Private Purposes Research Articles

Relocation of Rempang residents due to state-owned land

The government's obligation is to manage land for public and private purposes in accordance with the mandate of Article 33 Paragraph (3) of the 1945 Constitution which states that land, air and natural resources are controlled by the state for the greatest prosperity of the people. The relocation of Rempang residents became news that was conveyed because it received resistance from local residents and was a resonant action as a result of Presidential Decree Number 41 of 1973 which stated that the management rights of Batam Island were handed over to the Batam Authority, which means that the entire island area located on Batam Island was handed over with rights status management to Batam authorities. The legal issues raised by the author are first, how is the relocation of Rempang residents over control of state-owned land and second, what are the legal consequences of the relocation of Rempang residents over control of state-owned land. The aim to be achieved by this author is to analyze the implementation of the relocation of Rempang residents over control of stateowned land and to analyze the legal results of the relocation of Rempang residents over control of state-owned land.

Thinking about drugs histories and private purposes in South Africa

Thinking about drugs histories and private purposes in South Africa

Next Generation EU Product Liability – For Digital and Other Products

Abstract The new Directive on Product Liability is hard to overestimate, as it is nothing less than a complete overhaul of the 1985 Product Liability Directive (PLD), which still lies at the heart of EU tort law. One focus of the reform act is the challenge posed by digital transformation. To accommodate the new category of digital devices, the concept of product is widened so as to include software and related services, and the strict ex ante perspective for the finding of product defect is attenuated to account for continued control of the manufacturer post-marketing. Further to broadening the scope of application, the protective perimeter of the Directive is expanded, namely to include data used for private purposes. The second focus of the reform act, of at least equal importance, are changes to the liability regime for products of any kind, regardless of their digital nature or elements. Thus, e-commerce intermediaries such as platforms are ushered into the scope of the Directive as new defendants, alongside manufacturers, importers, and distributors. With a view to quantum, the € 500 retention for property damage had to go, together with the authority of the Member States to impose a cap on liability under the Directive. Unfortunately, there was no time to revisit the foundations of product liability. Thus, the new Directive holds on to the consumer protection gospel of product liability and excludes commercial property from the scope of protection, even though there is no good reason to discriminate against business interests. As before, national law must and will step in to fill in the gaps in Union law, perpetuating the double-track liability systems that the 1985 Directive helped to create.

Exploring the relationship between cyberloafing and innovativeness among nurses in research hospitals: a cross-sectional study in Turkey

BackgroundAlthough cyberloafing, which refers to employees' use of the internet for private purposes outside of work, is seen as a negative behavior; Positive effects on areas such as individual development, learning opportunity, job satisfaction, productivity, change, organizational output, and innovation have also been reported. This study aims to investigate whether there is a significant relationship between cyberloafing and the innovativeness levels of nurses working in research hospitals in Turkey.MethodsThis analytical study consisted of 230 nurses. Data were collected using a nurse information form, Cyberloafing Scale, and Individual Innovativeness Scale. Data analysis was carried out using descriptive, comparative, and correlational statistics.ResultsNurses had low levels of minor and severe cyberloafing scores and skeptical innovativeness. There was no correlation between cyberloafing and individual innovativeness.ConclusionsMore conscious cyberloafing should be encouraged through institutional arrangements, which can improve nurses' individual and innovative professional aspects.

Právní aspekty URBEXu z pohledu vlastníka nemovitosti v kontextu českého práva

Urban Exploration (URBEX) is a relatively recent leisure activity that is directly related to the exploration of abandoned and unused objects and areas, collectively referred to as brownfields. This survey of modern ruins is conducted for private purposes only, for the purpose of photo-documentation or video-visualization and their sharing within the community or presentation to the public. Due to the fact that the properties visited in this way are owned by other entities and there is often a real risk of damage to property and health, it is necessary to identify those legal aspects of URBEX that normatively regulate the relationship of both parties concerned. The aim of this paper is to define, within the framework of Czech legal standards, the rights and obligations of the property owner, which flow for them in connection with the realization of URBEX on real estate that is his property.

Characterization and Quantification of Vehicular Emissions in Abuja Municipality-Implications for Public Health.

Air pollution from vehicular emission and other sources accounts for over seven million global deaths annually and contributes significantly to environmental degradation, including climate change. Vehicular emission is not prioritized for control in Nigeria, thus undermining public health and the Sustainable Development Goals 3, 11 and 13. This study aims to characterize vehicular emissions in Abuja municipality and quantify exhaust air pollutants of commonly used vehicles. Cross-sectional exhaust emissions study of vehicles in Abuja Municipal Area Council. Information on the type and age, fuel type, purchase and use category of 543 vehicles on routine Annual Road Worthiness Test at the Computerized Test Center, Abuja. Exhaust levels of CO, CO2 HCHO and PM10 were measured using hand-held devices. IBM SPSS version 26.0.0.0 (2019) statistical software. Toyota brand comprised 52.5% of the vehicles. Over 80% were older than 10 years; 85.5% preowned and 87.3% used for private purposes. PMS was the dominant fuel used (91.1%). Except PM10, older vehicles emitted higher levels of the measured pollutants than newer ones. The differences were significant for CO and HCHO. Diesel-fueled and commercial vehicles also emitted higher levels of CO, HCHO and PM10 compared to PMS-fueled and private vehicles respectively. Strong regulatory policies that discourage over-aged vehicles; speedy adoption of the ECOWAS guidelines on cleaner fuels and emission limits; and coordinated implementation of effective Inspection & Monitoring programme by relevant government agencies are required to safeguard public health and the environment. We also recommend the introduction of vehicles powered by alternative energy, use of bicycles, designation of one-way traffic and pedestrian zones. Reducing the threats to the public's health from vehicular air pollution in Abuja municipality requires strong policy and coordinated monitoring programs for effective control.

JUDGES AND THE SOCIAL NETWORKS

The use of social media by judges is an issue that complicates their common political and civil rights. In which their freedom to use them for private purposes or to implement them for a public purpose is not discussed or denied, but a kind of censorship (own or external) is created for the use of their networks. This paper presents, analyzes and examines related issues regarding the use of social networks by judges, and the effects of their publications.

Prediction of residential real estate price on primary market using machine learning

Currently, primary residential real estate market is steadily increasing its prices regardless of the pandemic and national quarantine. There is great potential for financial gain and knowledge in the analysis of this market. Individual analysis seems difficult and time-consuming. This leads to the problem of estimating a favorable price for an apartment. Another example of the use of housing price prediction algorithms can be, for example, an agency engaged in finding, buying and selling properties. In order to maximize profits, the company can invest in an application that can estimate housing prices very accurately. This will reduce the likelihood of overpaying for an investment and give a sticking point for negotiations. In addition, a good price prediction will give you an edge in the real estate trade market. Knowing the value of the house will allow you to lower the price during purchase talks and then sell the apartment at the actual or higher price. The main aim of the paper is to develop a model and application for prediction of residential real estate price in Wroclaw primary market. Data Scraping approach, Simple Linear Regression, Gradient Boosting Regression, Multiple Linear Regression, LASSO, RandomForest Regression methods will be used for this research. In summary, the developed models and application for prediction of residential real estate price in Wroclaw primary market allows for achieving precision about 90%.Developed application can be used by companies that are considering starting this type of project and, for this purpose, are looking for an example of the entire process, starting with an idea and ending with a statistical model that predicts housing prices based on selected characteristics. The scraping application can be used for commercial as well as private purposes during market analysis. In addition, it can also serve as a basis for new solutions and ventures.

ПРОМИСЛОВЕ ШПИГУНСТВО: ТЕРМІНОЛОГІЧНИЙ АСПЕКТ

The article examines the theoretical aspects of industrial espionage in the terminological context. It substantiates the importance of protecting trade secrets from industrial espionage against the background of an increase in their share in the structure of the intellectual property portfolio and strengthening their contribution to the competitiveness of innovative companies in the global economic space. The paper also examines the essence of industrial espionage through the prism of comparison with other categories, namely, economic espionage, corporate espionage, and competitive intelligence. It explores different approaches to the interpretation of these categories. The analysis reveals the existence of variants of their identification, synonymous use, and a certain intersection of essential features. Based on the results of the comparison of industrial espionage, economic espionage, corporate espionage, and competitive intelligence, it is established that these categories are independent and non-identical, with certain common features, which is a manifestation of the dialectical combination of the general and the particular for various forms of gaining access to commercially valuable information. The publication highlights important features of industrial espionage that reveal its essential characteristics, including: systematic, planned nature of implementation; typically, a high level of organisation and preparation; targeted focus on gaining competitive advantage/ income; unauthorised access to information that constitutes a trade secret; violation of legal and ethical standards by individuals and legal entities for private purposes; hidden nature; a wide range of types and tools; no sectoral restrictions on the scope of the activity; a significant range and duration of negative consequences; difficulty in assessing actual losses, etc. The identification of the main features of industrial espionage is the basis for its understanding as a distinct category, which will help to strengthen the theoretical and methodological basis for innovative companies to make effective management decisions on building an effective system of protection against industrial espionage.

Keterkaitan Hukum Privatisasi BUMN Terhadap Kewenangan Negara

Privatization of State-Owned Enterprises (BUMN) in Indonesia. Privatization is undertaken with the intention of enhancing company performance, contributing to the country's economy, and improving less efficient management. However, there are concerns regarding the loss of economic sovereignty through privatization. The Indonesian government has implemented a privatization policy based on the 1999 GBHN and the 2003 BUMN Law. Privatization has various dimensions and objectives, including reducing the state's role in the economy, increasing management efficiency, and filling the state budget deficit. The role of BUMN in development has been significant, but there have also been cases of poor management and financial losses. Privatization of BUMN is considered to overcome this problem and improve company performance. However, there are challenges in achieving professionalism and competitiveness in BUMN because employee status is like civil servants. There is also controversy regarding privatization, with some arguing that certain sectors should remain under government control in the interests of the economy. The privatization of BUMN is regulated by the BUMN Law, which emphasizes the importance of transparency, accountability, and fairness in the privatization process. However, there are concerns regarding the consistency of these regulations with the Constitution. Therefore, it is recommended that there be restrictions on the sale of shares during privatization and that the government maintain majority ownership of the shares. Apart from that, a clear definition is needed for the purpose of privatization and more detailed regulations in the BUMN Law.

Corruption and Trust

Abstract Corruption and trust contrast one another. While corruption is selfish behavior manifested by the abuse of power for private purposes, trust expresses the human belief that other people are a part of their moral community and behave as they should. A number of studies have been written on the relationship between corruption and trust. This review article theoretically explains the effect of corruption on trust, takes into account other variables that may enter into this relationship, and summarizes the results to date in this area. Attention is also placed on what data individual studies used and what their weaknesses may be. The contribution of this article is that it distinguishes between perceptions and experiences of corruption and between interpersonal and political trust. Finally, this article suggests possible directions for further research.

The Necessity of Laws on Third-Party and Civil Liability for Industrial Nuclear Damages Caused by Installations: Health Assurance Compensation

With the modern requisites of humankind, energy has become the most depleting resource due to waste and lack of sources. In the present world, nuclear energy sources play a vital role in producing energy by fueling radioactive elements. The most significant feature of atomic energy is that a small amount of radioactive substances can release a tremendous amount of energy. Most developed and developing countries use nuclear energy as a power-making resource for public and private purposes. Therefore, it is imperative that a developing country like Sri Lanka adopt nuclear power technologies and the laws governing nuclear operations. This research discusses international nuclear laws and the need for a legal framework to manage the liability of nuclear damages in terms of people's health and potential harm to health, past experiences of exposure to ionizing radiation are discussed with statistics to find out the necessity of laws on nuclear liability in terms of health compensation. The scrutiny supplies a directive authority to make domestic legislation without being dependent on international instruments, as the paper also discusses the drawbacks of international nuclear liability regimes against principles of nuclear law and the essentials of a nuclear liability regime. The primary objective of the study is to find out directive measures for a nuclear liability regime in terms of health assurance. In addition, this research also discusses directive principles to make equitable compensation liability schemes from the victims' perspective. The books, research papers, international conventions, and domestic legislation were the primary sources of the research. Sri Lanka's legal framework needs improvement as an independent law, aligning with the Vienna Convention on nuclear liability, as international law lacks equitable aspects.

Optimization of Rooting Behaviour by the Application of IBA on the Cuttings of Queens Flower (Lagerstroemia speciosa)

Background: Queen’s flower (Lagerstroemia speciosa) is an important ornamental plant that is utilised in residential landscape and avenue plantation for both public and private purposes around the world. Seed dormancy problem in Lagerstroemia which negatively affects germination. To overcome the challenges associated with seed propagation, researchers have explored rooted Lagerstroemia speciosa cuttings as an alternative method. Methods: Three concentrations of IBA (Indole-3- butyric acid) @ 1000 ppm, 2000 ppm and 3000 ppm were used to root initiation of Lagerstroemia speciosa stem cuttings. There were four treatments: 1000 ppm, 2000 ppm, 3000 ppm and control. Result: The 2000 ppm IBA treatment performed the better response in comparision to other treatments and recorded, 79 per cent rooting, followed by the treatment 3000 ppm IBA, (76 per cent rooting) and in the control, (68 per cent). In 2000 ppm IBA, the percentage of rooting, the number of roots per cutting and the length of the longest roots all are at their peak as well as showed the superior growth performance. The growth parameters of IBA-@ 2000 ppm treated cuttings revealed that this is the optimum IBA concentration for Lagerstroemia speciosa propagation trough cuttings in a semi-arid climate.

The Classification of Dual-Purpose Contracts in European Private International Law

Consumers, as the presumed weaker party, are granted with favourable jurisdiction and choice of law rules under the Brussels Ibis Regulation and Rome I Regulation. The identity of a person as a consumer is the precondition of applying consumer protective rules. However, what if a person is acting partly for professional purpose and partly for private purpose? What criterion should be relied upon to classify a dual-purpose contract? Whether the private purpose must be predominant or primary, or it is irrelevant as long as the professional purpose is non-negligible? What if a person changes the purpose after the conclusion of contract? Whether the original purpose or the subsequent purpose should be decisive? This article aims to clarify the notion of hybrid consumer or dual-purpose contract in European private international law. The CJEU case might show that a less strict criterion is adopted to determine the legal nature of dual-purpose contracts. Compared to the notion of consumer in EU consumer directives and the 2019 Hague Judgments Convention, it might be advisable to adopt the non-predominant or primary purpose criterion. Accordingly, a dual-purpose contract is a consumer contract if the person is acting primarily outside of his trade or profession (primarily for personal, family or household purposes), or the professional purpose is so limited as not to be predominant. Meanwhile, a dynamic or ex post approach, albeit secondary to the static or ex ante approach, shall be adopted in examining the purpose of a dual-purpose contract. The subsequent change of purpose is relevant.

Private Purpose Trusts in Scotland

Private Purpose Trusts in Scotland

Why AP Human Geography?

This commentary attempts to contextualize the articles in this issue by interrogating the purpose of Advanced Placement (AP) Human Geography. Why should students learn geography? Why should they learn geography as an “AP” course—one that indicates college-level challenge and the potential for college credit? Leveraging David Labaree’s consideration about the public and private purposes of education—social mobility, economic efficiency, and democratic equality—the analysis considers the value of the course to students, their communities, and our country. The commentary concludes that on these three counts, the value of AP Human Geography is mixed. Although the course has potential to further all three goals of education, there remain challenges—some inherent to the AP program, and others specific to AP Human Geography.

Rights of beneficiaries: building foundations and trusts, a Czech perspective

Abstract The aim of this article is first to briefly outline the current Czech legal regulation of the position of beneficiaries of trust funds and private foundations and the breadth of knowledge in this area. The authors point out crucial questions and also suggest possible directions for further consideration, many of which are well known in other jurisdictions where the possibility to create trusts/trust-like and foundation structures for private purposes has been introduced. Hopefully, the Czech perspective (and experience so far) can also be of use to other legal systems which are dealing with similar issues.

EHealth in the time of smart ecosystems and pandemics

In the recent decade, many technological innovations have increasingly been incorporated into smart city architectures. Our modern and rushing lifestyle implies at least one fitness tracker or wearable device in most households. Usually, devices are equipped with a set of biosensors, thus producing valuable time series that can be used to track selected areas. The use of bio-sensory time series is not limited to private purposes; data can also be used to improve services in our everyday life. The data generated by bio-sensory devices primarily infiltrate into smart home solutions. However, comprehensive smart home solutions also allow improvements for smart city solutions. The critical factor is the consecutive change in the subject technologies that form the smart city and smart home architectures, including the sensitivity aspects of data originating from confidential sources. Vendors must keep up with this continuous change and release newer and newer solutions, but information systems like HIS (Hospital Information System) or DSS (Decision Support Systems) are not following up at the same speed. This research will demonstrate developments that can make the services of smart ecosystems more valuable by using data collection and analyzing services based on bio-sensory data. Based on the presented research results, smart ecosystems can act considerably more effectively during an epidemic or a pandemic. The research paper focuses on how bio-sensory time series data can be collected and used, how the data can be integrated into smart ecosystems, and how it can be integrated into smart healthcare solutions.

Kourion Urban Space Project: Preliminary Report of the 2018 Season

The 2018 season of the Kourion Urban Space Project (KUSP) continued the excavation of Building 4, a large structure situated just to the southwest of the Earthquake House on the Kourion promontory. Focusing on tracing the architecture of this building, this season revealed the northwest perimeter wall and identified two internal rooms: the courtyard and Room 35. Building 4 continues to yield high quality and imported artifacts including glass vessels and fragments of marble statuary along with imported marble and stone construction materials. These artifacts combined with the overall large size of this structure and construction materials suggest that this building served the elite class at Kourion, though it is still uncertain if it served a public or private purpose. This report was lodged with the Department of Antiquities, Cyprus, in January 2022 and is published here with the authors’ affiliations as they were at the time of the excavation.

Integrating Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques for Accurate Mapping and Analysis of Oil Palm Plantation Distribution in Kelantan: A Case Study

The research conducted in Kelantan focused on analysing the distribution of oil palm plantations using remote sensing data and ArcGIS, a Geographic Information System (GIS) platform. The demand for accurate and up-to-date information on oil palm plantations has been increasing due to advancements in technology and the need for effective management of the environment. The study aimed to compare the distribution of oil palm plantations in 2016 and 2021 by using vegetation analysis techniques such as Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI), and Soil-Adjusted Vegetation Index (SAVI). Remote sensing data from Landsat 8, specifically Bands 5, 4, and 2, were utilized to derive these vegetation indices. Ground-truthing data, obtained through GPS coordinates, were employed to increase the accuracy of the analysis. The expansion of oil palm plantations and non-oil palm areas was assessed using the Supervised Classification Maximum Likelihood method. The distribution data of oil palm plantations is highly sought after by oil palm plantation companies and serves public and private purposes, contributing to environmental monitoring and promoting sustainable practices.