Private Houses Research Articles

Rain Gutters in Ancient Egyptian Private Houses: Papyrological and Archaeological Evidence

The subject of this study is a papyrus containing interesting information about drainage – namely the so-called ‘Legal Code of Hermopolis West’, known in both Demotic (P. Mattha – third century BC) and Greek versions (P.Oxy. XLVI 3285 – second century AD) – and the terminology contained therein in relation to water drains. It aims to determine what type of water these regulations applied to. To this end, the information obtained from papyrological sources is juxtaposed with what we know about drainage thanks to archaeology, especially models of houses (from the Middle Kingdom). This comparison reveals that ancient Egypt had a centuries-old tradition of draining rainwater through long, open, U-shaped gutters, even if their existence might seem unnecessary in this country at first glance.

주거복지 개선방안에 대한 법적 검토

A Buy-to-rent public housing is one of the types of public housing stipulated in “SPSPECIAL ACT ON PUBLIC HOUSING”, and the supply of public housing is a responsibility for the people of the state and local governments under “FRFRAMEWORK ACT ON RESIDENCE”. However, supplying such public housing requires considerable resources, and housing prices, which have already risen significantly due to years of rising private housing prices, also adversely affect the construction and supply of new housing. In this reality of housing supply, the president has been controversial by directly discussing the government's plan to purchase unsold private houses and supply them cheaply as public housing. In this paper, we examine whether the government's housing policy plan is an accurate policy under the current public housing related laws. In the theoretical sector, we examine the history of human rights and residential rights, and examine whether state intervention for legislative rights is possible under the “CONSTITATION OF THE REPUBLIC OF KOREA” ideology and system to check unilateral exercise of power through separation of powers such as executive power and executive power. In addition, the question of the legitimacy of the government's housing policy plan to unilaterally apply the policy on behalf of a specific area is reviewed through the Principle of Professionalism and equality established in “CONSTITATION OF THE REPUBLIC OF KOREA”. We examine whether the above government's public housing supply plan is feasible through a review of the budget related to public housing. In addition, we examine ‘a Jense frand’, which has recently become a big problem in the housing sector, and propose mandatory ‘registration of rights to release on a deposition basis’ and ‘registration of leasehold interest’ as a legal improvement.

주거복지 개선방안에 대한 법적 검토

A Buy-to-rent public housing is one of the types of public housing stipulated in “SPSPECIAL ACT ON PUBLIC HOUSING”, and the supply of public housing is a responsibility for the people of the state and local governments under “FRFRAMEWORK ACT ON RESIDENCE”. However, supplying such public housing requires considerable resources, and housing prices, which have already risen significantly due to years of rising private housing prices, also adversely affect the construction and supply of new housing. In this reality of housing supply, the president has been controversial by directly discussing the government's plan to purchase unsold private houses and supply them cheaply as public housing. In this paper, we examine whether the government's housing policy plan is an accurate policy under the current public housing related laws. In the theoretical sector, we examine the history of human rights and residential rights, and examine whether state intervention for legislative rights is possible under the “CONSTITATION OF THE REPUBLIC OF KOREA” ideology and system to check unilateral exercise of power through separation of powers such as executive power and executive power. In addition, the question of the legitimacy of the government's housing policy plan to unilaterally apply the policy on behalf of a specific area is reviewed through the Principle of Professionalism and equality established in “CONSTITATION OF THE REPUBLIC OF KOREA”. We examine whether the above government's public housing supply plan is feasible through a review of the budget related to public housing. In addition, we examine ‘a Jense frand’, which has recently become a big problem in the housing sector, and propose mandatory ‘registration of rights to release on a deposition basis’ and ‘registration of leasehold interest’ as a legal improvement.

Characteristics and paramedic management of patients enrolled in a novel assess, see, treat and refer palliative care clinical pathway: A retrospective descriptive cohort study

Introduction: Patients with palliative care needs seek support from paramedics in instances of unexpected worsening of symptoms associated with their primary diagnosis, but often do not desire conveyance to an emergency department. Despite this, up to one-quarter of patients with palliative care needs will experience an avoidable admission to the emergency department. British Columbia Emergency Health Services, in collaboration with Canadian Virtual Hospice and regional health authorities, developed the Palliative Care Assess, See, Treat and Refer (ASTaR) Clinical Pathway, with palliative clinical practice guidelines and education to support paramedics minimising avoidable admissions to emergency departments. Aim: To describe the paramedic management of patients enrolled in the palliative care ASTaR clinical pathway, supported by paramedic-specific education and clinical practice guidelines. Methods: This study was a retrospective descriptive cohort study of the first 100 patients enrolled by paramedics in the palliative care ASTaR clinical pathway following its introduction in October, 2019. Results: The median age of patients was 78 years (IQR 70–88), they were more often male ( n = 58) and in a private residence at the time of 911 call ( n = 91). Calls for assistance were in the work week ( n = 73), but often out of business hours ( n = 61). Primary care paramedics provided the majority of care ( n = 64), most frequently contacting paramedic specialists for clinical advice ( n = 32, 47%). The most common patient complaints were dyspnoea ( n = 25), altered conscious state ( n = 16), mobility assistance ( n = 14), and pain ( n = 13), with pharmaceutical intervention required in less than half of cases. Conclusion: Paramedics continue to play a critical role in supporting patients with palliative care needs, particularly during out-of-hours periods. When supported by robust clinical practice guidelines and integrated systems of care, this cohort study demonstrates that paramedics may be able to manage the requirements of patients with palliative care needs and their family, friends, and carers, beyond clinical care and conveyance.

Noise suppression plan for demolishing a parking garage

The headquarters of a pharmaceutical corporation planned to replace a parking garage with additional office buildings at the site in Silver Spring, Maryland. Neighbors adjacent to the location included private offices, public buildings, and residences. In order for approval to pursue construction projects in Montgomery County, Maryland, a Noise Suppression Plan must be submitted to the Montgomery County Department of Environmental Protection. The contractor responsible for demolishing the parking garage hired Scantek, Inc. to build and compose the Noise Suppression Plan. The Noise Suppression Plan offered a three-prong approach to insure a maximum sound level of 75 dBA at a 500-feet radius around the construction site during normal business-time period. The noise sources (construction equipment) were addressed by optimizing operations such as separating the noise sources (activity zones) within the site and limiting engine throttles (rpm) powering the hydraulic pumps. Additionally, acoustic barriers were installed for the entire perimeter of the construction site. Finally, acoustic absorption bulk-material was piled at strategically locations to reduce sound reflections and acoustic reaction energy. The construction company sent a notice to all neighbors adjacent to the parking garage ahead of the demolition to inform of schedules, expectations, and contact information. The demolition moved ahead without notable complaints from the neighbors.

Die Schutzgottheiten des Raumes auf den Zaubermessern des Mittleren Reiches

Summary The investigation concerns the enigmatic signs incised on the magic ivories of the Middle Kingdom and the Second Intermediate Period. They represent tutelary deities mainly of the cardinal points protecting private houses and tombs against various demons and enemies. Apparently, they are forerunners of the symbols of the magical bricks of BD 151 from the New Kingdom.

Upon the Roof of the Temple: Reconstructing Cognitive Aspects of Ancient Levantine Small-Scale Altar Usage

Abstract Among the ritual practices denigrated through explicit or implicit criticism levied by the biblical writers is the worship of a deity or deities on the rooftops – sometimes of royal architecture, and at other times on private houses. In the present study I interpret this practice using concepts derived from the cognitive science of religion (CSR) and cognitive linguistics. I summarize previous typologies of objects employed in the sacrificial cult of the ancient Southern Levant, confirming prior arguments for understanding shaft-type limestone altars as stylized models of architectural precursors. From a cognitive perspective, these stylized architectural models prompted offrants to run a conceptual blend that replaced the modest small-scale vegetable or incense offering of the offrant’s small-scale input space with the more sumptuous small-scale offering – or even large-scale animal sacrifice – of the monumental-scale input. This cognitive explanation provides explanation for Deuteronomistic and Priestly attempts to limit the practice, and occasions insight into the temporal aspects of “sacred space.”

PROSPECTS OF BUILDING WITH PRECAST AND CAST-IN-PLACE STRUCTURES FOR RESTORATION OF FACILITIES IN UKRAINE

Problem. A large number of construction objects in Ukraine have been damaged or completely destroyed as a result of hostilities that have been ongoing since 24 February 2022. There is an urgent need for rapid reconstruction of the housing sector and infrastructure facilities. Building with precast structures is a way to minimize the time of work, but it is not as reliable as building with cast-in-place structures. The middle ground is the technology of building with precast and cast-in-place structures, which provides the necessary speed and reliability. However, such technology is not often used in Ukraine currently. This is explained by a significant decrease in precast concrete plants and insufficient research on precast and cast-in-place solutions. Therefore, the prospects of the technology of building with precast and cast-in-place structures for the restoration of construction objects are being investigated. Methods. An analysis of publications, a comparison of various technologies, and a review of the practical experience of building a low-rise object with precast and cast-in-place structures in Kharkiv have been carried out. Results. The technology of building with precast and cast-in-place structures is a way to save 10 to 40% of materials compared to other construction systems, reduce unskilled work to a minimum, simplify the quality control process, reduce the share of welded joints, optimize the involvement of highly qualified workers, and maximally mechanize all stages of construction; reduce electricity consumption; minimize the time, reduce the cost of construction by 10 to 30% compared to the existing technologies.Originality. The proposed concept of versatile adaptive designs of building with precast and cast-in-place structures as in the case of a new neighbourhood, which will include a school, a kindergarten, an administrative building, residential buildings with commercial premises for various social needs, and private houses. Practical utility. The prospects of building with precast and cast-in-place structures for restoration of facilities in Ukraine, which should be carried out according to versatile adaptive designs, has been proven. For the implementation of the technology of building with precast and cast-in-place structures, there is a need for further research on organizational and technological reliability, increase in manufacturability, economic efficiency, flexibility of solutions for various facilities and construction conditions

Житлова нерухомість: наслідки військової агресії

The article analyzes the main consequences of military aggression on residential real estate in Ukraine. An analysis of direct losses: their cumulative assessment and the dynamics of change during the year of the war was carried out, which showed that the total amount of documented direct losses amounted to $143.8 billion in compensation value. These losses concern residential and non-residential real estate and other infrastructure. It has been established that mass shelling of cities significantly destroys the housing stock in cities, especially those close to the front line. According to preliminary estimates, as of June 2022, more than 50% of the housing stock was damaged or destroyed in 23 settlements due to hostilities in the Russian Federation. An assessment of direct losses by type of property was carried out, which showed that the most signifi-cant part of the total volume of direct losses is losses of residential buildings - 37.3%. An analysis of the number of partially damaged or destroyed housing stock was carried out by the region of Ukraine. Thus, about 136,000 residential buildings were destroyed or damaged, including 136,000 private houses, 17,600 apartment buildings, and 302 dormitories. Accord-ing to estimates, residential buildings in the territory of Ukraine were damaged or destroyed in an area of 83.1 million m2, which is 8.2% of the total area of the housing stock. It is emphasized that the destruction of residential real estate is a severe problem since the inhabitants of these cities are forced to look for new places to live, and the restoration of the housing stock takes a lot of time and money. Various approaches can be used to solve this problem, including state sup-port for housing restoration, attracting foreign investment, developing new urban development projects, and other measures. It is noted that according to experts' calculations, in the best case, it may take from 3 to 5 years to restore the housing stock completely, but only if all the necessary resources are available. The problem is not limited to money, as it also requires large numbers of builders and building materials that have yet to be produced or imported in such volumes. The issue of financing the restoration of the housing stock remains relevant. State funds have been allocated for repairing and restoring more than 11,000 objects, which is only 13% of the required amount. Keywords: real estate, residential real estate, military aggression, internally displaced persons, temporary housing.

Post‐2015 refugees in Germany: “Culture of welcome”, solidarity or exclusion?

Post‐2015 refugees in Germany: “Culture of welcome”, solidarity or exclusion?

The Combination of Chinese and Western Architectural Styles in The Guangzhou and Guangxi Regions

Since the outbreak of the Opium War in 1840, Western forces gradually penetrated mainland China, and a new wave of Western architectural styles began to emerge on the Chinese mainland. Thus a combination of Chinese and Western architecture appeared more frequently in the private sector. This article takes the former residence of Xiang Hanping and Chen Jitang's residence as examples to analyse the application of the combination of Chinese and Western architectural styles in the architecture of modern Chinese private houses in the two regions. The result is that both the former residence of Xiang Hanping and the Chen Jitang Mansion belongs to the inherited transformation style of modern private house architecture. The former home of Xiang Hanping has a green brick façade with glazed tile sloping roofs full of classical Chinese elements and is decorated with various traditional Chinese motifs. In contrast, the residence's interior is delicately decorated in a Western style, actively using new Western building materials and techniques. The Chen Jitang Mansion, on the other hand, is more daring in its construction, with a prominent 'foreign façade' combined with a magnificent interior, bringing the Western architectural style to the forefront but actively using the traditional Chinese classical garden concept in the conception and design of the courtyard, combining East and West to complement each other. The two examples are typical of the inherited transformation of the East-meets-West architectural style in the context of the same period.

Soldaten vor der Tür – die jüdische Gemeinde in Fürth im Spannungsverhältnis zwischen Militär und Obrigkeit

Abstract Quartering soldiers in private houses was still very prone to conflict in the 18th century. In the following article, I focus on this practice using the example of quartering during the Seven Years’ War in the households of the inhabitants of Fürth, a market town near Nuremberg. Particular attention is primarily on the reaction and the opportunities for maneuver of the Jewish community and their efforts to free themselves from the quarterings between them and the Christian community and the Jewish community, respectively, as well as the divided local authorities. This conflict shows the way in which the religious and authoritarian boundaries functioned, and the extent they gave the individual actors room for action or limited it. A praxeological, actor-centered approach is employed to generate new insights into the conditions and manifestations of Jewish life.

Relative contribution of acute cognitive and motor functioning on community integration 1 year after moderate-severe TBI

ABSTRACT Objectives The objective of this study was to understand the relative contribution of acute motor versus cognitive functioning on community integration 1 year after moderate-severe traumatic brain injury (TBI). Methods Secondary data analysis of 779 participants in the TBI Model Systems National Database who experienced a moderate-severe TBI requiring inpatient rehabilitation. Participants were categorized into four groups: low motor/low cognition, low motor/high cognition, high motor/low cognition, or high motor/high cognition. Community integration outcomes measured 1 year post-TBI included the Participation Assessment with Recombined Tools-Objective (PART-O), driving status, Supervision Rating Scale, residence, re-injury, and employment status. Results Participants with both high motor/high cognition had higher scores on the PART-O total score (p < 0.001), living independently (p = 0.023), living in a private residence (p = 0.002), and being employed (p = 0.026) at 1 year. Participants with high motor/high cognition and high motor/low cognition had higher odds of driving (p = 0.001 and p = 0.034, respectively) when compared to low motor/low cognition. All groups relative to the low motor/low cognition group had higher odds of being re-injured. Discussion and Conclusions High motor and high cognitive function at rehabilitation are associated with favorable community integration outcomes 1 year post-injury, though greater participation afforded by high function may confer elevated risk of re-injury.

Ranking of Electricity Accumulation Possibilities: Multicriteria Analysis

The pace of implementation of renewable electricity storage in Europe is disappointingly slow due to several factors. There is a need to speed up the rate and increase the volumes in order to promote a 100 % transition to renewable energy resources, expand the practice of using renewable energy, and contribute to the improvement of the user’s quality of life. In addition, a significant reduction of the global impact on the environment and climate change is an important factor. Electricity from renewable energy sources, such as the sun and wind, has a seasonal nature that cannot provide the necessary electricity for consumption and cannot cover peak loads. Also, the so-called 'energy resource crisis' is a topical issue, which reinforces the global need to increase the share of renewable energy resources in the overall balance of primary energy resources. It is precisely the wider integration of renewable electricity storage in practice that can help stimulate this. The availability of renewable electricity is constantly increasing, and the level of technological innovation is rapidly developing. Therefore, it is crucial to analyse both phenomena and actively search for overlaps in developing technologies, not forgetting the main differences in the types of accumulation, to promote accessibility, starting from a private house to the national and European scale. This article analyses and compares the options for renewable electricity storage – from small batteries to large storage systems. The authors consider the best solutions to satisfy individual and collective needs of the consumer. In this article, a multicriteria decision analysis (MCDA) and TOPSIS are used as analysis tools. After comparing nine criteria, such as the investment required, existing power density, efficiency, duration of operation, and others, in both groups, it is concluded that lithium-ion batteries are currently the best solution among batteries; while in the group of large accumulation systems pumped hydro storage secures a superior position.

A comparative study of the injury pattern between suicidal and accidental falls from height in Northern Tunisia

BackgroundFalls from height are a common cause of marbidity and mortality. The aim of this study is to examine the characteristics of the victims, the circumstances of the fall and distribution of the injuries of accidental and suicidal falls from height. Materials and methodsIt was a retrospective cross-sectional study, based on autopsies performed over 16 years (January 2005 to December 2020). The recorded variables included demographic data of the victim, height of fall, death scene findings, length of hospital stay, autopsy findings, and toxicological results. ResultsOf the 753 victims of fall from height, 607 were fallers and 146 were jumpers. We found that male victims were predominant in the accidental group (86.8% vs. 69.2%). The mean age at death was 43.6 ± 17.9 years. Suicidal falls occurred in a private house in the majority of cases (70.5%), while accidental falls occurred most frequently at workplace (43.8%). Suicidal falls were higher than accidental falls (10.4 ± 7.3 m vs. 7.1 ± 5.7 m). Injuries in the thorax, abdomen, pelvis, upper and lower extremities were more frequentl in the suicidal falls group. Pelvic fractures were 2.1 times more likely to occur in the suicidal falls. Head injuries were more frequent in the accidental falls group. The survival delay was shorter in the suicidal falls group. Conclusionsour study highlights the differences in the profile of the victims and in the pattern of injuries caused by falls from height, depending on the victim's intention to fall.

Considerations for Pediatric Mass Shooting Triage Training: A Qualitative Analysis

Introduction:Accurate triage is crucial for pediatric patients because their physiological differences make them more vulnerable to traumatic injury and mortality. However, pediatric trauma patients are challenging for EMS personnel for several reasons including infrequent clinical encounters and inadequate training. Despite the need for increased training, little is known about EMS readiness to perform triage and lifesaving interventions during pediatric mass casualty incidents (MCIs). Simulation skills assessment correlates with EMS performance in the field and can be used to determine MCI readiness.Pediatric patients are often omitted from MCI training and protocols. Feedback from EMS clinicians who participate in pediatric MCI simulations may be useful for educators seeking to optimize pediatric mass shooting triage training.Method:This was an observational study assessing EMS clinician accuracy in triaging eight children and two adults in a mass shooting simulation involving intimate partner violence (IPV) set at a private residence. Participating EMS clinicians were attendees of continuing education classes at Yale New Haven Health Centers for EMS. Participants worked in pairs, and triage decisions were documented during the simulation with an evaluation tool and video recording. After the simulation, pairs completed the demographic survey and completed a semi-structured debriefing. Facilitator prompts included correct triage level for each patient, the role IPV plays in mass shootings, and the participants feedback. Recordings of the debriefings were transcribed and analyzed using grounded theory. During the evaluation process, the major themes will be identified and coded. The transcriptions will be re-evaluated and any additional sub-themes will be identified and coded.Results:As of November 2022, eight paramedics have participated with more sessions scheduled for spring 2023. A preliminary review indicates potential themes will fall under the categories of simulation implementation and clinical approach to triage.Conclusion:These findings may assist EMS agencies with their pediatric MCI training and response.

Clinical and epidemiologic features of persons accessing emergency departments for dog and cat bite injuries in California (2005-2019).

To describe the clinical and epidemiologic features of persons with dog and cat bite injuries who presented to emergency departments. Records of 648,492 dog and cat bite-related emergency department visits in California from 2005 to 2019. Visits were selected by standardized International Classification of Diseases, Ninth or Tenth Revision, Clinical Modification codes that indicated a bite as an external cause of injury in the medical record. Incidence rates were calculated for patient demographics, location and month of bite incident, characteristics of bite injury, infection, patient outcome/disposition, and expected source of payment. Cross-sectional descriptive analysis was performed. The average annual incidence of dog bites was highest in children aged < 10 years and males, while that of cat bites was highest in adults aged ≥ 80 years and females. Bites were more likely to occur in rural settings, in private residences, and during the summer. The median household income for zip codes in which animal bite patients resided was lower than the statewide median household income. Both dog and cat bite injuries were more likely to occur to upper limbs. Bacteria were isolated from 3% of dog bite injuries and 21.5% of cat bite injuries at initial presentation. Epidemiologic findings about persons presenting to emergency departments for animal bite injuries can inform bite prevention efforts by identifying at-risk populations. Effective animal bite prevention demands an ongoing multisectoral program of veterinarians and other health professionals, collaborating with community and governmental organizations, to develop and implement integrated strategies within the context of other socially contributory factors.

The impact of dementia on rehabilitation outcomes following hip fracture.

To compare clinical outcomes between patients for whom their participation in inpatient rehabilitation was and was not impacted by dementia through matching patients reporting dementia (dementia group) with those not reporting dementia (non-dementia group). Prospectively collected data held by the Australasian Rehabilitation Outcome Centre (AROC) were analyzed for patients aged 65 years or older receiving inpatient rehabilitation in public hospitals in Australia following a hip fracture and discharged between July 1, 2014, and June 30, 2019. Patients reported as having dementia impacting their rehabilitation program were matched to patients not reporting dementia based on age, admission motor Functional Independence Measure (FIM) score, and accommodation prior to rehabilitation. The matched cohorts were compared in relation to clinical outcomes (motor and cognitive FIM improvement, FIM efficiency, length of stay, and discharge destination) following participation in hospital-based rehabilitation using univariate analysis. Patients with dementia had significantly lower cognitive FIM scores on commencing rehabilitation (17.6 and 26.9, respectively, P < 0.001) and their median length of stay was 2 days shorter than those without dementia (21 and 23 days, respectively, P < 0.001). Relative change in FIM score and FIM efficiency (per week) were lower in the dementia group [relative FIM score change of dementia vs non-dementia, respectively, 26.2% vs. 44.0% (P < 0.001) and FIM efficiency, 6.5 vs. 8.9 (P < 0.001)]. Discharge destination between the two groups was statistically different, with 35.7% of patients with dementia being discharged to residential aged care facilities (RACFs) compared to 21.7% of those without dementia (P < 0.001). More patients with dementia had carers in their private residence in the post-rehabilitation phase, 82.2% vs. 57.6% (P < 0.001). Patients with dementia who sustain a fractured hip benefit from inpatient rehabilitation, although their clinical outcomes are not as good as those without dementia. FIM change and FIM efficiency were lower in the dementia group. Length of stay in the hospital for patients with dementia was shorter due to earlier recognition for the need for placement in either an RACF or at home with carer support. Theneed for placement in an RACF or carer support in a private residence was significantly greater in the dementia group.

Making Palladio Digitally Explicit: Geometrical Parameters in Door’s Ornaments

The Book I of Andrea Palladio's "The Four Books on Architecture", in which, after a brief discourse on the five orders and on those rules which are essential to building, private houses, streets, bridges, squares, xysti, and temples are discussed, contains the rules of Palladio's design. Over the years, many scholars have investigated how to make explicit the reasoning on the theory of architectural proportions in Palladio. A multitude of studies were done concerning five orders proportions and about the compositive rules of Villas. This ongoing research aims to make the treatise of Andrea Palladio explicit visually and mathematically by starting from his text and images. The study, at this stage, concentrates on proportional and graphical analysis for door’s ornaments. The study made it possible to identify the molding elements’ philological construction and the relationship between their geometric construction made up of alignments, recurring intervals, equal subdivisions, and successive partitions.

Media Discourse, Legal, and Ethical Issues Arising from the Zuma Saga and Nkandlagate

Allegations of corruption and rape against President Jacob Zuma constituted among the most covered stories in South Africa and beyond. Widely dubbed “the Zuma saga” by the media, the twin stories began with allegations of corruption in the arms deal. While the corruption case still gripped the public, another damning allegation (rape) surfaced and fermented the story to levels surpassed by no other story at the time. Zuma was subsequently acquitted of the rape charge, but the charge of corruption continued relentlessly until the eve of the 2009 elections, in which he was elected as president. But just as the South African public thought the dust was settling, Zuma was hit by another damning allegation of inappropriately spending R250 million on upgrading Nkandla, his private residence. This article is three-pronged. First, it examines the key issues that accounted for the media frenzy sparked by both the Nkandla debacle and the Zuma saga. Second, it unravels critical ethical questions and legal issues implicit in the aforementioned cases. Third, because Zuma’s acquittal raised questions regarding the independence of the judiciary, the article also assesses the condition of judicial independence in South Africa. Theoretically, the article is informed by the sociology of journalism ethics and the notions of ethical leadership and judicial independence.