Private Investment In Education Research Articles

정부당파성에 따른 교육시장화 비교 분석 연구 : 유럽 및 북미 국가의 민간교육 투자와 사립학교 등록 비율을 중심으로

This paper purposed to analyze the marketization of education according to education policy determined by political factors by presenting changes in private education investment and private school enrollment rates in European and North American countries according to government partisanship. As with other policies, it was derived that fundamental changes occur in educational policies because of political factors rather than fragmentary educational considerations.
 Based on the main support of the high-income class, the right-wing party revitalizes the education market. It lowers education regulations to increase the effectiveness of private investment in education. As a result, there is a high possibility that education marketization will intensify. On the contrary, the left-wing party supported by the low-income class tries to reduce the effect of private investment. Rather than segmentation according to the special separation of secondary education, integration and education regulation are strengthened to reorganize the system to lower the marketization of education.
 This article, I looked at education marketization according to government partisanship and analyzed changes in education policy. Regarding education marketization, the ratio of private education expenditure and the ratio of private school student enrollment were used as dependent variables, and the cabinet composition ratio of left-wing and right-wing parties was used as independent variables. Through panel statistical analysis, this article obtained significant results on the changes in education marketization that differ depending on the left and right-wing government partisanship.
 In conclusion, it can be seen that the partisanship of the governments of the left and right has changed the education policies to realize the policies of their constituencies.

Private Investment in Education and Linkage to Future Employment in India: Will the Pandemic Take its Toll?

Pandemic and online learning have added to barriers to education. Lack of digital access, difficulty in communication with teachers and lack of peer support create major hurdles in learning for a large proportion of the student population. New entry barriers to better jobs, level and quality of higher education, will add to existing social barriers of gender, caste and nepotism. This will perpetuate a vicious cycle of low education and low incomes. In this paper, we investigate whether there is a threshold of level of education for better jobs in India? We find that higher secondary education is a threshold required for entry into good jobs. We observe increasing returns to private investments in higher levels of education and higher returns to education in the formal sector jobs compared to the informal sector. Will deficits in education during the pandemic reduce investments in education? We study these issues mainly using secondary data from the National Sample Office (NSO). The purpose of this short paper is to build research hypotheses regarding the relation between investment in education and employment, which we highlight in the conclusion.

EFFECTS OF INSECURITY ON SCHOOL ADMINISTRATION IN NIGERIA

This paper centers its discussion on “the effects of insecurity on school administration in the Nigerian educational institutions”. Secondary data were used to support the points raised in the article. The data were sourced from print materials and online publications by recognized institutions and individual authors. This paper identified unemployment, poverty, illiteracy, marginalization, political factors, international influence, and communal crisis as the bane of insecurity in the Nigeria. This paper also identified loss of manpower in educational institutions, poor quality of education, destructions of infrastructural facilities, brain-drain, closure of educational institutions, discouragement of educational pursuit by children, internal displacement of learners, reduction of private investment in education and inadequate funding of education as the impact of insecurity on school administration in Nigeria. In order to address the challenges of insecurity on school administration in Nigeria, the paper recommends among other things: That government should ensure that, the political will to fight all forms of insecurity in the country through the application of best strategies are honestly and sincerely put in place.

Effects of Insecurity on School Administration in Nigeria

This paper centers its discussion on“the effects ofinsecurity on school administration in the Nigerian educational institutions”. Secondary data were used to support the points raised in the article. The data were sourced from print materials and online publications by recognized institutions and individual authors. This paper identified unemployment, poverty, illiteracy, marginalization, political factors, international influence, and communal crisisas the bane of insecurity in the Nigeria. This paper also identified loss of manpower in educational institutions, poor quality of education, destructions of infrastructural facilities, brain-drain, closure of educational institutions, discouragement of educational pursuit by children, internal displacement of learners,reduction of private investment in education and inadequate funding of education as the impact of insecurity on school administration in Nigeria. In order to address the challenges of insecurity on school administration in Nigeria, the paper recommends among other things:That government should ensure that, the political will to fight all forms of insecurity in the country through the application of best strategies are honestly and sincerely put in place.

Развитие образования и экономический рост в развитых и развивающихся страна (EDucation Development and Economic Growth in Developed and Developing Countries)

Russian Abstract: Развитие системы образования рассматривается как одно из важнейших условий, обеспечивающих накопление человеческого капитала, экономический рост, социальную динамику и, одновременно, социальную стабильность. В последние годы появляется все больше исследований, стремящихся связать накопление человеческого капитала с темпами экономического роста в развитых и развивающихся странах. Одновременно делаются попытки показать, какой вклад вносит образование, которое формирует общие и профессиональные компетенции человека, в развитие человеческого капитала и, соответственно, связать государственные и частные вложения в образование как важнейший фактор развития данной сферы с экономическим ростом. Соответственно, объемы вложений в образование, увеличение сроков обучения рассматриваются как возможные измерители накопленного в той или иной стране количества человеческого капитала. При этом одновременно исследователи стремятся учесть не только длительность обучения, но и его качество. В настоящей работе анализируются основные тенденции развития образования во взаимосвязи с динамикой экономического роста в развитых и развивающихся странах, а также факторы, определяющие взаимозависимость развития образования и темпов экономического роста в разных странах. English Abstract: The development of the education system is considered as one of the most important conditions ensuring the accumulation of human capital, economic growth, social dynamics and, at the same time, social stability. In recent years, more and more research has been emerging that seeks to link the accumulation of human capital with economic growth in developed and developing countries. At the same time, attempts are being made to show how education, which forms the general and professional competencies of a person, makes a contribution to the development of human capital and, accordingly, connect public and private investments in education as an important factor in the development of this sphere with economic growth. Accordingly, the volume of investments in education, increasing the duration of training are considered as possible indicators of the amount of human capital accumulated in a given country. At the same time, researchers are striving to take into account not only the duration of training, but also its quality. This paper analyzes the main trends in the development of education in conjunction with the dynamics of economic growth in developed and developing countries, as well as factors determining the interdependence of educational development and economic growth in different countries.

Methodological Techniques for Evaluating the Efficiency of Private Investment in Education

Methodological Techniques for Evaluating the Efficiency of Private Investment in Education

Methodological approaches to assessing the effectiveness of private investment in education

Methodological approaches to assessing the effectiveness of private investment in education

The spatial configuration of innovation networks in China

China is rising and gradually developing into an innovation-oriented economy. This transition is fueled by public and private investment in education and by increasing inputs into science and technology. Little attention, however, has been paid to the great differences in China-specific context peculiarity. Hence, the paper assesses Chinese innovation networks using a comprehensive analytical model that includes network configuration, regional environment, government interference and firm attributes. The empirical analysis examines China’s machinery manufacturing industry to test the determinants of the spatial character of Chinese innovation networks based on questionnaire surveys and illustrative cases. Our study finds that Chinese innovation networks are affected not only by innovation resource endowments and firm attributes, but also by government interference and regional culture. Regarding the influence of regional culture, the typical Northern culture with the importance of guanxi plays an important role in the process of searching for partners and makes the innovation network and interpersonal network interwoven. Firms’ ownership and innovation ability are the two essential variables to determine whether any of the regional elements are of significance.

The emerging global education industry: analysing market-making in education through market sociology

ABSTRACTThis paper addresses the rise and consequences of an emerging global education industry (GEI), which represents new forms of private, for profit involvement in education across the globe. The paper explores the emergence within the GEI of new and varied, largely transnational, markets in education by focusing on three examples of the GEI at work. The first example addresses the issue of Charter Schools, what they have come to represent, how they have been implemented, and, especially, the impact they have had on public schooling more broadly. While they have taken different forms in different places, they have succeeded in installing the idea of quasi-markets in education, which has been directly instrumental in opening up opportunities for private investment in education. The second example concerns the ways that the increasingly global standardisation of education policies, provision and practices, presents lucrative opportunities for investment and profit. The forms and consequences of such standardisation are described in the contrasting cases of Qatar, Mongolia and Indonesia. The third example concerns low-fee private schools in the Global South. Far from such schools being seen as local initiatives, the paper shows how they have become a major opportunity for profitable investment by international corporations.

Perspectives of increase of university education effectiveness

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to determine the perspectives of increase of effectiveness of university education, related to the use of private educational resources.Design/methodology/approachIn order to determine the dependence of effectiveness of university education on the use of private educational resources, this work uses the instrumentarium of economic analysis – in particular, the method of correlation analysis – for finding the value of the coefficient of correlation and regression analysis for compiling the model of paired linear regression. Using them, the authors determine the dependence of the quality of human resources in the country on the number of private organizations with their own educational resources and on the volume of private investments in education on the basis of the 2010-2014 data. In order to ensure comprehensiveness of research, it was conducted following the example of various countries – USA, India, France, Germany, and Russia.FindingsThe authors define the notion and determine the specifics of private educational resources, study their structure and sources, and substantiate the increase of effectiveness of university education as a result of the use of private educational resources with the help of economic and mathematical instrumentarium.Practical implicationsPractical significance of the research consists in the fact that proprietary conclusions, related to the use of private educational resources, are recommended for use in modern universities for increase of effectiveness of the system of university education.Originality/valueThe theoretical value of the conducted research is determined by its contribution to the development of the concept of human resources, through substantiation of necessity for use of new methods of their formation by means of use of private educational resources in the system of university education, as well as by its development of the concept of economic effectiveness, through determination of a new factor of effectiveness of university education – the use of private educational resources.

Simulations of Technology-induced and Crisis-led Stochastic and Chaotic Fluctuations in Higher Education Processes: A Model and a Case Study for Performance and Expected Employment

AbstractThis paper presents a simple model of the provision of higher educational services that considers and exemplifies nonlinear, stochastic, and potentially chaotic processes. I use the methods of system dynamics to simulate these processes in the context of a particular sociologically interesting case, namely that of the Turkish higher education sector during the recent global economic crisis. I undertake simulations for two variables, namely for the quality-adjusted performance and the technology-induced expected employment. Simulations for the quality-adjusted performance display stochastic fluctuations around a modestly rising deterministic trend. Chaotic performance trajectories are shown to be possible for certain parameter values; however, given the historical experience and observed current tendencies in higher education in Turkey, they appear to be highly unlikely. Simulations for expected employment indicate that increases in the levels of technology utilization in education could lead to improved perceptions of employment prospects and potentially help to increase the level of employment in the economy.Keywords: Stochastic simulation * Chaotic patterns * Education * TurkeyJEL codes: I21 * I23(ProQuest: ... denotes formulae omitted.)Education has a number of complexity-generating, interrelated features that present considerable challenges to the orthodox economic theory. First, it creates, for individuals in particular and society in general, positive dynamic externalities that are too enormous to ignore and too difficult to measure and internalize. In the presence of such externalities, underproduction of output or services is a likely intertemporal outcome, leading to inefficiency at the societal level. Second, education creates interdependencies for the strategically interacting agents that make atomistically optimizing behavior problematic, producing a wide range of possibilities for cooperation and competition with complicated patterns of stability and optimality. Third, it involves a wide range of nonlinearities that are prone to potentially chaotic behavior. A small change in the initial conditions could produce significant differences in outcomes over time. Fourth, it has, in part, certain indeterminate, stochastic, and/or fundamentally uncertain dimensions that render the educational outcomes open-ended and only partially predictable.There are a number of works in the literature that explore the selected dimensions of these complexities. Among these are Barlas, Diker, and Polat (1997); Barlas and Diker (2000); Hazlett (2000); De Fraja (2002); Marginson (2007); Kara (2007; 2013); Viaene and Zilcha (2009); Loomis and Rodrigues (2009); Eckwert and Zilcha (2012); Budge, Beale, and Lynas (2013); Velasco (2014); Aasen, Proitz, and Sandberg (2014); Schumacher, Dias, and Tebaldi (2014); and Kuziemko (2014).The topics covered by these works range from the dynamic and strategic issues in education to the design of optimal education policies. Needless to say, each work was certainly limited in scope and focused a particular aspect of education. Barlas and Diker (2000) focused, for instance, on the longterm, dynamic, strategic management problems, such as growing student/faculty ratios, poor teaching quality, and low research productivity (p. 331). The analysis they present could be considerably enriched by a proper account of positive externalities associated with education. Such externalities are indicated in Hazlett (2000). The creation of such education-induced spillover benefits has a lot to do with the public and private investment in education, the public and private organization of education, and creative designs of optimal educational policies, which are explored, however partially, in many works including De Fraja (2000), Marginson (2007) and Eckwert and Zilcha (2012).Within this general stream of research education, there are many saddle issues that are delicately dealt with. …

Developmental education for innovation: lessons from an experience in Kenya

Promoting innovation through education is a challenge for both advanced industrial and developing economies. The linkages between public and private investment in education, the kind of education that is needed and sources of social and economic dynamism are all-important. These linkages are particularly challenging in the Global South, where many types of dynamism and social need are ‘below the radar’. This is the backdrop to a practice-based project that used training in technology policy and innovation research to promote employability and innovation capability in key sectors in Kenya. We use findings from surveys, interviews, workshops and stakeholder meetings to rethink the role of education and training in supporting innovation that focuses on social need. We contribute to debate by arguing for a developmental education system based on a multi-sector and multi-organisational approach, and which combines different types of education, training and learning in collaboration with public and private sector enterprise.

Private Investment in Higher Education: Comparing Alternative Funding Schemes

This paper uses an overlapping generations framework to analyse the implications of different financing regimes in the education sector for human capital formation and economic welfare. Agents privately invest in education after they have received a noisy information signal about their abilities. The incentives of individuals to invest in education are determined by the financing regime under which the economy operates. We analyse and compare three financing regimes. Under each regime, the payback obligation of an educational loan is contingent, to some extent, on an individual's future income.

Taxation, human capital formation, and long-run growth with private investment in education

By extending a long-run endogenous growth model to include (i) both public and private investments in human capital formation and (ii) endogenous population growth, this paper examines the growth effects of Indonesian government policy that lowered the capital income tax rate in the mid-1980s. Quantitative analysis of the model finds that the introduction of these two features not only makes economic growth more sensitive to changes in capital income taxation than in models that omit these features, but also produces a relatively high growth rate as observed in the data. Moreover, results show that the growth effects of changes in public spending on education are stronger than those of taxation. This suggests that in the endogenous growth model, public policy aimed at enhancing human capital is more conducive to growth than a physical investment-encouraging tax reform.

Improvement in information and private investment in education

This paper uses the framework of an OLG economy for an analysis of the dynamic interaction between the precision of information about individual skills, investment in education, human capital accumulation, and social welfare. The human capital of an individual depends on both his (subjectively) random ability and his investment in education. Individual investment in education is financed through a loan contract with income-contingent terms of repayment. Investment decisions are based on public signals (test outcomes) which screen all agents for their abilities. We find that better information, which allows more efficient screening, enhances aggregate human capital formation but may, at the same time, stifle aggregate investment in education. Moreover, social welfare may increase or decline depending on the transformation technology and on the relative measure of risk aversion.

Private Investment in Higher Education: Comparing Alternative Funding Schemes

This paper uses an overlapping generations framework to analyze the implications of different financing regimes in the education sector for human capital formation and economic welfare. Agents privately invest in education after they have received a noisy information signal about their abilities. The incentives of the individuals to invest in education are determined by the financing regime under which the economy operates. The paper analyzes and compares three financing regimes. Under each regime, the payback obligation of an educational loan is contingent, to some extent, on an individual’s future income.

Economic implications of better information in a dynamic framework

We consider an OLG model with accumulation in human capital and analyze the economic implications of information about individual skills. Agents in each period differ by the random innate ability assigned to each individual. When young, all agents are screened for their abilities and this screening process (signal) constitutes a public information which is used in choosing the level of private investment in education. We demonstrate that in the presence of risk sharing markets better information may be harmful for all in equilibrium, and find conditions under which better information either enhances growth or reduces growth.

Education Expenditure Responses to Crop Loss in Indonesia: A Gender Bias

This paper examines the impact of transitory income on educational expenditure using data from the 1993 Indonesian Family Life Survey covering a sample of 7224 households across 13 provinces in Indonesia. Also it investigates whether households are able to smooth consumption. Several assumptions were made in this paper. First it obtains estimates of permanent and transitory income. Second it studies the educational expenditure instead of the total expenditure or savings. Third it examines gender differences in educational expenditure after crop loss. Overall data show that the self-reported measures that the respondents took to overcome crop loss suggest that not all farm households are capable of smoothing consumption in the face of income shocks. Of the households that reported a crop loss in 1993 34% reported that they cut expenditure which may be due to lack of access to credit markets or labor markets. Considering the socially valuable category of educational expenditure it is noted that the households reporting a cutback on expenditure have a marginal propensity to consume education. The estimate of the marginal propensity to spend on education out of transitory income is 0.822 and strongly significant for households that reported cutting back on expenditure and having girls of school age. This research suggests that providing subsidies for girls education may be a suitable way of targeting educational policies.

Student loans in developing countries: government versus company loans

Using data from the International Finance Corporation study on private investment in education, Tooley and West give details of two types of international experience with student loans. In particular they look at the government student loan scheme in Thailand and loan schemes offered by various for‐profit and nonprofit education companies in Peru, Colombia and India. Difficulties are pointed out with regard to the government scheme, which it may be possible to alleviate under the company schemes.

Private Investment in Public Education: Boon or Boondoggle?

This article investigates two aspects of corporate involvement in public education: commercialization of public schools and use of private companies to deliver instructional services or to manage schools. The extent of private investment in education and arguments for and against these activities are reviewed. Also explored are value conflicts among supporters and critics of such corporate involvement and implications of recent developments in this arena for the future of public education.