Private Primary Schools Research Articles

Prevalence of Dental Caries Among Physically Disable Students of Primary School in Lahore

Objective: This study aimed to report the incidence of dental caries among deaf students of primary school in Lahore Method: This descriptive crossectional study was conducted at 2 private primary schools for deaf students in Lahore. Sample of the study was 150 students who were completely deaf. Data was collected by screening of oral health maintenance of students by two dentists. Chi Square test was used to explore the age wise difference in occurrence of dental caries among deaf students of primary school in Lahore Results: Overall incidence of dental caries is quite high among deaf students of primary school in Lahore (112(74.67%). Results of chi square test revealed no significant difference of incidence of dental caries in terms of age (X2=4.597, P=.204). Conclusion: In Lahore, incidence of dental caries among primary school deaf students is quite high which need to be address. Moreover, age has no significant effect on the incidence of dental caries among primary school deaf students. Keywords: Dental caries, Deaf students, Primary school, Oral health maintenance

Female Representation in Primary School English Textbooks: The Portrait of Gender in Indonesian EFL Education

Scholars have critically discussed numerous reports on gender representations in language textbooks, but much less attention has been paid to female characters depicted in EFL textbooks used in Islamic primary schools. To fill this gap, the current study dissects the identities of female characters in two English language textbooks proposed by Islamic schools and used nationally in all private primary schools in Indonesia under the global Islamic school association. Quantitative content analysis using Brugeilles and Cromer’s framework for character coding scheme and critical discourse analysis were used to critically review the textbook’s content. The findings from sixteen chapters revealed that female characters are underrepresented, and they are depicted as having home and family careers, being sensitive introverts, being involved in low-risk activities, and wearing Islamic-based attire.
 Keywords: content analysis, critical discourse analysis, gender representation, language textbook

Love and Respect of Manual Work in Liberalized Tanzania: A Study of Primary and Secondary Schools in Mbeya and Rukwa

This paper analysed the status of love and respect for manual work among primary and secondary school students in liberalized Tanzania. It looked at how work-oriented education in public and private primary and secondary schools is practiced in the context of liberalization and how such work-oriented skills enhance agricultural inclination among recipients. Qualitative research approach and phenomenological research designs were deemed relevant. A total of 104 participants were purposively and systematic-randomly sampled including head teachers, Education for Self-Reliance (ESR) teachers, ESR prefects, teachers (not ESR) and pupils (not ESR prefects). Data was collected using in -depth interview, FGDs, direct observations and documentary review. To achieve trustworthiness, the researcher employed a number of measures such as combination of data sources such as interviews, observations, and relevant documents. The study revealed that sweeping, watering flowers and gardens and slashing were major types of manual work that students did. Most of students felt badly, less motivated and did not cherish to do the manual works. The paper concludes that the manual works done in schools did not enhance agricultural inclination and the modality on how they were provided as punishments counteracted good intentions of their use. To link education with work, production and to enhance students’ inclination in agriculture, the paper argues for revitalization of ESR at all levels of education. Furthermore, manual work should not be provided as punishment but rather as part and parcel of students’ learning.

The dynamics of socio-economic segregation: What role do private schools play?

Although residential sorting along socio-economic lines has increased in many cities across Europe, few studies have examined what drives changes in segregation over time. This study looks at the role of school choice expansion in shaping patterns of spatial inequality. We adopt a longitudinal perspective and investigate how the increasing availability of private primary schools is related to the dynamics of socio-economic segregation in German cities. Drawing on a uniquely compiled data set for the years 2005 to 2014 that includes 74 large and medium-sized cities with over 3500 districts, we estimate linear panel regression models with city fixed effects. The analyses show that an increase in the share of private primary schools is associated with a decrease in the segregation of poverty in West German cities but not in East German ones. The association in West Germany is particularly pronounced in local contexts characterised by growing rates of poor residents and growing proportions of young children. Results imply that school choice availability may promote residential integration and at the same time reinforce school segregation.

Digital learning and the lopsidedness of the education in government and private primary schools during the COVID-19 pandemic in West Bengal, India

Since March 2020, all academic institutions have been closed due to the COVID-19 pandemic and have been encouraged online mode of education to the students in West Bengal, India. The most profound negative effect of the school closure has been noticed on primary education. This research examines how school closures in both government and private primary schools in West Bengal result in uneven teaching-learning opportunities in formal and non-formal education during the COVID-19 pandemic. The present study was conducted based on an online survey in West Bengal using a structured questionnaire. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test, Shapiro-Wilk Test, Pearson Chi-squared (χ2) test, and logistic regression were used to check the relationships among the variables. Based on 473 responses to an online survey administered to the parents and educated family members of 3–10 years aged children from both government and private primary schools in West Bengal. The authors' analysis shows the teaching-learning opportunities varied significantly. Further, the study revealed a noticeable gap between government and private primary schools. The study depicts that students from urban areas have more accessibility to online education than those living in rural areas. The study revealed that 98.7% of private schools and 33.7% of students from government primary schools could access online education. Statistically significant differences were observed between both categories of schools in academic affairs during the pandemic.

Depression and Alcohol Use Behaviours among Primary and Secondary School Teachers in Mwanza, Tanzania; A Cross-Sectional Study

Background: Depressive disorders and alcohol use disorders are highly prevalent in the workplace and have an enormously negative impact on work performance, productivity, absenteeism, and disability costs. Little is known about the burden among primary and secondary school teachers in Tanzania. Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted at Mwanza City in the Lake and Western zones of the United Republic of Tanzania aimed at determining the prevalence and factors associated with depression and alcohol use behaviours among teachers where primary and secondary school teachers from both private and public schools were involved. A total of 300 teachers were recruited and interviewed using Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) and Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test (AUDIT). A systematic sampling approach was used to select both schools and participants. Results: The mean age of the participants was 36.1 (SD = 8.465), the majority of the participants were from primary and public schools, 60.67% and 55.67%, respectively. Using cut-off points of four and eight for PHQ-9 and AUDIT, respectively, 51% of the participants had symptoms of depression, and 16% had harmful alcohol use. While the male gender, being married, having a low number of children, and degree level of education was statistically less likely to be associated with depression, on the other hand, male gender, age group of 41-50, being married and having a high number of children were statistically more likely to be associated with harmful alcohol use. Limitations: A cross-sectional study was used, which relies on self-report of symptoms which could lead to recall bias. Despite that, the study was done among both public and private primary and secondary school teachers from the largest city in the lake and western zone of Tanzania, which serves a diverse population still, and regional differences could be there. Conclusion: Depression and alcohol use disorders are high among a sample of our teachers in Mwanza Tanzania; further studies are needed to explore and measure the incidence, causal inference and the association between outcomes and risk factors.

Education for sustainable development: Effects of sustainability education on English language learners’ empathy and reading comprehension

Developing a sustainable world requires more than a team of sustainable development experts. It involves the work of students, teachers, material designers, and policymakers, whose efforts contribute to a more sustainable world. Hence, the focus of the present study was to examine the impact of a sustainable education on the reading comprehension and empathy of English language learners. English is considered a foreign but promising language in Iran. So, the program was performed in an English reading comprehension course and the participants were 10-year-old children (N = 48). The current study was conducted at a private primary school in Kerman city, the center of Kerman province, Iran. Quantitative data were collected and presented using pre-and post-reading tests to track the potential changes in students’ reading comprehension. Self-reported questionnaires were also used to examine participants’ empathy at the beginning and end of the project. The results revealed that the sustainable education group outperformed the control group in the post-reading tests. It is also reported that learners’ levels of empathy increased after implementing sustainability-based instruction. In brief, integrating sustainable education strategies into English language reading instruction is beneficial to children’s personal and academic achievements.

Teachers Practice of Interactive White Board Use

The main objective of this study was to investigate Teachers practice of using interactive white board in private primary school of Diamond Academy in Yeka sub-city, Addis Ababa. Using descriptive research design, 75 teachers and 2 school directors of Diamond Academy were selected using availability sampling. Data was collected using questionnaires and interview. The quantitative data was analyzed using SPSS while the qualitative data were analyzed in a narrative way. The study findings revealed that the factors that hinder teachers from using the interactive white board are lack of technical support for teachers and absences of training in using interactive white boards. The results of this research suggest that the school needs to provide technical support for teachers and increase the number of technicians. Applied trainings from experts in using interactive white boards should be provided for teachers.

The association and mediation role of Food and Nutrition Literacy (FNLIT) with eating behaviors, academic achievement and overweight in 10–12 years old students: a structural equation modeling

BackgroundFood and nutrition literacy is a key factor in shaping healthy dietary behaviors and may result in decreasing decrease the prevalence of overweight. Empirical research on food and nutrition literacy and its outcomes is limited, especially among children and adolescents. Thus, this study investigates the link between Food and Nutrition Literacy (FNLIT) with eating behaviors, academic performance, and overweight in 10–12 years old students in Tehran, Iran.MethodsThis study was performed through two phases: 1) Proposing a conceptual model of the relationship between FNLIT and its determinants and outcomes, based on the existing evidence and previous models, and 2) Testing the proposed FNLIT model through a cross-sectional study on 803 primary school students (419 boys and 384 girls, from 34 public and 10 private primary schools), aged 10–12 years using structural equation modeling. Demographic, socio-economic, and household food security characteristics were collected by interviewing the students and their mothers/caregivers using a questionnaire. FNLIT was measured by a self-administered, locally designed, and validated questionnaire.ResultsThe fit indices suggested a reasonably adequate fit of the data to the hypothesized model (χ2/df = 2.03, p < 0.001, goodness of fit index (GFI) = 0.90, adjusted goodness of fit index (AGFI) = 0.88, comparative fit index (CFI) = 0.91, incremental fit index (IFI) = 0.91, root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) = 0.04, standardized root mean residual (SRMR) = 0.06). SES was directly and positively related to FNLIT and its subscale in students. FNLIT score had a positive direct (non-mediated) relationship with healthy eating behavior and academic performance. This pattern was strongly reversed in unhealthy eating behavior. There was a full mediation relationship between FNLIT and overweight/obesity via healthy eating behaviors. SES predicted academic performance partially through the mediating effect of Food Label Literacy (FLL). The results indicated that despite the direct relationship between SES and academic performance, an indirect but negative relationship existed with food insecurity.The finding also revealed the fully mediating role of Food Choice Literacy (FCL) in the relationship between demographic factors and healthy eating behaviors. Our study also found that Interactive Food and Nutrition Literacy (IFNL) protected unhealthy eating behaviors, and FCL predicted healthy eating behaviors in children.ConclusionOur study draws attention to FNLIT, especially the skills domain, including IFNL, FCL, and FLL, as the most important determinant of healthy eating behavior, academic performance, and weight status in school-age children reduces social inequalities in children’s development.To ensure an adequate level of FNLIT, educators should assess and plan to enhance food literacy skills in children and adolescents.

ASSESSMENT OF WASH IN RIVERINE PRIMARY SCHOOLS IN OJO LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF LAGOS, NIGERIA

Adequate water, sanitation, and hygiene in schools are vital to achieving conducive learning and well-being of pupils. The study assessed WaSH conditions in Riverine primary schools in Ojo Area of Lagos, Nigeria. The study employed field observation and administration of questionnaires to 256 pupils using purposive sampling techniques to obtain information on WaSH facilities in private and public primary schools. The data were analysed using descriptive and Chi-square statistics while the study area map and WaSH attributes were plotted using ArcMap and Excel software respectively. The results show that 92.7% of the pupils from the public school are acquainted with WaSH. Most of the schools have adequate water and handwashing facilities. The ratio of boys and girls to toilet facilities exceeded UNICEF standard while learning material on WaSH program was generally poor. The greater percentage of the pupils from public schools indicate their satisfaction with accessibility and the quality of service derived from WaSH facilities while the adequacy of WaSH facilities was rated below average. The majority of the pupils affirmed that adequate WaSH provisions will improve their academic performance. The test statistics show a significant relationship between WaSH attributes, academic performance, and the school type. The study serves as baseline information for policymakers and school management authorities for interventions in areas of greatest WASH needs. We concluded that private schools indicate some deprivation in WaSH conditions. We recommended adequate learning aids on WaSH, toilets, handwashing materials, and waste bins for optimum academic performance and well-being of the pupils with greater priority in the private schools.

Impact of Parent's Education and Involvement on Children's Academic Performance in District Vehari

The present research aims to explore the effect of parental involvement on the academic achievement of their children. The objective of the research study was to analyze the impact of parental involvement on their children's education. The study was quantitative in nature. There are 150 private primary schools in Tehsil Bure Wala District Vehari Punjab, Pakistan. Four schools were designated with the help of simple random sampling. A questionnaire was used as an instrument for data collection.Descriptive statistics were used to calculate the data. During the data analysis procedure, it was originated that parental involvement has a significant effect on the better academic performance of their children. The research study evidenced that parental involvement boosted the academic achievement of their children.

Cardiovascular risk factors among private primary school teachers in Onitsha North Local Government Area, Anambra State

Background: Prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors has continued to increase due to changes in dietary practices and increased physical inactivity among the adult population.&#x0D; Objective: This study was designed to assess the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors among private primary school teachers in Onitsha North Local Government Area, Anambra State, Nigeria.&#x0D; Subjects and methods: A cross-sectional survey design was employed and a multistage sampling technique was used to select 400 respondents used in the study. Questionnaire was used to obtain information on the sociodemographic characteristics, dietary habits, physical activity level, and lifestyle characteristics of the respondents. Anthropometric indices (body mass index and waist-hip ratio), blood pressure, blood glucose, and lipid profile of the respondents were obtained using standard procedures. Data obtained were coded and entered into the computer and analyzed using SPSS for windows version 21. Chi-square was used to determine the relationship existing among variables. Significance was accepted at p &lt; 0.05.&#x0D; Results: Results showed that the majority (90%) of the respondents were females while a few (9.8) were males. Most (69.5%) of the respondents skipped meals while some (30.5%) did not skip meals. A high prevalence of central obesity (57.0% WC, 47.5% WHR), hypertension (20.0%), impaired plasma glucose (30.0%), diabetes mellitus (2.5%), low HDL-cholesterol (37.5%) and hypertriglycerideamia (15%) was observed among the respondents. Female respondents were significantly (p &lt; 0.05) more centrally obese (60.0% WC, 51.55% WHR) than males (40.0% WC, 28.6% WHR). No significant (p &gt; 0.05) relationship was found between gender and blood pressure, blood glucose level, and lipid profile of the respondents.&#x0D; Conclusion: The study concluded that the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors was high among the respondents

Observation of Early Childhood Pedagogical Practices in Public Primary Schools

The study was conducted to explore the early childhood pedagogical practices in public schools. The study was exploratory, and the population of the study was all the ECE teachers of private primary schools in four districts of the Sargodha Division, i.e. Sargodha, Khushab, Mianwali and Bhakkar. A total of 102 ECE schools in four districts of the Sargodha division were selected through convenience sampling, including 23 male and 79 female ECE teachers. An observation Schedule for ECE pedagogical practices was developed and validated through experts’ opinions. Descriptive and inferential statistics were applied to analyze the data. Major conclusions were that majority of ECE teachers were practicing a good level of pedagogical practices, whereas male and female ECE teachers were equivalent in ECE pedagogical practices. It is recommended that Educational authorities may strictly implement and supervise the public schools' policy of ECE students' healthy social and emotional development through “Maar nahi Piyar”.

Risk Factors of Skin Diseases among School Children in South Eastern Communities in Nigeria

Background: Skin disorders frequently seen among primary school children are common causes of morbidity. Determining the risk factors of skin diseases, will enhance a better understanding of skin health and prevent skin diseases in school children.&#x0D; Aim: To determine the common risk factors of skin diseases among primary school children in Umuahia South Local Government Area of Abia State.&#x0D; Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study carried out over a 4-month period among pupils of public and private primary schools. Diagnosis of skin diseases was based on clinical findings as well as laboratory investigations where indicated. A pre-tested, self-administered, close ended questionnaire was used to ascertain the risk factors of skin diseases.&#x0D; Results: Eight hundred and forty-seven (847) and seven hundred and thirteen (713) subjects were recruited from public and private schools respectively. Fifty-six percent of the subjects were males. The mean age of the study participants was 8.74 ± 2.08 years. The overall prevalence of skin diseases was 40.2%. Using a multivariate logistic regression, gender, number of people per room, frequency of bathing per week and source of water were found to be significant risk factors for skin diseases.&#x0D; Conclusion: Socio-demographic factors and living conditions are significant risk factors of skin diseases. Standard hygienic practices by school children and their parents/ caregivers will help to reduce the high prevalence of skin diseases in our environment.&#x0D; Authors&#x0D; O Ewurum 1, C A Ibeneme 2, T O Nnaji 3, A N Ikefuna 4

Research on the Influencing Factors and Support Degree of Kindergarten Parents for Public and Private Enrollment Policy——Taking Hangzhou as an Example

Today, people’s demand for quality education is growing, and parents place particular importance on the quality of education their children receive, and under the mechanism of early enrolment in private schools, there is a constant “private fever” and “training fever” in the society. In response to this, the Hangzhou government issued the Notice on Simultaneous Enrolment in Public and Private Primary Schools to ease the pressure on public schools. In this paper, we used Apriori algorithm to mine data based on questionnaire data and found that people who are more aware of the policy are generally freelancers, their children are in the first grade and their annual income is between RMB 100,000 and 200,000. We also investigated parents’ support for the policy, using basic family and child characteristics as independent variables and whether they support the policy as the dependent variable, and developed a dichotomous logistic Regression model to fit the probability of parents supporting the policy and made recommendations based on this.

The effect of the information gap strategies and educational props on achievement and the development of visual thinking among fifth-grade students in science

The current research aims at defining the effect of the information gap and learning pillars strategies on the achievement and development of visual thinking for fifth primary class pupils in sciences. To achieve the aim of the research, the researchers put two main hypotheses and six subordinates. The researchers used an experimental model equivalent to pre-posttests. The sample consisted of (48) pupils within three schools chosen intentionally from private primary schools in Nineveh governorate Center for the academic year (2020-2021), divided into three groups, with 16 pupils for each group: the first and second experimental groups and the control group. The researchers equalized the three groups (IQ test, science degree average of pupils grades in fourth class, time age measured in months, academic level of parents, and pre- visual thinking test). The researchers used two tools: the first was an achievement test of (28) items, and the second was a visual thinking test in sciences of (25) items. The reliability of both tests was verified as well as its discriminating power. The researchers made plans for three groups (experimental and Control). The stability of achievement was (0.86), and that of visual thinking (0.84) using kodur Richardson 20 formula. The experiment began in the first semester of the academic year (2020-2021) And lasted for (11) weeks. The researchers taught the samples after teaching the subjects according to teaching plans prepared by researchers for the three groups. Researchers applied both tools to three groups later. The data was collected and analyzed statistically using unilateral variance analysis and chive test. Then, the results showed the outperform of both strategies over the traditional method.

The Urgency of English Teaching in Private Primary School: Stakeholders’ Perceptions

This research is aimed to find out the stakeholders’ perception regarding the urgency of English teaching in primary school, although English is not included as mandatory in the national curriculum of primary education level. A qualitative approach was applied to the design of this descriptive study. The data were collected through questionnaires and semi-constructed interviews. The sample of this research consists of 12 teachers and 12 parents from 4 primary schools with different demographic areas. The findings were drawn out from depth analysis of data and a review of relevant pieces of literature on the research. It showed that the stakeholders have the same perception that English should be taught since primary school because it was their golden age to learn many things. It was also in agreement that English subject was needed to be taught in primary school since there are numerous advantages to learning English at early age.

Prevalence of Obesity in Private Primary Schools in The City of Goma

Prevalence of Obesity in Private Primary Schools in The City of Goma

Self-Efficacy and Parents' Perspectives of Elementary School Students in Online Learning During Covid-19

This study intends to investigate the self-efficacy and perspectives of primary school parents in an online learning during COVID-19. The survey method was applied in this study with a random sampling technique for parents in West Java. Participants included in this study were 95 parents of elementary school students. The instruments applied were open and closed questionnaires. Overall, parental self-efficacy was moderate, namely 45.98. Parents' self-efficacy in public primary schools was higher than from private primary schools. However, in inferential, there was no significant difference between the self-efficacy of parents in public and private primary schools. 55% of parents rated online learning as effective. For students, 44% of parents felt that students had difficulties understanding online learning materials at home. On the other hand, 82% of parents felt student assessments assisted in learning from home. 93% of parents found it easy to access online learning. 68% of parents were satisfied with online learning during COVID-19. Thus, online learning is a breakthrough in learning activities with the use of future technology during COVID-19. Educators are also required to create interactive learning through online learning platform and with the cooperation from parents at home.

Maternal characteristics as predictors of immunization status of under-five in Ebonyi State of Nigeria. A community based cross-sectional study

Background: : Childhood immunization with the interacting factors has been a significant public health challenge especially in the sub-Saharan Africa. Nigeria has been presented as one the countries with the worst under-five mortality rates, and factors affecting childhood immunization are poorly understood. This study determined the influence of maternal characteristics as a predictor of immunization status of under-five in Ebonyi State of Nigeria. Subjects and Method: The design in this study is cross-sectional survey. The population of the study was 572,955 under-five children in Ebonyi State from which 2865 was sampled. Data were analyzed using percentages and chi-square. Results: The results revealed that 83.01% of under-5 children were fully immunized, suggesting a high immunization status in Ebonyi State. The chi-square analysis shows a significant influence of mothers’ age (p &lt; 0.05), mothers’ location of residence (p &lt; 0.05), mothers’ educational level (p &lt; 0.05) and immunization status of under-five children. Conclusion: It was concluded that immunization status of under-five children in Ebonyi State was high and maternal characteristics had significant influence on immunization status of under-five children. Thus, it was reco­mmended among others, that government at all levels should provide tangible incentives to mothers who fully immunized their children and promulgate a law to prevent children without immunization cards, also compel mothers, teachers to show full immunization of under-five children by registering in public and private primary schools.