Private Strategies Research Articles

STRATEGI RUMAH SAKIT UMUM SWASTA DI PURWOKERTO DALAM MENGHADAPI AKREDITASI

Background: Accreditation is an obligation that must be done by every hospital in Indonesia. Purwokerto is the capital of Banyumas district, Central Java, Indonesia. Health services in Purwokerto are facilitated by 10 Public Hospitals and 7 are private public hospitals. Based on the preliminary study, of the seven general hospitals, get one hospital that has been accredited. How is the strategy of public private hospitals facing accreditation, becoming an interesting topic to learn.
 Objective: The purpose of this research is private hospital strategy in Purwokerto to face hospital accreditation.
 Methods: The research method used is qualitative with phenomenology approach. Analysis the data research by using IPA (Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis).
 Results: Based on the analysis of 5 informants, the theme of accreditation strategy for private hospitals that are human resources control, owner and management commitment, programmatic procedures, time management, process strategy, and building a comfortable working environment.
 Conclutions: To be able of accreditation of public private hospitals need the ability to build human resources, and other resources both physical, facilities, environment and time management. Further research is expected to be implemented in all hospitals whether public hospitals, specialty, or clinics.
 Keywords: Accreditation, hospital, strategy

The instrumental power of transnational private governance: Interest representation and lobbying by private rule‐makers

AbstractWhile scholars have researched transnational private governance for over two decades, we still know little about some of the specific political activities in which private rulemaking schemes engage. This article addresses this topic by bringing together hitherto separate literatures on private governance and interest groups. I argue that examining private governance's instrumental power, and interest representation and lobbying specifically, complements the literature's dominant focus on the structural and discursive power of private governance. The article makes three contributions. First, it conceptualizes private governance schemes as interest organizations by analyzing similarities and differences with traditional interest groups. Second, the article examines instrumental power empirically by assessing the participation of 48 transnational private governance schemes in the European Union's lobby register and variation among private governance schemes in this respect. Finally, the article contributes to developing a new research agenda to continue bridging the gap between the private governance and interest group literatures.

An Improved Outlier Detection Mechanism for Hierarchical Key Management in Hierarchical Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANETs)

The purpose of this paper is to present an outlier detection mechanism for hierarchical key management which utilizes hybrid (public and private) key management scheme for implementing lightweight cryptographic primitives in hierarchical MANETs. Further, a comparative analysis of key management schemes is to be performed for identifying an efficient key management scheme for hierarchical MANETs. In key management methods, public and private group key management schemes are integrated at local level (subgroup) and global level (network). These key management schemes uses various topologies for minimizing communicational and computational costs. After implementing an efficient key management scheme, outliers in network are identified using packet analysis at key generation, key distribution, message transmission and key re-generation phases. It is observed that Teo and Tan key management approach with shamir’s threshold key distribution mechanism is an efficient approach key management scheme for group authentication and hierarchical key management. Further, a minimum improvement of 9.7% and 0.91%, and maximum improvements of 25.3% and 87.7% are observed for Packet Delivery Rate (APDR) and Average Throughput (AT) respectively in a network of 1000 nodes. The proposed method requires four sequential analysis of outlier detection schemes at different layers of MANET protocol stack because single scheme per layer is not efficient in identifying outliers in proposed network. The proposed key management method is useful for MANETs in group authentication and implementation of lightweight cryptographic primitives with secure key. Further, outlier detection mechanism can be extended for identifying various active and passive attacks.

Banking Reform in the Chinese Mirror

This paper analyzes the transactions that led to the partial privatization of China’s three largest banks in 2005/06. It suggests that these transactions were structured to allow for inter-organizational learning under conditions of uncertainty. For the foreign investors involved their participation in large financial intermediaries of central importance to the Chinese economy gave them an opportunity to learn about financial governance in China. For the Chinese banks partnering with more than one foreign investor allowed them to benefit from the input by different players in the global financial market place and to learn from the range of technical and governance expertise they offered. This model of bank reform contrasts with the privatization strategies pursued in Latin America and Central and Eastern Europe throughout the 1990s. These different experiences stand for alternative strategies of bank reform: One that relies on top down changes of the rules of the game; and another that focuses on inter-organizational learning by monitoring. It suggests that the latter model may be superior under conditions of uncertainty. The paper discusses the costs and benefits of these alternative models in the context of the global financial crisis.

Effects of Industrial Conflicts on Employees’ Performance in a Private Sector Organisation (A case of Ikeja Electricity Distribution Company Plc)

The purpose of this study is to investigate effect of industrial conflict on employee’ performance in a private sector organisation, a case of Ikeja Electricity Distribution Company Plc (Previously a public corporation conceded to the public by the government under its deregulation and privatisation scheme). This study adopted a survey research design. A total of 100 hundred respondents were selected for the study using stratified sampling techniques. Questionnaire was used to collect primary data. Data collected were analysed using Excel, statistical methods and descriptive statistics. Correlation analysis was to measure the degree of relationship between the independent variable and the dependant variables. Frequencies, percentage mean scores were used in analysing the data with mean scores ranging on a Likert’s 5- scale (1 strongly disagree, 2 disagree, 3 neutral, 4 agree, 5 strongly. The findings revealed that poor management of conflict arising from and inter-organisation and intra-group relations and individual employees as well as ineffective conflict resolution procedures affect employees’ performance. It was recommended that organisations should improve on their human resources practices and also put good strategic planning in place to be more proactive in handling conflicts. Furthermore, management should ensure that the company has effective policy framework that will address conflicts and create harmonious relationship with the Unions. This may to some extent minimize work place conflicts in the organization and increase employees' performance. Keywords: Employee performance, Ikeja electricity distribution company, Industrial conflict, Private sector organisation DOI : 10.7176/EJBM/11-24-13 Publication date : August 31 st 2019

Economic Transition in Algeria : A Review

The issue of economic transition in Algeria was reviewed in this paper. The actions taken by the government to speed up the transition process were examined in light of whether the State was able to move away from protecting old premises of the rentier state and establish a free and productive economic system. The review revealed the contradictions that the planning system of the 1970s had produced and how they eventually led to a transitional crisis. The other finding was that the effectiveness of the transitional institutions, laws, mechanisms, and the dynamism of country’s external trade sector were undermined by the inconsistencies of contradictory and often overlapping privatization schemes, the predatory nature of the private sector, and the country’s imbalanced external trade and finance. And last, but not least, the national natural resources doctrine sustained the mechanisms of the rentier state and became an obstacle to easing up the economic transitional process.

Customer Satisfaction in Health Insurance: Evidence from India

Health care is a universally considered as a merit good sector as most countries either have a universal health care system or a universal insurance system. India has been following a hybrid system where predominantly the health logistics and health care have been provided by the State and Central government. From a fledgling beginning with Employees' State Insurance Corporate (ESIC) (1952) and Central Government health Scheme (CGHS) (1954), India has come a long way where it has witnessed a plethora of health insurance programs. The latest addition has been the Ayushman Bharat Health Insurance Scheme, which promises to cover 10 crore families with an insurance coverage of 5 lakh. This study tries to compare the Customer Satisfaction Index (CSI) of Government Sponsored Health Insurance scheme with Private Health Insurance alternatives. It has studied two cities (Bhubaneswar and Cuttack) of Odisha, by taking a sample of 400. The Composite Satisfaction Index has taken four parameters viz. value for money (VFM), affordability, claim settlement process and claim settlement amount, to have a comparative picture of the overall satisfaction level. The broad findings are that the overall satisfaction level of government sponsored schemes is significantly higher than the private schemes; largely due to the higher cost of the private insurance scheme. The study does not take into account variables like age, number of dependents, education etc. for arriving the satisfaction index. All the same, it shows broad trends as to how due to high cost of premium and processing hassles, the private insurance schemes have not been able to become the preferred option for those below poverty line and low income groups.

The UK pensions landscape – A critique of the role of accountants and accounting technologies in the treatment of social and societal risks

The well-being of older people in society depends in part on their having sufficient financial resources to provide for their everyday needs, and to enable them to maintain their health and relationships. Pensions are therefore directly implicated in the well-being of older members of the population and hence are a potential source of significant social and societal risks. This paper critiques the role of accountants and accounting technologies in the treatment of the social and societal risks inherent in the UK occupational pensions’ landscape in relation to four characteristics of pensions’ security, namely that pensions should be predictable, stable, long-lasting and comprehensive. The UK pensions’ landscape has undergone rapid and fundamental change in recent years. A range of examples drawn from state, public and private sector occupational schemes are discussed. Across all sectors, while some people have gained, others have lost valuable pension benefits. In occupational schemes, employer costs have been reduced and pension liabilities have been de-risked, usually involving risk sharing with employees or risk shifting towards employees. The role played by accountants and other business advisers in quantifying, analysing and mitigating this work is critiqued. The rhetoric of de-risking, security and enablement inherent in the various pension changes, where the reality is often different, is examined and implications for social and societal risk explored.

Housing Privatization in Europe: An Overview of Policies and Outcomes

We provide an overview of privatization policies adopted on both sides of the former Iron Curtain. As Post-Soviet transition countries commenced the process of transferring ownership of homes to the private sector more than two decades ago, it is already possible to fully observe the outcomes of this process and to compare them with the earlier experience of Western Europe. Our aim is to compile the privatization strategies and their outcomes and to present a compact material that facilitates further analyses of housing privatization.

Payments for Forest Ecosystem Services Across Europe – Main Approaches and Examples from Slovakia

Abstract Payments for ecosystem services (PES) are flexible, financial mechanisms for utilisation of available finances for environmental improvement. Payments for forest ecosystem services (PFES) have gained increasing policy acceptance at national and international levels. However, evidence about their implementation is limited and rather mixed. PES design is a complex task. There are a number of PES design features that need careful understanding of the specific ecological and socio-economic context. The aim of this article is to analyse main approaches to PFES and types of PES schemes or financial arrangements with the emphasis on three basic schemes: (i) public schemes or government-financed PES (Pigouvian type), (ii) private schemes or user-financed PES (Coasean type) and (iii) public–private schemes (a mixed type). The empirical part is based on the review of PES schemes implemented in different Forest Europe signatory countries. The main features of PES schemes are described on chosen examples from Slovakia.

Motivational drivers for the adoption of green energy

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to propose and empirically test a model where different motivational drivers are used to stimulate the intention of individuals to purchase green energy. Design/methodology/approach The goal-framing theory was used as the theoretical basis to design motivational statements that activate different self-goals driving the intention to adopt green energy. A field experiment was performed to investigate the influence of three different goal triggers on the intention of purchase green energy, specifically solar systems, among households living in a major city located in the central part of Mexico. The effect of demographics, environmental consciousness and perceived risk associated to the technology functionality was also considered in explaining the probability of purchase of a photovoltaic system in a short (one year) and medium (five years) terms. Findings The goal trigger grounded on normative motivations is the most influential on the probability of adoption of a photovoltaic system. However, the socioeconomic level of the household moderates the effect this type of goal trigger has on the intention of purchase a photovoltaic system. Individuals with a high socioeconomic level significantly increase their intention of purchase this green technology if motivated by a normative goal. On the contrary, individuals with a medium socioeconomic level are mostly motivated by goal triggers grounded on economic benefits. Research limitations/implications This study was circumscribed to a particular city of Mexico. Replication of the experiment in cities of other developing countries with contrasting sociotechnical contexts and the consideration of other green behaviours and explanatory variables is relevant to confirm and complement the results of this research. Practical implications The cost of photovoltaic systems represents a major barrier to the growth of the Mexican market of this renewable energy. Therefore, the promotion strategy for solar energy must be accompanied by the design of appropriate motivational drivers depending on the socioeconomic level of the segment and the time for the investment. Additionally, public and private strategies to decrease the cost of the technology and financing programs for individual and community projects are recommended. Social implications The willingness to use green energy and contribute to the protection of the environment should spring from within consumers. To upscale the solar energy market, it is relevant to understand the dominant goals of individuals when taking the decision to purchase green energy. Originality/value This study contributes to the extant research in green marketing by proposing and testing a new interpretative framework to examine how the benefits of green energy activate the self-goals of consumers, thus influencing their intentions of adoption of green energy. A theoretical model is proposed by constructing “goal-triggers” grounded on the goal-framing theory and empirically testing in the specific case of explaining the intention of purchasing photovoltaic systems in Mexico.

Can contracts substitute hierarchy? Evidence from high-quality coffee supply in Brazil

PurposeA trend toward higher quality has demanded more strategic investments in the transaction of coffee supply in Brazil. Instead of internalizing this transaction, one firm, illycaffè, has challenged the vertical integration assumption by adopting contracts to coordinate its supply. Aiming to investigate whether this firm is losing economic efficiency in terms of coordination, or whether it is being efficient due to a proper definition and allocation of property and decision rights, the purpose of this paper is to analyze the transaction attributes of illycaffè’s suppliers according to the vertical integration dilemma.Design/methodology/approachThe research design is based on a survey of 105 coffee growers analyzed through probit regression. Using a transaction costs approach, the study empirically tests whether well-designed contracts can act as a hierarchy by following the efficient alignment hypothesis.FindingsThe results emphasize asset specificity, uncertainty and incentives as determinants for being an illycaffè supplier. In other words, these findings demonstrate that a well-designed contract can substitute a hierarchy based on transaction costs economics. It contributes by illustrating other coordination alternatives overlapping vertical integration, even in environments of high uncertainty and asset specificity, which encourages other private strategies based on allocation of property and decision rights of hybrid arrangements.Originality/valueThe study adopts a unique survey about transaction costs in the transactions of high-quality coffee supply in Brazil. The main contribution is to shed light on the cases where, how and why contracts can substitute the need for in-house production, and to guide private and public strategies using this background.

Reflections on the Impact of Race and Ethnicity on Juvenile Court Outcomes and Efforts to Enact Change

There are persistent racial and ethnic disparities in the juvenile justice system. The current paper reviews how and whether public and private strategies have effectively reduced such disparities and bias within the juvenile justice system. The review initially provides a description of the overrepresentation and continuous presence of racial and ethnic minority youth in the juvenile justice system. Next, two traditional explanations for these juvenile justice disparities are discussed (i.e., differential offending perspective, selection bias perspective). The current paper then focuses on reviewing three primary initiatives aimed at reducing racial/ethnic disparities in juvenile justice settings, discussing barriers and successes to each practice. These include the Federal Disproportionate Minority Contact mandate of the Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act, the Juvenile Detention Alternatives Initiative model, and the Models for Change initiative. Overall, our review indicated that efforts to reduce racial and ethnic minority youth overrepresentation and selection bias are often ineffective, though some practices do have mixed support. Finally, our review concludes with an integrated discussion of how the politico-legal environment can impact both racial and ethnic disparities in the juvenile justice system and the ability to enact change.

Há vagas! O negócio dos vazios urbanos industriais em Fortaleza-CE

Resumo Os vazios urbanos destacam-se na (re)produção da cidade contemporânea. Os processos de formação e transformação desses espaços, sistematicamente estudados nas últimas décadas, associam-se a fenômenos e agentes variados e a estratégias públicas e privadas. Este artigo relaciona as transformações recentes dos vazios urbanos industriais em Fortaleza-CE aos negócios imobiliários e ao planejamento urbano. Busca-se evidenciar o papel dos agentes envolvidos e as implicações dos empreendimentos e novos usos no ambiente construído, bem como da aplicação da legislação. Apresenta-se estudo de caso de um conjunto de vazios urbanos localizados na antiga periferia industrial oeste de Fortaleza, onde se comprova que o processo de transformação dos vazios industriais se associa às ações do mercado imobiliário e consequente geração de novos negócios.

Currículo, género y sexualidad. Lo “normal”, lo “diferente” y lo “excéntrico”

En la contemporaneidad, "nuevas" identidades culturales obligan a reconocer que la cultura, lejos de ser homogénea y monolítica, es compleja, múltiple, inarmónica, discontinua. Un nuevo movimiento político y teórico se puso en acción en las últimas décadas, y en él, las nociones de centro, margen y frontera pasaron a ser cuestionadas. El presente artículo asume esta perspectiva para analizar la constitución de diferencias e identidades de género y sexuales y, más específicamente, las formas en las queese proceso viene expresándose en el campo del currículo. El artículo destaca las estrategias públicas y privadas que se ponen en acción, cotidianamente, para garantizar la estabilidad de la identidad "normal" y de todas las formas culturales a ella asociadas; así como las estrategias que son desplegadaspara marcar las identidades "diferentes" y, aún, aquellas que buscan superar el miedo y la atracción provocados por las identidades "excéntricas".

Privatization

Privatization of social welfare services in Canada is promoted by national, provincial, regional and municipal governments through initiatives that emphasize public-private partnerships. Together with encouraging these partnerships as a privatization strategy, government also reduces public funding and replaces it with private sector contracting for social provision. An exploratory study of the Healthy Babies/ Healthy Children (HBHC) program found an increasing acceptance of privatization by service providers in Ontario. These findings illustrate the argument that government creates the context for market-based solutions. But can market-based solutions really solve social problems, and is this the intention of government social policy?

Perigosos ou úteis? Os moradores de rua e a produção do espaço urbano em Belo Horizonte e Bogotá

Neste artigo buscaremos analisar os mecanismos e estratégias de poderes/saberes que interferem, no âmbito do planejamento urbano e da produção do espaço, sobre as pessoas moradoras de rua em Belo Horizonte e Bogotá a partir de investigações que ocorreram durante os anos 2014 e 2015. Para tal, procuraremos compreender como o planejamento urbano neoliberal tem transformado espaços públicos – locais de estruturação, parcial ou total, da vida dos moradores de rua – em commodity através de estratégias de privatização. Os procedimentos teórico-metodológicos utilizados foram baseados na etnografia e na genealogia foucaultiana – que possibilitaram tanto acompanhar a construção de uma razão neoliberal através dos tempos quanto a produção de dispositivos, no âmbito da política urbana, com o intuito de controlar corpos nas dimensões do indivíduo e da população. Nessa perspectiva, conduziremos um olhar para o espaço urbano a partir de corpos e pessoas compreendidos não como problemas, mas como parte de conflitos, pertencimentos, estratégias, formas de sujeição e exclusões com o intuito de pensar a produção do espaço de forma crítica.

Imperatives of Commodities Stockpiling in Nigeria

DOI : 10.7176/JRDM/52-04 Introduction Nigeria’s development has always hinged on its natural resources. The level of exploitation and degree of development of the resources have been playing and may likely to continue to play a central role in the economic, industrial and food security status and the wellbeing of the nation (Aribisala, 1993). Prior to independence, Nigeria depends on its forest resources for perspective planning for economic development. As far back as 1899, the perspective planning for economic development was to exploit the forest resources (Adeyoju, 1975). The export revenue from forestry grows at 1%, 8% and 28.8% between 1950-1960, 1960 - 1970 and 1970 - 1980 respectively (Aribisala, 1993). At the time of independence, Nigeria depended on export of agricultural products such as cocoa, cotton, groundnut, palm oil, palm kernel, various timber species, hides and skin, processed tin ore for its foreign exchange. The development of these resources was vigorously pursued by the British trading firms and this increased agricultural production and productivity, enthrone sustainable forest resources management principles and ensure optimal mineral development practices in order to aid optimisation of export of these commodities. In the minerals sector, minerals such as tin, columbite, and coal constitute major exported commodities and intensification of exploitation activities led to discovery of oil in the 1950’s and its exploitation from Oloibiri, Rivers State in 1956. The high price commanded by oil compared to other commodities in the international market brought oil to the forefront of exported commodities, and turned farming and related activities into lacklustre activities. The petrodollars led to initiation of policies such as import substitution through the First National Development Plan, 1962 – 1968; and in 1970 – 1974; the Second Development Plan which highlighted the weakness of the import substitution strategy such as limited markets which do not allow for spread of industries, nor-allow for intermediate or capital funds (Aribisala, 1993). These made government to shift policy forms to public sector led industrialisation, and, the establishment of big linkage industries such as Pulp and Paper Mills, Fertilizer Plants, Salt Refinery, etc. Although, these postponed the restructuring and transformation necessary to make the Nigerian economy self-reliant and self-sustaining, it created the impetus for local sourcing of industrial inputs. The road to focus on the development of local industrial raw materials became imperative due to the vagaries in oil prices as the low price of oil in the international markets make importation of finished and semi-finished raw materials too expensive to the industrialisation strategy and forced the closure of many industries. Since 1980’s to the present, the nation has tossed with a privatisation scheme and a holistic programme for the development of local raw materials for use in the manufacturing sector of the economy. These led to establishment of government agencies such as the Raw Materials Research and Development Council in 1987 and a host of others. It is imperative to stress that the dependence of the nation on commodity export and industrial processing has had its toll on optimal resource availability locally. Despite government’s effort to promote industrial utilisation of locally available raw materials and the establishment of a number of presidential committees for commodities development, capacity utilisation is still low across most industries. Likewise efforts being made to promote food availability, economic and physical access to food are still facing several constraints, making it mandatory to put in place strategies that would promote improved capacity utilisation in the industries and to enhance food availability in the country.

Engineering Methods for Differentially Private Histograms: Efficiency Beyond Utility

Publishing histograms with $\epsilon$ - differential privacy has been studied extensively in the literature. Existing schemes aim at maximizing the utility of the published data, while previous experimental evaluations analyze the privacy/utility trade-off. In this paper, we provide the first experimental evaluation of differentially private methods that goes beyond utility, emphasizing also on another important aspect, namely efficiency . Towards this end, we first observe that all existing schemes are comprised of a small set of common blocks. We then optimize and choose the best implementation for each block, determine the combinations of blocks that capture the entire literature, and propose novel block combinations. We qualitatively assess the quality of the schemes based on the skyline of efficiency and utility, i.e., based on whether a method is dominated on both aspects or not. Using exhaustive experiments on four real datasets with different characteristics, we conclude that there are always trade-offs in terms of utility and efficiency. We demonstrate that the schemes derived from our novel block combinations provide the best trade-offs for time critical applications. Our work can serve as a guide to help practitioners engineer a differentially private histogram scheme depending on their application requirements.

STRATEGI RUMAH SAKIT UMUM SWASTA DI PURWOKERTO DALAM MENGHADAPI AKREDITASI

Background: Accreditation is an obligation that must be done by every hospital in Indonesia. Purwokerto is the capital of Banyumas district, Central Java, Indonesia. Health services in Purwokerto are facilitated by 10 Public Hospitals and 7 are private public hospitals. Based on the preliminary study, of the seven general hospitals, get one hospital that has been accredited. How is the strategy of public private hospitals facing accreditation, becoming an interesting topic to learn.Objective: The purpose of this research is private hospital strategy in Purwokerto to face hospital accreditation.
 Methods: The research method used is qualitative with phenomenology approach. Analysis the data research by using IPA (Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis).
 Results: Based on the analysis of 5 informants, the theme of accreditation strategy for private hospitals that are human resources control, owner and management commitment, programmatic procedures, time management, process strategy, and building a comfortable working environment.
 Conclutions: To be able of accreditation of public private hospitals need the ability to build human resources, and other resources both physical, facilities, environment and time management. Further research is expected to be implemented in all hospitals whether public hospitals, specialty, or clinics.
 
 Keywords: Accreditation, hospital, strategy