Private Business Sector Research Articles

Using Principles of Good Governance by Educational Institution Administrators under the Jurisdiction of the Chaiyaphum Provincial Learning Promotion Office

Background and Aims: Effective public and social management Also known as good governance, it is an important guideline for organizing society which consists of the public sector. Private business sector and the public sector. The goal is to strengthen and increase the country's immunity. This research aims to: 1. study and compare the level of opinions of personnel on the application of good governance principles in the management of educational institutions by administrators under the Chaiyaphum Provincial Learning Promotion Office. Classified by educational level Position and work experience. And 2. survey the guidelines for developing educational institution administration according to the principles of good governance of educational institution administrators under the Chaiyaphum Provincial Learning Promotion Office. Methodology: The research sample consisted of 229 educational institution personnel under the Chaiyaphum Provincial Learning Promotion Office, which were obtained from stratified sampling. The research instrument consisted of a questionnaire with a 5-level rating scale, with an IOC value in the range of 0.80 – 1.00 and a reliability value of 0.91. Structured interviews were also conducted to collect data. Statistics used in data analysis include frequency, percentage, mean, and standard deviation, T-test, F-test and pairwise difference test using the Scheffé method. Results: The research results are summarized as follows (1) Using the principles of good governance by educational institution administrators Under the jurisdiction of the Chaiyaphum Provincial Learning Promotion Office. It was found that the overall level was at a high level. Especially the information technology management aspect is also at a high level. (2) Comparative analysis of the use of good governance principles by educational institution administrators under the jurisdiction of the Chaiyaphum Provincial Learning Promotion Office Classified by education level and work experience found that there was no difference. But when classified according to position and duty It was found that there was a statistically significant difference at the 0.05 level. (3) Guidelines for using the principles of good governance by educational institution administrators under the jurisdiction of the Chaiyaphum Provincial Learning Promotion Office It was found that the executives had established management guidelines that were accepted by the personnel. Adhere to the principles of correctness and goodness. Administer educational institutions according to criteria that can be verified. Provide opportunities for personnel to participate in educational institution development planning. and focus on the benefits that students will receive. By managing limited resources to provide maximum benefit to students. Conclusion: The research findings show that educational institution administrators under the Chaiyaphum Provincial Learning Promotion Office use good governance principles at a high level, particularly in information technology management. When comparing education level and work experience, no differences were found; however, significant differences emerged based on position and duty. Key guidelines for promoting good governance include establishing accepted management practices, maintaining integrity and transparency, involving personnel in planning, and prioritizing resource management to maximize student benefits.

Emotional Distress of Sri Lankan Women Returning to Work Post Maternity Leave

Motherhood involves dramatic physical and emotional changes, and in today's context, women often balance corporate roles with traditional responsibilities. Returning to work post-maternity leave is especially challenging, requiring women to juggle work and family while adapting to motherhood. Despite this, factors contributing to emotional distress among working mothers in South Asia have received limited academic attention. This qualitative study interviewed eight first-time manager-mothers in Sri Lankan private sector businesses, via semi-structured interviews, using snowball sampling. Thematic analysis identified key stressors: lack of emotional and physical family support, well-intentioned but counterproductive familial assistance, unsupportive work environments, and societal backlash. A significant finding was that extended family support for childcare often led to emotional distress, with family members making mothers feel guilty and embarrassed. This study fills a gap in the literature by focusing on Sri Lanka and emphasizes the need to educate extended families on the childcare expectations of working mothers.

Developing a Model to Enhance Employability for Graduates with Disabilities in Negri Sembilan's Private Sector, Malaysia

Purpose: This research is to design a comprehensive strategy to improve employability of graduates who have disabilities in the business sector of Negri Sembilan in Malaysia. Notwithstanding their relevant qualities, these people encounter considerable obstacles to employment, such as attitudinal prejudices, insufficient workplace accommodations, and discrepancies between their skills and employer expectations. The study used a mixed-methods approach to identify significant obstacles and evaluate the readiness of private sector firms to employ handicapped graduates. Findings: The study indicates that while several private sector businesses are inclined to employ graduates with impairments, they encounter obstacles concerning accessibility, knowledge, and preparation. Identified key impediments are inadequate training opportunities, adverse views toward disability, and the absence of support structures inside enterprises. The suggested strategy includes specialized training programs, promotion of inclusive hiring practices, and strategic alliances with disability groups, designed to align the abilities of handicapped graduates with corporate needs. Implications/Values: The results underscore the need for systemic reform in employment processes to promote diversity and fairness throughout the workforce. This concept, by aligning with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals—especially in fostering decent work and mitigating inequalities—has the potential to cultivate a more inclusive job environment in Negri Sembilan. The results are anticipated to provide significant insights for policymakers, employers, and disability advocacy organizations, facilitating improved socio-economic inclusion and empowerment with disabilities in the labor market.

Private sector business interactions with bereaved people: UK Commission on Bereavement secondary analysis

ObjectivesEvidence suggests that 61% of adults who were bereaved in the past 5 years had difficulties with at least one practical or administrative task following bereavement. We aimed to explore...

MACROECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN NIGERIA

This study investigates the nexus between the macroeconomic environment and entrepreneurship in Nigeria using linear regression with ARMA (autoregressive moving average) analysis. Results indicate a positive relationship between GDP per capita and both new businesses registered and new business density, highlighting the role of economic prosperity in fostering entrepreneurial activity. Conversely, inflation exerts a negative influence on entrepreneurship, with higher inflation rates associated with reduced new business registrations and lower business density. Access to financing emerges as a crucial factor, as reflected in the positive correlation between monetary sector credit to the private sector and new business registered. However, the significance of this relationship is marginally significant, prompting further inquiry into credit provision mechanisms. Furthermore, government expenditure on education is found to negatively impact entrepreneurship, underscoring the importance of aligning education spending with entrepreneurship development initiatives. The findings underscore the need for targeted policies aimed at promoting economic growth, mitigating inflationary pressures, enhancing access to financing, and aligning education spending with entrepreneurship support programs to create a conducive environment for entrepreneurial growth in Nigeria.

A Study of Clean Water Resources Development Policy in Atambua at Belu Regency, Indonesia

Developing clean water resources is essential for policies addressing populations that lack access to safe potable water. Belu Regency is classified as underdeveloped, partially due to the community's limited capacity to manage existing water resources for basic needs. This study investigates the implementation of clean water resource development policies in the Belu Regency and identifies the supporting and inhibiting factors. Employing a descriptive qualitative methodology, this study involves stakeholders such as government entities, private sector organizations, businesses, and non-governmental organizations. Data collection encompasses library and field research through observations, interviews, and documentation. These findings indicate effective policy implementation; however, the objectives have not been fully achieved. Supporting factors include community and stakeholder participation while inhibiting factors include communication, resource capability, implementers' attitudes, and the bureaucratic structure. The study concluded that single-region management may result in conflicts of interest in water regulation between the residents of the two regions. Consequently, collaboration between the government and stakeholders is necessary, involving an integrated water resource management pattern with participation from the community, religious leaders, and business sector, based on UNDP provisions. This cooperation is feasible because of the strong emotional and cultural ties between the two countries' populations.

Hiring Students: Via Collaboration between Erbil Polytechnic University and General Private Business Sectors in Erbil City, Kurdistan Region, Iraq

Hiring Students: Via Collaboration between Erbil Polytechnic University and General Private Business Sectors in Erbil City, Kurdistan Region, Iraq

Some aspects of legal support for private procurement compared to public procurement

The modern paradigm of rapid development of free business and transparent competition between subjects of the private business sector became the basis for the formation of a transparent system of legal support for private procurement, which, unlike public ones, have less legislative regulation and opportunities for abuse. However, at the level of law application, their settlement justified in other countries in Ukraine fails. This paper has considered various aspects of legal support for private and public procurement. The author conducted a study aimed at considering approaches to the definition and understanding of private procurement in comparison with public procurement, as well as the features of their implementation, with the aim of presenting the author's vision obtained during the legal analysis and study of the private procurement regulatory and legal support in comparison with public procurement in the Ukrainian right. A proper definition of "private procurement" is proposed as a procedure for the acquisition by a private business entity of goods, works, and services necessary for full and effective functioning, which takes place in the order determined by the internal rules of a particular business entity, and is based on the principles of legality, economy and efficiency. An analysis of some contracts conclusion elements of the process in both private and public procurement, such as conducting a tender procedure and subsequent conclusion of the contract, paying attention to their legal nature and features of conditions and participants. Attention was also drawn to the widespread use of the LOI "Letter of Intent" as a document signed by the parties during negotiations before concluding a final contract. The highlighted aspects contribute to the achievement of a clear understanding of these concepts, which in the future can help ensure effective legal regulation of procurement processes in all spheres of economic activity.

Secure Cloud Architecture

Cloud computing refers to the availability of online resources and services. Global data centers serve as the delivery hubs for cloud services. Cloud computing helps its users by giving them access to virtual resources over the internet. Pay-Per Use-On-Demand mode is provided by cloud computing and e-trade. It may be easily accessible and shared via IT resources with the help of the internet. The primary obstacle in cloud computing is to protection and privacy issues arising from its multi-tenancy structure, as well as the outsourcing of critical applications, infrastructure, and sensitive data. Businesses are utilizing cloud services at a rapid pace; therefore, it is necessary to implement measures that ensure businesses have security and can select a provider that suits them. An advancement in current technology that fulfills the long-held dream of computing as a utility is cloud computing. The majority of private and public sector businesses have been deceived by the emergence of this innovative technology in the IT industry. The two main security-based approaches now in use for cloud-based platforms are holomorphic encryption and single tamper-proof hardware. Scalability is a problem for hardware-based solutions, but holomorphic encryptions are merely an idea. Furthermore, because of the different nature of its services and deployment strategy, cloud-based platforms cannot directly incorporate standard defense in-depth security mechanisms. To secure the cloud-based platform, however, the same idea of a multi-layered security mechanism can be suggested

Corporate Social Responsibility

The concept of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) has gained increased significance in recent years. The growing focus on CSR has changed the attitude of businesses all over the world, and India is not an exception. The concept of CSR is not new to India; historically speaking, social responsibility of companies is a well-established phenomenon in India, and the country has one of the world's richest traditions of CSR. In its oldest forms, CSR in India included the concept of corporate philanthropy and the Gandhian Trusteeship model. But the liberalization of the Indian economy in the 1990s led to a fundamental shift from the philanthropy-based model to a multi stakeholder approach whereby companies are deemed responsible for all stakeholders, including financial stakeholders, employees and the community. The liberalization of the economy also led to the increased presence of large global corporations such as Microsoft, IBM, and others on Indian soil, which thereby exposed India to a highly developed regime of CSR initiatives. Additionally, a strong desire to compete and succeed in the global economy drove Indian business enterprises to integrate CSR into a coherent and sustainable business strategy. These enterprises, both public and private, have realized that their long-term success depends on the satisfaction of their stakeholders, and that ignoring them could jeopardize the company's future prospects in the community. This article discusses the concept of CSR as understood by Indian businesses in the past, and the changing interpretations of the concept in the age of globalization and expanding markets. The article further discusses the efforts toward community and social development made by both state-owned enterprises (SoEs) and private-sector businesses. After a detailed analysis, the article concludes that the future of CSR in India is brought, and that its importance will continue to grow even further given the increasing importance accorded to CSR world-wide, and India's own realization that it needs CSR to achieve long-term sustainability in the world economy.

Review of ‘Kalpitiya Urban Development Plan 2021-2030’ using TIES Ecotourism Principles


 
 
 Rapid urbanization-driven economic growth creates opportunities and challenges for inclusive and sustainable urban planning. Kalpitiya, being the only city in Sri Lanka surrounded by both sea and lagoon, with its unique ecosystems, and historical and cultural structures, has become an attractive tourism destination. Kalpitiya, as an emerging tourism destination, contributes 10 percent to the local economy through tourism. It experienced 15,500 visitations in 2017, while the projection for 2030 is 29,770. In 2018, 18 % of residents engaged in ecotourism as an alternative income source while 69 percent expressed their willingness. The Kalpitiya Urban Development Plan 2021-2030 (the Plan) was formulated envisioning, ―Blue Peninsula Emerging from Nature Resort‖-the first goal to make Kalpitiya the most attractive tourism destination. In this context, adopting ecotourism principles in development planning seems prudent for Kalpitiya. The study aimed to assess the extent to which the Plan had incorporated 8 TIES (The International Ecotourism Society) ecotourism principles, which, according to UNEP, have been embraced by a growing constituency of NGOs, private sector businesses, governments, and local communities. Utilizing a qualitative approach, incorporation of 8 TIES principles [P1-minimize impacts, P2-increase awareness, P3- positive experiences, P4-financial benefits for conservation, P5-financial benefits for locals, P6- increase sensitivity to local conditions, P7-low-impact facilities, P8-recognize community rights] into the components of the plan [Introduction-C1, Preliminary studies-C2, Need of the Plan-C3, Framework-C4, Summary and SWOT-C5, the Plan-C6 and Zoning-C7] were assessed. Secondary data were obtained from official sources and reviewed journal articles. Within all components of the Plan, the importance of tourism development was mentioned while addressing P1, P3, and P5. P6 is recognized in C6, while P7 was not mentioned. P8 was recognized in C2, C6 and C7. Although it specifically identified an ecotourism zone, C6 only addressed P2, and P4-through the development of a mangrove garden. The respective project was prioritized as 19 of 25. Rehabilitating and conserving income-earning cultural assets were prioritized as 10 and 11 of 25-without any carrying capacity considerations, despite their importance for the industry. Considering P1, water effluent control measures for shrimp farming-a means of income for many-were not mentioned, despite the pollution of groundwater and estuarine system, on which the ecotourism industry depends. The review reveals that the Plan has not adequately considered or addressed the 8 ecotourism principles, therefore, it is recommended for Kalpitiya Local Government Authority to pass bylaws in line with ecotourism principles, while enforcing a guideline by the Urban Development Authority.
 
 
 
 
 Keywords: Urban development planning, Ecotourism principles, Kalpitiya urban development plan, Local economy, Environmental conservation
 
 
 
 
 
 

Bolstering a potent organizational development through electronic human resources in private business

In the present era, developing companies has become a massive challenge for human resource management. In this way, the present study examines the effect of electronic human resources (E-HRM) implementation on organizational development (OD) private sector businesses in the eastern province of Saudi Arabia. The researchers followed well-known scholars like Atallah (2016) and Sehgal and Nanda (2023) and based the study on quantitative methods, which collected cross-sectional data from administrative and management workers. The study utilized 323 valid samples to conclude the investigation. Using SmartPLS 4, the study’s results underline that the components of E-HRM, such as e-training and development (ETD) and e-performance appraisal (EPA), positively and significantly affect OD. On the other hand, e-recruitment (ER) is not a significant predictor of OD. The study’s findings would assist policymakers and human resources (HR) authorities in considering the ETD and EPA to enhance the performance and OD of the organizations. Furthermore, the study would support overcoming the literature gaps by offering empirical evidence, particularly from a developing Arab context.

Analysis and marketing strategy for processed sea cucumber crackers in the UMKM Kenjeran coastal area, Surabaya

Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (UMKM) are a good place for job creation which is planned by the government, private sector and individual business actors. In an effort to increase tourism and UMKM, the Surabaya City Government provides a platform for all residents, including Sea Cucumber Cracker UMKM. This research aims to analyze the profile of Sea Cucumber Crackers UMKM in the Kenjeran Coastal Area of Surabaya, analyze the marketing strategy of Sea Cucumber Crackers UMKM in the Kenjeran Coastal Area of Surabaya, and analyze the factors that influence the sustainability of the Sea Cucumber Crackers UMKM in the Kenjeran Surabaya Coastal Area. The research was carried out using a survey method of 28 Sea Cucumber Cracker UMKM business actors in the Kenjeran coastal area of Surabaya from April 2023 to December 2023. Data collection techniques used observation, interviews, literature study and documentation methods. The analysis carried out is quantitative descriptive analysis, SWOT analysis and QSPM. The results of this research show that in general, sea cucumber cracker UMKM in the Kenjeran Coastal Area of Surabaya City are micro businesses, with the majority running the business for more than 10 years, and having a high school education. Based on the SWOT analysis, it can be concluded that the marketing strategy position of UMKM Sea Cucumber Crackers is in Quadrant III, namely Change Strategy. The results of the Quantitative Strategic Planning Matrix (QSPM) analysis show that the Total Attractive Score (TAS) is 65.78.

Impact of Community Service on the Communication skills of Business Graduates

Introduction: This research aims to investigate the impact of community service on the communication skills of business graduates. Community service involves voluntary work aimed at assisting people in specific situations. The study focuses on business students with prior community service experience from a private-sector business school. Engaging in community service not only improved communication skills but also fostered interpersonal development, enhancing social, ethical, and productivity attributes, making graduates more competent for potential employment opportunities. Methodology: The research employed a quantitative approach, utilizing self-administered questionnaires to collect data from business students with prior community service experience. Two questionnaires were designed based on literature review findings, capturing perspectives from both students and organizations. Close-ended questions facilitated data analysis. Questionnaire 1 targeted 100 respondents, while Questionnaire 2 targeted 50. Data analysis focused on identifying the impact of community service on communication skills enhancement among business graduates. Results/Findings: Analysis of the collected data revealed a significant positive impact of community service on the communication skills of business graduates. Both questionnaires indicated that engagement in community service led to enhanced communication skills, interpersonal development, and increased social, ethical, and productivity attributes among graduates. Future Direction: Future research could explore the long-term effects of community service on the career trajectories and success of business graduates. Additionally, qualitative studies could provide deeper insights into the mechanisms through which community service influences communication skills development and overall professional competencies among graduates. Furthermore, comparative studies across different educational institutions and industries could offer broader perspectives on the role of community service in enhancing graduate employability and workplace readiness.

Studying the nexus of green financing and sustainable development in China: Role of socioeconomic influences

The paper explores the concept of “green finance” and its role in addressing environmental issues through diverse funding strategies in China. It analyzes the factors driving renewable energy development in China from 2005 to 2022 using a unique method called “christened plate cointegration” and connectedness modeling. The study highlights the significance of encouraging environmentally responsible financing and involving private sector businesses in regional and global growth for long-term sustainability. The paper emphasizes the importance of cross-country dependence (CD) as a metric for analyzing interconnectedness between studied countries and suggests isolating the pass dependence for an impartial CD analysis. The study demonstrates that an increase in renewable energy usage leads to a rise in trademark registrations and financial development applications, and private sector involvement corresponds to the rise in trademarks and patents. Overall, the study emphasizes the significance of green financing in mitigating climate change and advancing sustainable growth, as well as the role played by private enterprises in local, national, and global development.

The Influence of Ethical Leadership on Employee Prosocial Behavior-The Mediating Role of Moral Identity

The present study aims to investigate the interconnections of ethical leadership, moral identity, and employee prosocial conduct within the private business sector in the Kurdistan area of Iraq. The study adopts a quantitative research technique, utilizing a sample of 112 employees from seven distinct firms. The research incorporates survey tools to measure ethical leadership, moral identity, and prosocial conduct. The objective of this study is to examine the direct and indirect impacts of ethical leadership on employee prosocial behavior while considering moral identity as a potential mediator. The findings offer strong evidence in favor of the proposed associations. There is a considerable and positive relationship between ethical leadership and both moral identity and employee prosocial conduct. Likewise, moral identity exhibits a robust and favorable correlation with the engagement of employees in prosocial conduct. Moreover, the confluence of ethical leadership and moral identity in influencing prosocial conduct has been validated, substantiating the mediating function of moral identity within this association. The implications of these studies have practical significance for firms seeking to foster pleasant working environments. The promotion of ethical leadership practices is emphasized as a crucial approach to improving both the formation of moral identity and the engagement of employees in activities that benefit society. This research adds to the expanding corpus of scholarly work on organizational behavior, highlighting the significance of ethical leadership and personal beliefs in influencing a socially responsible and altruistic workplace setting. It is recommended that future studies undertake a long-term examination of these associations, encompassing a wide range of cultural contexts, and study additional variables that could potentially impact the observed dynamics.

Marketing Strategy as Driving Force of Export Performance Small and Medium Enterprises

Kosovo’s private sector business is led by small and medium enterprises and shows acrucial role in the economic development and promoting the growth of this sector. Dueto the lack of studies in Kosova, related to marketing strategy and export performance,the research aims to explore growth determinants of SMEs in Kosovo by emphasizingexports, revealing the importance of marketing strategy related to the performance ofSMEs. Since exporting is becoming more important, it is necessary to understand allthe factors that are involved in this booming trade. This research analyses explore theliterature dealing with small and medium enterprises' performance to inspect thetraditional and modern academic standpoints on estimating the impact of exportperformance, based on secondary data of five hundred small and medium enterprises,as trade, manufacturing, and services sectors in Kosovo. The data were analysed usingboth descriptive statistics and inferential techniques, such as logistic regressionanalysis, and probit model using the SPSS software. Results show a significant linkageof marketing strategy and export performance; managers and policymakers can takesome action to improve export performance. On the other hand, the results measure theimpact of price, production, promotion and place in export performance incorporateexpected future performance. It is argued that enterprises in Kosovo must pay moreattention to strategies, and attempt to design and implement better strategies that willbe beneficial for developing international trade, especially exports, as one way oftrading by SMEs.

Pengaruh Usaha Mikro Terhadap Pertumbuhan Ekonomi Kecamatan Girian Kota Bitung

Micro business activities fields that can develop and are consistent in the national economy. Micro, are a good place for the creation of jobs planned by the government, private sector and individual business actors. As for the purpose of this study is to determine the growth and correlation of micro businesses affect the economic growth of Girian Vilagge, Biyung City. In this study using quantitative methods, namely analyzing and interpreting relationships between variables through accurate data and the latest in accordance with the problems in the study this by using simple linear regression analysis. The results of the study show that the growth variable of Micro Business (X) has a significant value of 1.97 and the relationship of X and Y can be seen from the value of the Pearson correlation that is equal to 0.690 if we see from the guidelines the degree of Pearson correlation is located in section number 4 namely if the value Pearson correlation 0.61 to 0.80 means the level of relationship between variable X and variable Y is strong correlation.

The Survey of Employers' Job Satisfaction in Georgian Companies

The article - "The survey of employers' job satisfaction in Georgian companies" - discusses the results of the research that the authors of the article carried out in Georgian companies. 1509 employees from both private and public sector businesses were interviewed with a ratio of 43.7/55.3. The employees were given 54 questions, of which 12 questions were related to issues related to their job satisfaction, therefore, only these questions and their answers are discussed in this article. The research showed that 49,8% employees in Georgian companies are completely satisfied with their work, and 42.8% are partially satisfied with their work, i.e. 92.6% in total. At such time, in Japan it is 57%, and in the USA - 83%. In order to clarify this paradox, the authors divided the factors causing job satisfaction of employees in Georgian companies into two groups and discussed them according to these groups: 1. Employee satisfaction is caused by the amount of remuneration (salary) and other material incentives, i.e. external factors. 2. Job satisfaction of employees is caused by doing interesting, favorite work, appreciation from superiors and colleagues, involvement in important company decisions, perspective of career advancement, etc. i. e. internal factors. Research has shown that employees of Georgian companies do not like the company's salary policy. Only 21.7% are completely satisfied with it. Based on the above, the authors of the article rule out the positive influence of material incentives, i.e., external motivational incentives, on the rate of employee satisfaction, and review 10 internal motivators, namely: employees doing pleasant work, taking into account employees' suggestions when making important managerial decisions, taking care of improving the qualifications of employees, the importance of the work entrusted to employees Importance for the company, prospects for career advancement, fairness of delegation of functions, timely and complete information on expected corporate changes. From this list, the influence of 8 factors in the article is evaluated positively, and 2, negatively. Since 8 factors out of 12 factors were found to have a positive influence, and 4 - a negative influence, their strong influence on the job satisfaction of the employees was determined. The article points out the many inconsistencies found in the survey results that cast doubt on the sincerity of the employees' responses. According to the authors of the article, this may have caused such a high level of job satisfaction of the employees involved in the study - 92.6%, which is not equal even in highly developed countries, and they suggest a more in-depth study of the mentioned problem.

What Comes after Cabinet? Post-Cabinet Careers of German Regional Ministers between 1945 and 2014

Political elite studies so far have often dealt with career paths before entering a particular political position, focusing mostly on individual states of a career. However, they have consistently neglected what comes after a political office and the temporal–sequential character of biographies. This paper addresses these two issues. Using sequence analysis techniques, it examines the post-cabinet careers of ministers from the German states in the period 1945–2014 using a newly created, original dataset containing 1400 trajectories and over 12,000 coded person years. The descriptive analysis shows partly significant differences in post-cabinet careers by gender, state, decade, and last ministerial portfolio, but less so by party membership. Three of the five clusters found represent comparatively homogeneous post-cabinet career structures. Whereas in the early years of the republic most politicians did not have a subsequent (long) professional career after leaving office, switching to the private business sector and, above all, remaining in politics at the state level, represent the two most prominent career paths. A springboard career in federal politics, on the other hand, is rare, but certainly possible. From a methodological point of view, this study shows the potential, but also the problems of sequence analysis for research on political elites and offers ideas on how to continue with this approach.