Private Income Research Articles

The dynamic relationship between macroeconomic factors and current account balance: Panel evidence from 28 African countries

This study empirically tests the validity of the current account theory using a panel ARDL estimation technique for 28 African countries from 1980 to 2019. Also, the study examined the effect of private consumption, income, government spending, investment, and inflation on the current account balance. Applying data to Obstfeld and Rogoff‘s inter-temporal current account model, the results show that the current account theory holds for the selected SSA countries in the short run but not in the long run. In addition, the study finds that an increase in private consumption, government expenditure, and investment leads to the deterioration of the current account balance in both the long and short run. In contrast, higher GDP per capita and inflation improved the current account balance in both the long and short run. The novelty of the article is that it is the first study to empirically test the validity of Obstfeld and Rogoff's inter-temporal current account model. This study also contributes to the literature focusing on developing countries, specifically, African countries. The study recommends that policymakers adopt policies to promote private savings, economic growth, fiscal discipline and macroeconomic stability to stimulate the current account balance in the region.

Social ties at work and effort choice: Experimental evidence from Tanzania

Many firms hire workers via social networks. Whether workers who are socially connected to their employers exert more effort on the job is an unsettled debate. We address this question through a novel experiment with small-business owners in Tanzania. Participants are paired with a worker who conducts a real-effort task, and receive a payoff that depends on the worker’s effort. Some business owners are randomly paired with workers they know, while others are paired with strangers. We find that being connected to one’s employer does not affect workers’ effort on average, but increases the effort of workers without children. Our results are consistent with workers having an altruistic drive in exerting effort when they work for someone they know, which fades away when their valuation of private income becomes stronger.

Profitability and cost-effectiveness analysis of brucellosis control in Armenia: A One Health approach

Abstract Brucellosis is endemic in the Republic of Armenia and constitutes a financial and public health burden on the nation. Control of the disease is currently using the test-and-slaughter strategy, reportedly at a coverage level deemed insufficient to interrupt transmission by the authorities responsible for disease control. A key aspect of this control strategy is the shared costs between the agricultural and public health sectors. An earlier study conducted by the Advanced One Health Class at the Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute developed a mathematical-compartmental transmission model to represent the transmission of Brucella between cattle, sheep, and humans. The study simulated the performance of the existing control strategy and three other upgraded scenarios over a decade, giving the cumulative incidence of human and livestock prevalence (2022–2031). Based on the cumulative incidence of human and livestock prevalence from 10-year simulations, this study evaluates Armenia’s current brucellosis control program’s profitability, cost-effectiveness, and cost distribution for the existing test-and-slaughter level and three proposed upgraded scenarios in cattle and sheep. In these scenarios, the percentages represent the proportion of animals that were culled when they tested positive for brucellosis: Scenario 1 – 86% of cattle and 65% of sheep; Scenario 2 – 88% of cattle and 70% of sheep; Scenario 3 – 90% of cattle and 75% of sheep. Further estimations were made on public and private health costs, and income loss of human brucellosis patients averted through the different livestock-level interventions. The incremental livestock production and the averted human health cost were summed up as societal benefits of brucellosis interventions. From a societal perspective, the most profitable scenario is estimated to have a net present value of US$ 41.82 million, from an overall cost of US$ 48.27 million and a benefit of US$ 6.45 million, resulting in a benefit-cost ratio of 0.133 at 80% compensation for farmers’ losses and discounted at 5%. From a public health perspective, the cost-effectiveness ratio for the same intervention scenario is US$ 1587 per DALY averted (95% CI: US$ 1268–US$ 2009). When private costs, which are the private income loss and out-of-pocket costs of patients, are added to the public health costs, the cost-effectiveness decreases to US$ 6727 per DALY averted at a 5% discount rate (95% CI: US$ 5371–US$ 8504). These cost-effectiveness and benefit-cost ratios highlight the remarkable disparity in the cost of the test-and-slaughter strategy across the agriculture and public health sectors. Our study highlights the need to reassess the cost-effectiveness of the test-and-slaughter strategy for brucellosis control in Armenia and consider an equitable distribution of the cost of the test-and-slaughter strategy among the sectors as this could facilitate better disease control and cost-effectiveness of the strategy. Armenia should view brucellosis elimination as a public good, justifying public spending for compensation. As seen in other countries, its elimination could boost the economy by lowering trade barriers, making brucellosis-free status a societal benefit. One Health impact statement Our study focuses on controlling brucellosis in Armenia using an integrated approach called One Health, which seeks to demonstrate the incremental benefit of closer cooperation between human and animal health and other sectors. We evaluate how profitable and cost-effective test-and-slaughter interventions are in improving the health of both humans and animals while also considering the costs for farmers and the state. Using a One Health approach, we can better understand the cross-sector expenses related to the disease and develop more efficient strategies to interrupt transmission and eventually eliminate the disease. The result is improved animal and human health outcomes, enhanced livelihoods, and a positive contribution to the economy’s overall growth (Narrod et al ., 2012 ). To carry out this study, we collaborated closely with non-academic partners from the Food Safety and Inspectorate Body (FSIB) and the National Centre for Disease Control in Armenia (NCDC). This collaboration resulted in the creation of valuable knowledge and practical solutions, underscoring the importance of working together across different sectors, including indigenous communities, academia, and non-academic organizations.

Modeling the demographic situation in the regions by agent-based approach

The aim of the paper is to predict demographic changes at the regional level, based on the variation of the parameters of the healthcare system presumed to be a significant factor in both the number of population and its qualitative characteristics. It is assumed that a reform of the healthcare system reflects the institutional nature of state regulation and serves functionally as an exogenous shock in the model. Based on the agent-based modeling a model consisting of two regions has been developed. It takes into account the migration of agents making decisions based on the level of private income. Various scenarios for modeling demographic indicators are presented, depending on the selected quality regime of the healthcare system that reflects the institutional features of the region. The model is calculated based on the statistics for the Perm Region and the Sverdlovsk Region for the period 2012—2019. The approbation of the model on actual regional data confirmed its operability and adequacy. Shocks in the healthcare system are associated with the corresponding budget expenditures under budget constraints of the regional government sector and have an impact on the dynamics of migration at regional labor markets, as well as on the simulated health indicators. The simulation results confirm the effectiveness of the presented methodological approach, which can be used in the development of regional strategies, as well as planning and assessing the consequences of state reforms in social policy.

The Effects of Implementing Three Climate-Smart Practices with an Integrated Landscape Approach on Functional Connectivity and Carbon Storage

Climate-smart practices are actions that can be implemented without affecting agricultural activities and that can promote these activities, generating direct and indirect benefits in ecosystem services provision and increasing agricultural productivity and private income. The present study evaluated the effect of three climate-smart actions (establishment of isolated trees, recovery of riparian vegetation, and implementation of live fences) on increased functional landscape connectivity and carbon storage. Three scenarios with rates of participation ranging from 5 to 100% were tested in two watersheds with different degrees of conservation and a high priority for national food production in Mexico. The main results suggest climate-smart practices positively impact landscape connectivity and carbon sequestration. However, the improvement in landscape connectivity mainly benefits species of short displacement (50–100 m), and the increase in carbon storage is directly linear to the area implemented in these practices. Also, the effectiveness of the modeled actions depends on the landscape structure, which was implemented with the highest benefits in watersheds with intense agricultural activity. The findings can support decision-makers in selecting the best strategies to increase landscape connectivity and carbon sequestration in productive landscapes.

Complements or Substitutes? Young Germans’ Experience and Expectations with Financing Sources for Long-Term Care

ABSTRACT Financing long-term care is a growing challenge in aging societies. To address this challenge, Germany created public long-term care insurance (DPV) more than 25 years ago. Germans still need to prepare for their own care throughout their life course to supplement public insurance. This study presents descriptive statistics and multivariate regression analysis to examine young Germans’ experiences and expectations of the relationship between the DPV and private financing sources. We base our analysis on a proprietary data set of young Germans (16–39 years old) that oversamples those with caregiving experience and East Germans. We find that public long-term care insurance is a substitute for rather than a complement to other financing sources. Specifically, many young Germans do not count on public long-term care insurance to finance care. Instead, they see private funding sources as substitutes for long-term care insurance. Those who count on private long-term care insurance are between 48 and 70% less likely to count on DPV benefits. Experience with care increases the likelihood of young Germans expecting future public benefits by factor of six or 18, depending on the specific care familiarity. Young Germans are also more likely to count on future generations to support their own care than they expect themselves to support the care of their parents through the DPV. Given that the DPV provides basic universal insurance that requires some complementary private income sources, our findings suggest that young Germans, who will need to build some of these income sources throughout their careers, are underestimating the value of the DPV and overestimating their own ability to pay for long-term care. Policymakers will need to reduce the political risks to the DPV and increase young Germans’ savings over the life-course to address this imbalance.

Comparative study of poverty dynamics and income structure: Pre and post COVID-19 impact on households with and without disabilities in South Korea

BackgroundThe COVID-19 pandemic, as an external shock, has affected the health and economic well-being of individuals. Vulnerable populations with limited resources have also been affected, exacerbating societal inequalities throughout the pandemic. ObjectiveThis study examined poverty dynamics in South Korea before and after the COVID-19 outbreak, focusing on changes in the poverty status and income structure of the population with and without disabilities. MethodsWe conducted a multinomial logistic regression analysis using data from the 14th and 16th waves of the Korea Welfare Panel Study. ResultsThe results show that the pandemic had a significant impact on income levels, particularly for individuals who experienced poverty, and notable differences were observed in income structures between groups with and without disabilities. While individuals without disabilities relied primarily on business income and regular as well as irregular income prior to experiencing poverty, those with disabilities experienced a decline in irregular and private transfer income. In addition, the poverty escape groups with and without disabilities showed increases in regular and irregular income. ConclusionThe results of this study show how current population groups with and without disabilities have experienced changes in the poverty structure due to COVID-19. These results highlight the need for a comprehensive social protection system to address the external shocks faced by vulnerable populations.

Analysis of temporal evolution of tourist visits to the Morón de la Frontera region (Spain). Two possible explanatory variables of this evolution

The municipality of Morón de la Frontera located in the province of Seville (Spain) has been promoting tourist visits in recent years, measured through the number of visitors, as another public and private income source. This number, considered at a monthly or annual level, is a good indicator of the tourist evolution of the municipality and, for this reason, in this work, it is chosen as an objective variable, in the sense of trying to explain it from nearby variables. Then, for the said variable, we carry out a TRAMO analysis, reflecting its trend and showing its seasonality. Also, a regression analysis with the objective variable explained by the time series measures the number of monthly visitors to the province of Seville, resulting in a positive and significant correlation of 0.4914 between both series. And, finally, a regression analysis where the objective variable, this time measured at an annual level, is explained by the GDP of the province of Seville, showing a positive and significant correlation, 0.489.

BACKGROUND VERIFICATION AT ERGOS INDIA

Arnold, HR head of ERGOS India, faces a difficult decision when an employee, Swati, is asked to resign due to a discrepancy in her background verification (BGV) and her inability to submit a document proving her past employment. The account team, which serves one of the company’s most valuable clients, wants to retain Swati at any cost due to her impressive performance and a sudden talent crunch. However, the company takes BGV concerns seriously as it poses a compliance issue and a potential ethics code violation. The evidence against Swati is substantive but not conclusive, and there are potential privacy breaches involving her private income tax information. In deciding the case, Arnold must weigh legal, diversity, privacy and inter-team conflict concerns to balance ethics compliance and immediate business needs.

A national evaluation of adjuvant chemotherapy in pT4N0M0 colon cancer from the National Cancer Database.

T stage is a prognostic biomarker for overall survival in colon cancer and pathologic T4 disease is a high-risk characteristic. Adjuvant chemotherapy is recommended to improve overall survival in pT4N0M0, but compliance with guidelines is unknown. We aimed to evaluate adjuvant chemotherapy use and impact on overall survival in pT4N0M0 colon cancer. The National Cancer Database was reviewed for pT4N0M0 colon adenocarcinomas undergoing curative surgical resection (2010-2017). Cases were stratified into no adjuvant chemotherapy and adjuvant chemotherapy cohorts. Moderated multiple regression assessed factors associated with no AC. Kaplan-Meier and Cox regression assessed overall survival in propensity-score matched cohorts. The main outcome measures were adjuvant chemotherapy use, factors associated with adjuvant chemotherapy, and impact on overall survival. Of 11 847 cases, 62.4% (n = 7391) received no adjuvant chemotherapy. With private insurance, comorbidities or income do not affect adjuvant chemotherapy use. Medicare cases with a Charlson-Deyo comorbidity index of 0 (odds ratio [OR] = 0.861, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.760 to 0.975; P = .019) and Medicare payors with high income (OR = 0.813, 95% CI = 0.690 to 0.959; P = .014) were associated with adjuvant chemotherapy. Medicaid Charlson-Deyo comorbidity index 0 (OR = 1.374, 95% CI = 1.125 to 1.679; P = .002) and uninsured Charlson-Deyo comorbidity index 0 (OR = 1.351, 95% CI = 1.120 to 1.629; P = .002) were associated with no adjuvant chemotherapy. Adjuvant chemotherapy was associated with improved 5-year overall survival (71.7% vs 56.4%; P < .001; adjusted hazard ratio = 0.543, 95% CI = 0.499 to 0.590; P < .001). Although adjuvant chemotherapy is associated with improved overall survival, compliance is low. There is a complex relationship between payor, income, comorbidity, and adjuvant chemotherapy receipt. Medicare patients with no comorbidities or higher income have better adjuvant chemotherapy use. With private insurance, adjuvant chemotherapy compliance is not affected by comorbidities or income, whereas Medicaid and uninsured patients with no comorbidities have poor compliance. Future work could target these disparities for equitable care.

Analysis of Budgets of Some Communities of the Martuni Province in 2019-2021

Key words: state budget, municipal budget, special income, own income, expenses, interest, implementation This article presents the planned and actual budgets of some communities of Martuni province, as well as the subsidies allocated from the state budget. The pre-war/2020/ and post-war periods were studied, including those communities that remained occupied by the enemy after the war. The article includes the private incomes of the studied communities, which are important in the formation of budget incomes. In 2019, the total revenues of the 35 municipal budgets of Martuni province amounted to 96.4% of the plan, of which the own revenues actually made up 98.2%, the planned provision was 144075.8 thousand drams, 134,500.0 thousand drams were financed from the state budget: the implementation is 93.4%. The expenses in the specified time-period were planned for 388411.2 thousand drams, as a result 354325.2 thousand drams or 91.2% were used. In 2020, the total revenues of the budgets of the communities of Martuni province actually amounted to 69.8% compared to the plan. At the same time, the implemantation of own revenues was 42.9%. Allocations from the state budget made up 99.9%. The expenses of the communal budgets actually amounted to 75.6% of the plan. It should be noted that the pandemic since the beginning of the year, the war in Karabakh on September 27 affected the formation and use of municipal budgets. In 2021, the income implementation of the budgets of 35 rural areas of Martuni province was actually 80.9%, of which only 66.4% compiled the own incomes. 95.2% of subsidized allocations were made. In 2021, out of the planned 410689.0 thousand drams, 343646.8 thousand drams were actually used for the expenses of the budgets of the communities of the Martuni province; the implementation was 83.7%.

Changes in Private Pensions and Income Inequality in Retirement: A Decomposition Analysis by Income Source in Nine European Countries (1986–2018)

AbstractPrivate pensions have expanded in recent decades in many European countries, albeit to different extent. As private pensions historically have been more unequally distributed than public pensions, it is reasonable to expect that pension privatization has increased the dispersion of incomes among the retired. However, few studies have empirically tested this claim. The purpose of this study is to assess how the expansion of private pensions affects developments of income inequality among the retired. Using microdata from the Luxembourg Income Study, decomposition analyses of income inequality by income source are conducted around 1986 and 2018 in nine European countries. To account for cross-country variations in the public–private pension mix, the study distinguishes between mature multi-pillar systems, emergent multi-pillar systems, and dominant public systems. The results highlight an interesting paradox. Higher shares of private pensions in retirement incomes have a substantial inequality-increasing effect; yet, overall income inequality among the retired has not necessarily increased, for 2 reasons. First, more equally distributed public pensions in emergent multi-pillar systems and declining shares of capital income in mature multi-pillar systems either fully or partially compensated for increased inequality due to larger shares of private pensions. Second, private pensions became more equally distributed among the retired in most countries.

Racial, ethnic, and socioeconomic disparities impact post-liver transplant survival in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma

Introduction and ObjectivesLiver transplantation can be a curative treatment for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC); however, the morbidity and mortality associated with HCC varies by socioeconomic status and race and ethnicity. Policies like Share 35 were implemented to ensure equitable access to organ transplants; however, their impacts are unclear. We aimed to characterize differences in post-liver transplant (LT) survival among patients with HCC, when considering race and ethnicity, income, and insurance type, and understand if these associations were impacted by Share 35. Materials and MethodsWe conducted a retrospective cohort study of 30,610 adult LT recipients with HCC. Data were obtained from the UNOS database. Survival analysis was carried out using Kaplan-Meier curves, and multivariate Cox regression analysis was used to calculate hazard ratios. ResultsMen (HR: 0.90 (95% CI: 0.85-0.95)), private insurance (HR: 0.91 (95% CI: 0.87-0.92)), and income (HR: 0.87 (95% CI: 0.83-0.92)) corresponded with higher post-LT survival, when adjusted for over 20 demographic and clinical characteristics (Table 2). African American or Black individuals were associated with lower post-LT survival (HR: 1.20 (95% CI: 1.12-1.28)), whereas. Asian (HR: 0.79 (95% CI: 0.71-0.88)) or Hispanic (HR: 0.86 (95% CI: 0.81-0.92)) individuals were associated with higher survival as compared with White individuals (Table 2). Many of these patterns held in the pre-Share 35 and Share 35 periods. ConclusionsRacial, ethnic, and socioeconomic disparities at time of transplant, such as private insurance and income, influence post-LT survival in patients with HCC. These patterns persist despite the passage of equitable access policies, such as Share 35.

THE ROLE OF WOMEN IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIETY ACASE STUDY OF WOMEN IN THE CENTERS OF THE COLLEGE OF COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT, AL-NEELAIN UNIVERSITY

The study dealt with the economic and social activity of women at the College of Community Development, El-Neelain University,the study dealt with the economic and social activity of women at the College of women at the College of Community Development, EL-Neelain University,this study aimed to identify the type and size of the economic and social activity of women in the centers of the College of Community Development and their contribution to increasing production and productivity and pushing them towards development. The study adopted the historical method and the statistical analytical method as well as other means such as structured interview, observation and the questionnaires. The study was based on primary data collected during the filed work ,supplemented by secondary data from both published and unpublished sources. The main findings of the study dare: The accelerating entry of woman into informal econmicsector during the late period.the increasing entry of women into economic activity and production was followed by achange in the division of domestic work,each member of the family own private income –generating projects, the family is self- sufficient in daily living requirementsm,it was also clearly shown the emergence of some manufacturing industries, such as meat products, dairy products,drying juice ,soap, sewing, pastries and baked good, and embroidery of clothes. One of the most important recommendations of the study was the training of women in the field of product quality, packaging,packaging and marketing.

Has Korean society changed into a matriarchal society? - Comparison of the total amount of private income transfer to husband and wife parents -

Has Korean society changed into a matriarchal society? - Comparison of the total amount of private income transfer to husband and wife parents -

Flypaper Effect: The Shifting Unconditional Transfer and Private Income in Indonesia

This study aims to analyze the behavioral pattern of local government as seen from their spending regarding unconditional transfer and private income. Flypaper effect has been a major phenomenon in academic research. Nevertheless, in Indonesia, such research, especially the one focusing on the shift of unconditional transfer and private income, never been caried out. Over 22 years, Indonesia has been implementing decentralization which makes it more intriguing to see local governments’ budget and spending decisions’ motives. This paper uses a panel data from 476 districts and cities in Indonesia for 11 years. Classical assumption tests, endogeneity test as well as instrumental validation test were caried out before doing the regression. The result from two-stage least square regression shows that flypaper effect does not present in total spending yet appears in four other kinds of spending. Asymmetric response of those five are quite varied. Total expenditure and capital expenditure have symmetrical response. Meanwhile, operational spending and transfer spending have a fiscal replacement type of asymmetry. On the other hand, unexpected spending shows a fiscal restraint asymmetry. The direction of private income’s influence to spending also seen to be different from one another.

Association of area-level mortgage discrimination and guideline-concordant non–small cell lung cancer care in the United States.

3 Background: Disparities in receipt of care for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) are well described. Discriminatory mortgage lending, which limits access to home ownership in specific neighborhoods overall and disproportionately for racialized groups, is a marker of systemic racism and lower levels of neighborhood investment. This may, in turn, decrease access to high quality care. We used the mortgage denial rate as a measure of housing discrimination and investigated its association with guideline-concordant NSCLC care. Methods: Mortgage denial rates were estimated at the zip code tabulation areas (ZCTAs) level using the Home Mortgage Disclosure Act (HMDA) database (2014-2019). Mortgage denial rates represent the proportion of denied home loans to total loans and were categorized into quartiles. Individuals ≥ 18 years diagnosed with NSCLC 2014-2019 were identified from the National Cancer Database and combined with HMDA. Multivariable logistic regression models examined associations between mortgage discrimination and receipt of guideline-concordant care, including surgery, chemotherapy, and chemoradiation. A multivariable Cox proportional hazard model examined the association between mortgage discrimination and time to chemotherapy initiation. Results: Cohort included 450,614 patients newly diagnosed with NSCLC resided in 33,120 ZCTAs. Individuals residing in ZCTAs with higher mortgage denial rates were more likely to be aged 45-64 years, male, non-Hispanic White, with private health insurance coverage and income &lt; $40,000/year. 69% of all patients received guideline-concordant care. Likelihood of guideline-concordant care was lower in neighborhoods with higher mortgage denial rates, adjusting for age and sex (Table). This disparity was present in all care subgroups. Time to chemotherapy initiation was longer for patients in neighborhoods with higher mortgage denial rates. Conclusions: Mortgage discrimination is adversely associated with receipt of guideline-concordant NSCLC care. Our examination of institutional practices leading to barriers in access to resources highlights the critical need to understand the pathways through which area-level mortgage denials impact receipt of equitable cancer care.[Table: see text]

Determinants of Technical Efficiency of Public Universities in South Africa

Using a second-stage Data Envelope Analysis (DEA) model, this paper seeks to determine the drivers of efficiency for 23 public universities in South Africa for the period 2009-2016 with special attention given to the funding–efficiency nexus. Our Tobit results indicate that quality of staff, government funding, student fees, private income, and Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita are positive factors of efficiency, while the proportion of non-white to white staff was found as the determinant of inefficiency. It was concluded that adequate funding and proper management of income by the universities, economic growth and employment of high educated academic staff can increase efficiency levels of the public universities in South Africa. On the other hand, an increase of non-white to white staff in the South African public universities is a threat to the universities’ efficiency. It is, therefore, vital to allocate adequate funding for universities to improve their efficiency.

Does the elderly’s private pension ownership intensify aggregate equity demand? Empirical evidence in the US

ABSTRACT In this paper, we investigate how the old generation income structure affects aggregate equity purchases, using Flows of Funds Accounts and Survey of Consumer Finances. Our results suggest that the risk aversion that increases with age could be modified to incorporate the old’s pension ownership. In particular, private pension income to elder households are related to increased aggregate equity purchases, even considering other pension and all other income. In this sense, private pensions are a ‘stepping-stone’ to increased equity investment in US households.

Barriers and bridges for sustaining functional habitat networks: A macroecological system analysis of wet grassland landscapes.

This study aims at supporting the maintenance of representative functional habitat networks as green infrastructure for biodiversity conservation through transdisciplinary macroecological analyses of wet grassland landscapes and their stewardship systems. We chose ten north European wet grassland case study landscapes from Iceland and the Netherlands in the west to Lithuania and Belarus in the east. We combine expert experiences for 20–30 years, comparative studies made 2011–2017, and longitudinal analyses spanning >70 years. Wader, or shorebird, (Charadrii) assemblages were chosen as a focal species group. We used evidence‐based knowledge and practical experience generated in three steps. (1) Experts from 8 wet grassland landscapes in northern Europe's west and east mapped factors linked to patterns and processes, and management and governance, in social‐ecological systems that affect states and trends of wet grasslands as green infrastructures for wader birds. (2) To understand wader conservation problems and their dynamic in wet grassland landscapes, and to identify key issues for successful conservation, we applied group modeling using causal loop diagram mapping. (3) Validation was made using the historic development in two additional wet grassland landscapes. Wader conservation was dependent on ten dynamically interacting ecological and social system factors as leverage points for management. Re‐wetting and grazing were common drivers for the ecological and social system, and long‐term economic support for securing farmers’ interest in wader bird conservation. Financial public incentives at higher levels of governance of wetland management are needed to stimulate private income loops. Systems analysis based on contrasting landscape case studies in space and over time can support (1) understanding of complex interactions in social‐ecological systems, (2) collaborative learning in individual wet grassland landscapes, and (3) formulation of priorities for conservation, management, and restoration.