Private Photographs Research Articles

Public and Private Photographs of Children on Kibbutzim in Israel: Observation and Analysis

This article analyzes the private and public practices and conventions of photographing children on kibbutzim between 1948 and 1967. It examines the effects of kibbutz egalitarian socialist ideology and lifestyle on the practices of creating photographs of children and the role of the photographers on kibbutzim. Photographs of children in children's homes and communal child rearing, created on kibbutzim in Israel, were viewed as a representation of the epitome of kibbutz life. The photographs were created to serve the needs of the community and its ideology and eventually developed into a genre of their own. The analysis relates to the process of creation of private photographs of children, found in photo albums of individual families on kibbutzim. The article relates to the role of the kibbutz archive and the practices of archiving and their effect in consolidating collective memory. The research employs a semiotic approach to the analysis of the photographs and relates to social communications that developed and their contribution to the construction of meaning in the images.

Online Privacy: IP Addresses and Expeditious Disclosure of Identity in India

Over the past decade, the internet has frequently been used in India for the perpetration of a range of ‘cyber crimes’ – from extortion to defamation to financial fraud. In a revealing statistic, in 2010 the Mumbai police reportedly “received 771 complaints about internet-related offenses, 319 of which were from women who were the victims of fake profiles, online upload of private photographs and obscene emails.” Law enforcement authorities in India have not exactly lagged behind in bringing these new age cyber criminals to book, and have installed special ‘Cyber crime cells’ in different cities to combat crimes on the internet. As even a casual Google search with the phrase “IP address, police, India” would reveal, police authorities in different cities in India have been quite successful in employing IP Address data obtained from web-services and ISPs to trace culprits. However, along with its utility in the detection of crime, the tracking of persons by their IP addresses is potentially invasive of individuals’ privacy. In the absence of a culture of strict adherence to the ‘rule of law’ by the police apparatus in India, the unbridled ability to track persons through IP addresses has the potential of becoming an extremely oppressive tool of surveillance.In this short note, I review the statutory mechanism regulating the retention and disclosure of IP addresses by internet companies in India.

This We Remember: Consuming Representation via the Web Posting of War Photographs

Consumers are increasingly searching for beautiful memories. Memory is not solely the work of the mind retrieving a “true” past. People represent their unique past to (re)construct their identity and seek social links with others who share the remembered events. Through visual analysis of the web posting of war photographs by Vietnam veterans, this paper explores how people consume representations in remembering, reconstructing identities and building a mnemonic community. The analysis suggests that individual remembering is nested within collective remembering. A conceptual framework viewing remembering as mediated action helps to explain how consumers use representations in remembering. This process is carried out not only by individuals but also by cultural institutions. American Vietnam veterans use consumer products including private photographs, movies, books, travel trips and the Internet as tools to assist in the on‐going process of remembering. They add their own voice into the social representation system to create representations that further express who they are and to connect with their community. The constructed memory shapes consumers' present. This in turn modifies their representation of their pasts which become involved in changing the larger social representation system.

Vietnam in First Person: The Virtual Vietnam Archive

Although the essays in this issue provide excellent background information about the Vietnam War, teachers and students may feel challenged to delve deeper into the ways in which ordinary men and women experienced the war. Private photographs, miscellaneous artifacts from the war, and oral histories will complement the films, documentaries, and books mentioned throughout this issue. This article will highlight one particularly good source of such primary resources: the Virtual Vietnam Archive at Texas Tech University, at <http://www.vietnam.ttu.edu/virtualarchive/>. In 1989, a group of Vietnam veterans from west Texas met at Texas Tech University to explore the ways in which they could use their experiences in Vietnam in a positive, constructive manner. They decided to pool their stories, photographs, and artifacts, creating an extensive archive to preserve their experiences and make them available to scholars attempting to understand the war. The Texas Tech University Board of Regents extended the...

Re‐examining total institutions: a case study from Queensland

AbstractMissions and reserves in Queensland dating from the 1880s to early 1980s have specific spatial and physical characteristics that fit Erving Goffman's structural description of ‘total institutions' (1962:74). These specific characteristics, analysed here, include locks, wire mesh enclosed verandahs, barred windows, barbed wire fences, strictly regimented spaces and segregated built environments. Material culture in the forms of photographic evidence, surveyed maps and plans are employed. This kind of primary evidence is used due to the paucity of survival of other more traditional forms of archaeological evidence to answer questions concerning the original layout and built environment of mission and reserve sites. This paper about Queensland challenges the findings of research by Rowse (1993), Lydon (2000) and Trigger (1992, 1985) concerning the application of ‘total institutions' to missions and reserves in Australia. Many missions and reserves in Queensland were total institutions and the spatial and physical environment of these institutions was an attempt at social control over Aboriginal peoples. The physical and spatial environment of missions and reserves in Queensland can be seen as a reflection of power relations in modern society.

A fascinating spectacle of inconsistencies

Much has been written about the `production' of sexuality in Nazi Germany; the specific ways of constructing male heroes and frail (but also strong) women coming together in a cold and distant way in the service of eugenics and a new society. Thus it was a national and political concept of sexuality in the narrow sense whereby sexuality was inextricably linked with the benefit of `Volk, Reich und Vaterland'. But an analysis of private photographs and the `unpolitical' sections of the newspapers of the period reveals elements of love and eroticism which indicate that, even in the Nazi context, the notion of an essential sexuality can be questioned. This article, on the one hand, discusses sexuality in the Nazi era from official and private photographs and, on the other hand, makes observations about the actuality of the Nazi concept even in (post)modern societies. The aim of the article is to look at a specific aspect of normality to obtain a more precise understanding of the Nazi era.

A fascinating spectacle of inconsistencies

Much has been written about the `production' of sexuality in Nazi Germany; the specific ways of constructing male heroes and frail (but also strong) women coming together in a cold and distant way in the service of eugenics and a new society. Thus it was a national and political concept of sexuality in the narrow sense whereby sexuality was inextricably linked with the benefit of `Volk, Reich und Vaterland'. But an analysis of private photographs and the `unpolitical' sections of the newspapers of the period reveals elements of love and eroticism which indicate that, even in the Nazi context, the notion of an essential sexuality can be questioned. The article, on the one hand, discusses sexuality in the Nazi era from official and private photographs and, on the other hand, makes observations about the actuality of the Nazi concept even in (post)modern societies. The aim of the article is to look at a specific aspect of normality to obtain a more precise understanding of the Nazi era.

Editorial Foreword

Editorial Foreword Melvin I. Urofsky Chair, Board of Editors We begin this issue on a note ofsorrow, with the passing of retired Chief Justice Warren E. Burger. The members of the Society, as well as other readers ofthis Journal, will remember him forhis foresight and encouragement in the estab­ lishmentofan organizationdedicatedto the study and the promotion of the history of this nation’s highest tribunal. This particular issue demonstrates that there are many ways oflooking at that history. We are pleased to be able to carry a speech by a member of our northern neighbor’s constitutional court. We also think that most of our readers, many of whom studiedtheCourt’s historymorethana few years back, will find the article on teaching that history today to be of interest. Certainly our children, and their children, will be learning, and notjust about the Court, in a far different manner than we did. We arealso delightedthatone ofourmembers, the Honorable Sheldon S. Cohen, brought to us a document of inestimable worth, the diary that William O. Douglas kept during his first Term on theBench. The commentsfoundthere do muchto explain why the Court inthe 1940s earned a repu­ tation as one ofthe most fractious in our history. At the other end of the Court’s history, we have a new John Marshall document uncovered by the Documentary History Project of the Supreme Court 1789-1800. Itis from scraps likethese,both large and small, that historians can attempt to deciphertheoftencomplexhistoryofthe Supreme Court. Regrettably, the authorofthe article about the letter, James C. Brandow, passed away on November 11,1995. He had been an editorat the Project since 1989 and will be much missed. Two of our members have also contributed memoirs that we are proud to publish, since they shed light on different aspects of the Court’s history. Milton Handler and Robert L. Stem have had long and distinguished careers at the bar and aspublic servants, and theirpathshave frequently led them, in one capacity or another, to enter the Court as counsel for both the government and private litigants. Professor Handler recalls his year as a clerk with one ofthe giants oftwentiethcenturyjurisprudence , Harlan Fiske Stone, while Mr. Stem discusseshis service inthe Office ofthe Solicitor General during one ofthe mosttumultu­ ouseras inourhistory. Handler’s article isgreatly enhanced by private photographs taken by Louis Lusky, also a Stone clerk and a distinguished Columbia Law School professor, who has gener­ ously donated them to the Society. The establishment of a prize for a student essay has again yielded an article that we would have been happy to carry even if it had not been submitted for the Hughes-Gossett Award. The great outpouring of writing on Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr., continues, in part at least, because of the way that Holmes has become an icon in ourjudicial history. I. Scott Messinger explores how that idolization began while Holmes still lived. Finally, we are adding one new feature this year, a retrospective book review. There are a smallnumberofclassicworksinAmericanconsti­ tutional history, and such is the fashion of schol­ arship that many ofthem are no longer known today. Beginning with this issue, we will carry reviews of classic books. John Paul Jones looks at the first modern analysis ofthe Court’s workload; next year his colleague, Michael Wolf, will look at the first modern history of the Court, that of Charles Warren. With this issue Clare Cushman takes over as managing editor, replacingJennifer M. Lowe, who has moved overto be Director of Programs. I want to thank Jennifer for all she has done the last few years, not least of which was to help a new editor over the hurdles of actually getting this periodical into your hands. Finally, let me thank those ofyou who have eitherdirectly or indirectly let us know thatyou like what we are trying to do with the Journal. You can help us to make it a better publication by sending us any ideas you may have. This is, after all, the journal of the members of the Supreme Court Historical Society. We are all bound together by our interest in that body’s history, and there are many roads left for us to explore. ACKNOWLEDGMENT The Officers...