Design Technologies Private Limited (ADTL) was started in 2004 by Colonel H.S. Shankar after his retirement from services in the Indian Army and Bharat Electronics Limited (BEL). Aggressively growing the company from US$0.04m in 2004 to US$100m in 2022, he proved that age was not a barrier to success in entrepreneurship. His aspirations were to gain a greater presence in foreign markets through higher exports. After reading this case study, the students will be able to understand how the defence sector evolved in India and the role of private-sector enterprises; recognise the risks and opportunities in the changing dynamics of defence sector in India; believe that the ideas and capabilities of an entrepreneur increase with relevant previous experiences; appreciate the ambition and managerial capabilities of an entrepreneur even at the age of 60; apply Ajzen’s theory of planned behaviour on the entrepreneurial journey of Shankar and formulate strategies for growth. Case overview/synopsis Started in the year 2004, ADTL specialises in manufacturing defence-related products. ADTL was cofounded by Shankar, at the age of 60. His experience of working with the Indian Army and BEL in various capacities gave him the proficiency to start a venture on his own after his retirement. The ecosystem in India was favourable for ADTL as the Government opened up the defence sector for private players. Nevertheless, age was not a barrier for this senior citizen to tap the opportunity and work aggressively to grow his venture from US$0.04m in 2004 to US$100m in 2022. By 2023, ADTL had an employee strength of 1,200 including 650 engineers, and they emerged as a market leader in Software Defined Radio space. They manufactured around 200 different products for defence and space. ADTL exported 60% of the defence products to countries such as Israel, the USA and Germany. Moving forward, the dream for Shankar was to make a mark in the defence geography of the world through ADTL, by improving its export volumes and also through strategic alliances. Complexity academic level This case study can be taught to Master of Business Administration/postgraduate degree in management students as a part of the introductory course on entrepreneurship and strategy. This case study can be used specifically to make the students understand the role of private sector in the manufacturing of defence products after the liberalisation policy of the Government of India. The intention was not only to protect the nation from the threat posed by neighbouring countries but also to promote exports of defence products to other countries to improve foreign exchange earnings. Supplementary materials Teaching notes are available for educators only. Subject code CSS 3: Entrepreneurship.

International climate finance mechanisms: A review with focus on Africa

Climate change poses an unprecedented threat to the global environment, with far-reaching consequences for vulnerable regions, particularly in Africa. This paper provides a comprehensive review of international climate finance mechanisms, shedding light on their effectiveness in addressing climate-related challenges, with a specific focus on the African continent. As climate change continues to exacerbate existing vulnerabilities, understanding and optimizing the mechanisms through which financial support is channeled to affected regions becomes paramount. The paper explores a range of international climate finance mechanisms, including multilateral funds, bilateral agreements, and private sector initiatives. It assesses their strengths and weaknesses in terms of mobilizing resources, promoting sustainable development, and enhancing climate resilience. The analysis also delves into the evolving landscape of climate finance, considering the emerging role of innovative financial instruments and the potential for leveraging private sector investments to complement public funding. Focusing on Africa, the review examines the unique challenges faced by the continent, such as extreme weather events, water scarcity, and agricultural disruptions. It assesses the suitability and impact of existing climate finance mechanisms in addressing these challenges and supporting Africa's adaptation and mitigation efforts. The study also considers the effectiveness of capacity-building initiatives to enhance the ability of African nations to access and utilize climate finance resources efficiently. Furthermore, the paper highlights the need for enhanced transparency, accountability, and governance in the disbursement and utilization of climate finance in Africa. It emphasizes the importance of inclusive and participatory approaches that engage local communities and ensure that climate finance contributes to sustainable development goals while addressing the specific needs of the most vulnerable populations. This review provides a nuanced understanding of international climate finance mechanisms, offering insights into their application and impact in the context of Africa's unique climate challenges. By identifying opportunities for improvement and addressing existing gaps, the paper aims to contribute to the ongoing discourse on optimizing climate finance for a more resilient and sustainable future.

Assessing consumer knowledge, attitudes, and adoption of circular economy practices in Colombia

Consumers play a pivotal role in the successful implementation of the circular economy (CE) model. In Colombia, despite measures designed to support CE, there is a paucity of empirical evidence regarding consumer engagement. This study aimed to assess consumer knowledge, attitudes, and adoption of CE in Colombia. A survey was conducted in three cities known for their strong interest in CE and their significant contributions to national development: Medellin, Pereira, and Barranquilla. The data gathered from 1184 responses were analyzed using descriptive and non-parametric statistical methods. The results revealed that only 26 % of consumer responses denote adequate knowledge of CE, highlighting a substantial lack of awareness regarding the CE concept and both government and private sector initiatives. Consumer attitudes towards CE were notably positive, with 77 % of responses expressing a favorable stance. Concerning the adoption of circular strategies in their daily lives, 53 % of consumer responses involved CE adoption, while 23 % exhibited resistance. Medellin and Pereira's consumers exhibited similar and encouraging circular behavior, while those in Barranquilla faced more barriers. Furthermore, this study reports that the city of residence, educational level, and socioeconomic stratum influence how consumers perceive, value, and adopt CE. These findings emphasize the urgent need to enhance consumer engagement and performance to support Colombia's CE plans. The implications outlined herein will benefit the identification and prioritization of synergistic actions to transform the role of the consumer and turn it into a catalyst for CE.

Solar energy innovations in the USA: A comparative global review

This comparative global review delves into solar energy innovations in the United States, providing insights into the nation's advancements and positioning within the international landscape. The United States has emerged as a key player in the field of solar energy, characterized by rapid technological innovations, policy initiatives, and substantial investments. By comparing these developments with global trends, the study aims to shed light on the unique characteristics and impacts of solar energy innovations in the USA. The review begins by examining the historical evolution of solar energy technologies in the United States, highlighting key milestones and breakthroughs. Subsequently, it explores the policy frameworks and regulatory measures that have shaped the growth of the solar energy sector, drawing comparisons with strategies adopted by other leading nations. The study delves into financial incentives, government support, and the role of private-sector initiatives in fostering a conducive environment for solar innovation. A critical aspect of the review is the comparative analysis of solar energy adoption rates, capacity additions, and grid integration strategies across various countries. By benchmarking the USA's solar energy landscape against global benchmarks, the study aims to identify best practices, challenges, and opportunities for further advancements. The review also considers the socio-economic and environmental impacts of solar energy innovations in the USA, assessing job creation, economic growth, and carbon emissions reductions. Comparative case studies with other nations provide a comprehensive understanding of the broader implications of solar energy adoption on a global scale. As solar energy continues to gain prominence as a sustainable and scalable solution, this review contributes to the ongoing discourse by providing a nuanced perspective on the unique trajectory of solar innovations in the USA. The findings aim to inform policymakers, researchers, and industry stakeholders, offering valuable insights for the continued growth and optimization of solar energy technologies in both domestic and global contexts.

Exploring the Extent of Sustainability Disclosure in Indian Companies: A Comparative Study of Public and Private Sector Enterprises

Exploring the Extent of Sustainability Disclosure in Indian Companies: A Comparative Study of Public and Private Sector Enterprises

Leadership Style in The Private Sector: Bibliometric Analysis

Even though the private sector faces many challenges about human resources, there is still a dearth of literature on HR management methods in the private sector and private enterprise. The purpose of this research is to review the literature on private sector leadership style practices and how they affect other constructs. The Google Scholar database was chosen, and the publish or perish program was utilized to gather literature data. "Leadership style on private sector" is the keyword that is employed. 200 publications from 2018 to 2023 were found in the first search. After that, 43 references were found after the 200 literatures were chosen, Data on the most cited articles, prestigious journals, and top publishers were gathered using the Mendeley reference system and the Publish or Perish program. In addition, the VOS Viewer was used to process the 43 references to provide cluster data, which included the objects that were present in each cluster. There were also illustrations of author networks connected to keywords, overlay visualizations, and density visualizations. An overview of leadership style research is given by this study, with a focus on the commercial sector.

Karadeniz Somonunun Yolculuğu: Havuzdan Sofraya

Black Sea salmon is from the Salmonidae family and is an endemic species distributed in the Black Sea. These fish, which exhibit anadromous behavior, prefer parts of rivers close to their source for reproduction and the Black Sea for feeding. The first cultivation study of this species, which has high consumer preference and economic value, was started by SUMAE in 1998. As a result of 24 years of work, F7 generation broodstock was created. In order to popularize the production of the species, the private sector was supported with broodstock. In this study, the breeding process of Black Sea salmon was examined and the introduction of the species was aimed. Today, 25 private sector enterprises have production licenses and many enterprises carry out commercial production of the species in the form of trial production with 1603 tons in total. Commercial production is concentrated in the Eastern Black Sea Region, which is the natural distribution area of the species. While enterprises that produce portion size in ponds and have restaurants prefer the red-spotted stream ecotype in production, enterprises that produce large-sized fish in dam lakes and the sea prefer the marine ecotype, which reaches sexual maturity late and has a better growth performance than other ecotypes. Since Black Sea salmon is our only endemic trout species showing typical salmon characteristics, its adaptation to the natural environmental conditions of our country for sea net cage and freshwater aquaculture is quite good.