Private Houses Research Articles

Legacies of the war on drugs: Next of kin of persons who died of opioid overdose and harm reduction interventions in Philadelphia.

Between the years 2017-2019 in Philadelphia, more than 70% of all deaths from opioid overdose occurred in a private residence. To learn more about home-based opioid use and overdose, researchers conducted qualitative interviews with next of kin of overdose victims to learn their perceptions about the decedent's drug use and their opinions about city-led harm reduction efforts, specifically naloxone administration and collaborative efforts to open an overdose prevention site. In 2019, researchers conducted 35 qualitative interviews with next of kin of persons who died of opioid overdose in Philadelphia in 2017. Data were coded and analyzed using NVivo software. Data reveal that while persons who use drugs may benefit from enhanced harm reduction interventions that target their family members and caregivers including naloxone education and public health messaging about overdose prevention, these efforts may be up against other realities that Philadelphia families navigate-in particular structural inequalities exacerbated by decades of "War on Drugs" policies. Existing health disparities and structural barriers to care increase vulnerability to overdose and highlight the urgency to collaborate with impacted families and communities to design relevant harm reduction interventions. Without efforts to redress the consequences of war on drug policies, however, harm reduction interventions will not reach their full potential.

Transformasi Tata Ruang Rumah Warga Banjar Karang Dalem I, Desa Bongkasa Pertiwi, Kabupaten Badung, Bali

Badung Regency has declared 11 Badung Tourism Villages through Perbup no. 47 of 2010. 1 of the 11 Tourism Villages that have been proclaimed is Bongkasa Pertiwi Village (BP). The development of the number of tourist visits to BP village was quite significant before the pandemic. Along with increasing tourism activities in BP Village, there has been a transformation of the spatial layout of residents' houses that are able to accommodate the Homestay function (Tourism Accommodation). An in-depth study is needed, in order to find out to what extent the impact of BP Village's tourism development has affected the transformation of settlements, especially the private houses of its residents who are still traditional. The object of this research is Settlement Br. Karang Dalem I, which in terms of spatial settlements and private houses of residents, is very traditional. The purpose of this study was to explore, record, and analyze the spatial aspects of the settlement of Br. Karang Dalem I which is fairly unique (Typical/Traditional) along with the spatial impact of tourism developments that might affect these spatial aspects. This study will use an exploratory-qualitative method with cross-examination data analysis to obtain the best research conclusions. Based on the findings and results of the analysis, it can be concluded that the transformation occurs in the form of function adaptation but while maintaining the basic values of the traditional Balinese house layout. Keywords: Transformation; Layout; House; Traditional.

Determining the association of the built environment and socioeconomic attributes with urban shrinking in Yokohama City

Urban shrinking means a densely populated urban area or city where is experiencing a significant population loss. Currently studies have examined the relationship between built environment and socioeconomic attributes and urban shrinking, however ignore the local effects. Here, we show spatially heterogeneous associations of environment and socioeconomic attributes with urban shrinking reflected by the change of VIIRS night-time light radiance during the period 2014–2019 by mixed geographically weighted regression model, after variables screening by random forest.We found that during the period 2014–2019, there were 35 km2 in Yokohama was shrinking, with most of them being mixed-use land. In general, bus stop density (BSD), road intersection density (RID), aging population (PoAP), housing price (HP), distance to the nearest park (DNP), proportion of business areas (PoBA), and proportion of private houses and flats (PoH_ private) have mixed effects on urban shrinking. Furthermore, BSD, RID, PoAP, DNP and PoH_private have negative or positive association with urban shrinking across locations, suggesting spatial heterogeneous strategies should be considered to address urban shrinking. We anticipate our study to be a start point to use mixed GWR model in shrinking city and as additions in examining the relationship between built environment and socioeconomic attributes and population loss.

Social Robot Navigation Tasks: Combining Machine Learning Techniques and Social Force Model.

Social robot navigation in public spaces, buildings or private houses is a difficult problem that is not well solved due to environmental constraints (buildings, static objects etc.), pedestrians and other mobile vehicles. Moreover, robots have to move in a human-aware manner—that is, robots have to navigate in such a way that people feel safe and comfortable. In this work, we present two navigation tasks, social robot navigation and robot accompaniment, which combine machine learning techniques with the Social Force Model (SFM) allowing human-aware social navigation. The robots in both approaches use data from different sensors to capture the environment knowledge as well as information from pedestrian motion. The two navigation tasks make use of the SFM, which is a general framework in which human motion behaviors can be expressed through a set of functions depending on the pedestrians’ relative and absolute positions and velocities. Additionally, in both social navigation tasks, the robot’s motion behavior is learned using machine learning techniques: in the first case using supervised deep learning techniques and, in the second case, using Reinforcement Learning (RL). The machine learning techniques are combined with the SFM to create navigation models that behave in a social manner when the robot is navigating in an environment with pedestrians or accompanying a person. The validation of the systems was performed with a large set of simulations and real-life experiments with a new humanoid robot denominated IVO and with an aerial robot. The experiments show that the combination of SFM and machine learning can solve human-aware robot navigation in complex dynamic environments.

Barriers to effective care: Specialty drug treatment in Philadelphia

IntroductionIn Philadelphia, the poorest big city in the United States, an estimated 60,000 people misuse opioids and more than 3500 have died of overdose in the past three years. In 2019, fentanyl was detected in 76% of drug-related deaths and 94% of opioid-involved deaths. While much attention has been directed at the public face of the city's drug problem, more than 75% of drug deaths in 2017 took place in a private residence. MethodBased on qualitative research to understand the vulnerabilities of this hidden population of drug users, we interviewed kin of 35 people who had died of opioid overdose in 2017 to learn whether their loved one had interacted with any social services or harm-reduction interventions. ResultsIn our demographically and geographically representative sample of decedents, we found that while most had received treatment at least once, many faced barriers to getting treatment when they needed it, including barriers related to stigma, structural racism, gender inequities, bureaucracy, insurance requirements, and cost. ConclusionWe argue that these barriers place an undue burden on people with substance use disorder and their kin during particularly fraught moments of heightened vulnerability. The failure of state and federal policies, practices, and infrastructure to address these barriers, and the failure to require that evidence-based care be provided during treatment have deleterious effects on people affected by the opioid epidemic in the United States.

Understanding access to palliative care for cancer patients in Europe: a vignette approach

Abstract Background Palliative care encompasses all treatment and care options available for people with serious illness, such as incurable, life-threatening cancer. The goal of palliative care is to improve and maintain quality of life for both patients and their families. It focuses on the assessment and management of pain and other symptoms, addressing caregiver needs, and coordination of care. It requires early identification and coordinated treatment of problems in the physical, functional psychological, social or spiritual dimension. Methods A palliative care vignette was developed reflecting typical patient characteristics and a recommended patient pathway for advanced lung cancer: chemotherapy to shrink tumors and alleviate symptoms, opioids for pain, benzodiazepines for breathlessness and anxiety, laxatives for constipation due to opioid use, psychosocial assessment followed by psychotherapy and/or antidepressants, and counselling for family carers. Experts in 12 countries were asked to complete a survey on service coverage, cost sharing, physical access (availability) and other barriers to access. Results The presentation will report on findings from a cross-country perspective for each of the categories mentioned above (work is currently ongoing). Individual country examples will be used to highlight outliers and draw policy lessons for the future. Conclusions Palliative care has received considerable socio-political support in recent years, due primarily to epidemiological developments. Depending on severity, life expectancy and the patients' personal circumstances, it can be delivered in a variety of settings, including private residences, assisted living facilities, acute and long-term care hospitals, hospice residences, correctional facilities, and homeless shelters. As a result, access barriers might be particularly complex to identify and overcome. Cross-country learning can be an important catalyst for future improvements.

Reliability-Oriented Design of a Solar-PV Deployments

Increasing restrictions on the emission of greenhouse gases by the standards and the European Union’s policy aims at increasing the share of renewable energy sources in the energy mix of the Member States. Subsequently, we observe a rapid increase in the installed capacity of the renewable energy sources. Renewable energy sources are currently the fastest growing sectors of energy generation, specifically the photovoltaic sector. In 2005, the total installed capacity in photovoltaic installations in the European Union was about 2.17 GW, while in 2019 it was already over 130 GW. Currently, due to many forms of incentive governmental measures the construction of photovoltaic installations is rapidly increasing with installations mounted on private houses and buildings. The article presents selected issues concerning the failure modes of photovoltaic installations and a comparative assessment of the estimated and the real measured electrical production of an operational photovoltaic installation. The Solar-PV power plant design approach proposed in the paper considers the failure modes to enhance the plant’s reliability.

557 - Generalized anxiety disorder in older adults: acceptability of guided self-help by a lay provider and preference among different treatment modalities

A cognitive-behavioral guided self-help conducted by lay providers (CBT-GSH-LP) had been shown to be effective in treating anxiety and may help facilitate access to treatment. The first objective of this study was to assess the acceptability the CBT-GSH-LP for the Generalised Anxiety Disorder in adults aged 60 and over. Its acceptability was compared to that of the same treatment conducted by a psychotherapist (CBT- GSH-PSY) and to that of a face-to-face cognitive behavioral therapy with a psychotherapist (CBT- PSY). The second objective was to assess the preference of the participants for these treatment modalities. As a secondary objective, variables potentially associated with acceptability or preference were explored, as well as reported reasons for treatment preference. Participants were recruited in community centers and private residences. They had to complete a sociodemographic questionnaire, read descriptions of the three treatments, and complete the Treatment Evaluation Inventory for each one, then to place those treatment in order of preference as well as indicating the reason for their preferred treatment. ANOVAs were performed to identify differences in acceptability scores between the three treatment modalities and proportions were calculated for preferred treatment and reasons associated. CBT-GSH-LP was considered moderately acceptable by participants (N = 116; mean age = 70.5 years), although significantly less acceptable than the other two treatment modalities. In addition, the proportion of participants who found CBT-GSH-LP to be at least moderately acceptable was high (59,3%), although lower than that of the other two treatment modalities (CBT-GSH-PSY: 85,8%; CBT-PSY: 91,2%). Consequently, the preferred treatment of participants was CBT-PSY followed by CBT-GSH-PSY, then CBT-GSH-LP. Among participants preferring CBT-GSH-LP, its long-lasting effect, ease of access, training of the therapist, required patient involvement, and autonomy afforded by treatment were the top reasons. Regarding characteristics, the results show that single and widowed older adults considered CBT-GSH-LP more acceptable than married, divorced, or separated people. Thus, although it is not the preferred treatment modality for older adults, CBT-GSH-LP is acceptable and would benefit from being better known and used for generalized anxiety disorder.

Urban Squares in Late Bronze Age Ugarit: a Street View on Ancient Near Eastern Governance

Urban Squares in Late Bronze Age Ugarit: a Street View on Ancient Near Eastern Governance

Mortality in patients with carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa with and without susceptibility to traditional antipseudomonal β-lactams.

BackgroundCarbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa (CRPA) isolates can frequently retain susceptibility to traditional antipseudomonal β-lactams including cefepime, ceftazidime and piperacillin/tazobactam.ObjectivesThis observational study aimed to determine the proportion of CRPA isolates that were susceptible to all tested other traditional antipseudomonal β-lactams (S-CRPA) and assess whether patients with S-CRPA had improved 30 day mortality compared with patients with NS-CRPA (non-susceptible to cefepime, ceftazidime or piperacillin/tazobactam).MethodsPatients with CRPA isolated from normally sterile sites, urine, lower respiratory tracts and wounds were identified using active population- and laboratory-based surveillance through the Georgia Emerging Infections Program from August 2016 to July 2018 in Atlanta, GA, USA. Only unique patients who were hospitalized at the time of, or within 1 week of, culture were included. We excluded patients with cystic fibrosis. Multivariable logistic regression estimated the association between S-CRPA and 30 day mortality.ResultsAmong 635 adults hospitalized with CRPA, 219 (34%) had S-CRPA. Patients with S-CRPA were more likely to be white (50% versus 38%, P = 0.01) and live in a private residence prior to culture (44% versus 28%, P < 0.01), and less likely to have required ICU care within the prior week (23% versus 36%, P < 0.01) compared with patients with NS-CRPA. Compared with those with NS-CRPA, patients with S-CRPA had an increased 30 day mortality (18% versus 15%, adjusted OR 1.9; 95% CI 1.2–3.1).ConclusionsS-CRPA was associated with higher 30 day mortality than NS-CRPA in hospitalized patients. The reason for this observed increase in mortality deserves further investigation.

KIẾN TRÚC PHÁP THUỘC TẠI THÀNH PHỐ HUẾ

Cho đến nay, các công trình kiến trúc thời kỳ Pháp thuộc vẫn đang ít được quan tâm nghiên cứu đúng mức dù chúng đóng một vai trò không thể thiếu của quỹ kiến trúc Huế. Dựa vào khảo sát thực địa bằng chụp ảnh, quan sát và đo vẽ, 55 công trình được phân thành 5 loại hình: công cộng, công sở, biệt thự/ nhà tư, tôn giáo, và công trình khác. Dựa vào hình khối kiến trúc, trang trí mặt đứng, kết cấu, vật liệu, những công trình này được chia thành 6 phong cách kiến trúc, đó là tân cổ điển, địa phương Pháp, Art Deco, kiến trúc kết hợp Âu - Á, tiền thuộc địa, và kiến trúc mới.. Nghiên cứu này đã phân tích và nêu đặc trưng các phong cách kiến trúc của các công trình thời Pháp thuộc tại Huế. Đây sẽ là cơ sở cho các bước nghiên cứu tiếp theo trong việc xác định giá trị quỹ kiến trúc Pháp thuộc tại Huế và định hướng giải pháp bảo tồn, phát huy giá trị trong tương lai.

Is the Air Too Polluted for Outdoor Activities? Check by Using Your Photovoltaic System as an Air-Quality Monitoring Device.

Over the past few decades, the concentrating photovoltaic systems, a source of clean and renewable energy, often fully integrated into the roof structure, have been commonly installed on private houses and public buildings. The purpose of those panels is to transform the incoming solar radiation into electricity thanks to the photovoltaic effect. The produced electric power is affected, in the first instance, by the solar panel efficiency and its technical characteristics, but it is also strictly dependent on site elevation, the meteorological conditions and on the presence of the atmospheric constituents, i.e., clouds, hydrometeors, gas molecules and sub-micron-sized particles suspended in the atmosphere that can scatter and absorb the incoming shortwave solar radiation. The Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) is an adimensional wavelength-dependent atmospheric column variable that accounts for aerosol concentration. AOD can be used as a proxy to evaluate the concentration of surface particulate matter and atmospheric column turbidity, which in turn affects the solar panel energy production. In this manuscript, a new technique is developed to retrieve the AOD at 550 nm through an iterative process: the atmospheric optical depth, incremented in steps of 0.01, is used as input together with the direct and diffuse radiation fluxes computed by Fu–Liou–Gu Radiative Transfer Model, to forecast the produced electric energy by a photovoltaic panel through a simple model. The process will stop at that AOD value (at 550 nm), for which the forecast electric power will match the real produced electric power by the photovoltaic panel within a previously defined threshold. This proof of concept is the first step of a wider project that aims to develop a user-friendly smartphone application where photovoltaic panel owners, once downloaded it on a voluntary basis, can turn their photovoltaic system into a sunphotometer to continuously retrieve the AOD, and more importantly, to monitor the air quality and detect strong air pollution episodes that pose a threat for population health.

Uptake of advance care planning and its circumstances: Annationwide survey in Australian general practice.

There are potential benefits associated with advance care planning (ACP), and general practitioners (GPs) are well placed to coordinate ACP initiatives with their patients. Few studies have reported on the uptake of different forms of advance care plan conducted by GPs and how this affects patients' place of death. The primary aims of the study were to examine uptake of verbal (conversations regarding care preferences) and written (documented care preferences) advance care plans and their associated factors from the perspective of Australian GPs. The secondary aim was to determine the impact of different types of advance care plans on place of death. Sixty-one GPs from three Australian states used a validated clinic-based data collection process to report on care provided for decedents in the last year of life, including provision of services, place of death, and uptake of ACP. We found that 58 (27.9%), 91 (43.7%) and 59 (28.4%) reported decedents had no advance care plans, verbal plans or written plans, respectively. There were increased uptake of both verbal plans (relative risk ratio [RRR]=13.10, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.18-77.34) and written plans (RRR=10.61, 95% CI: 1.72-65.57) if GPs foresaw the death for >90days versus <7days. Palliative care training history for GPs predicted uptake of verbal plans (RRR=5.83, 95% CI: 1.46-31.93). Patients with verbal plans versus no plans were more likely to die at a private residence (odds ratio=4.97, 95% CI: 1.32-18.63). Our findings suggest that expectation of death for at least three months prior to the event (where clinically possible) and palliative care training for GPs improve the uptake of ACP in general practice. Larger pragmatic trials are required to determine the impact of ACP on patients' place of death.

The Availability of Improved Sanitation Facilities and Its Associated Factors in the 12th District of Kandahar City, Afghanistan.

Background The majority of people practicing open defecation and utilizing unhealthy sanitation facilities are in the developing world. The utilization of unimproved sanitation facilities remains the primary risk factor for many diseases, including nutritional diseases, diarrheal diseases, typhoid, cholera, and dysentery, particularly among children. Objectives This study was carried out to assess the availability of improved sanitation facilities and factors associated with it in the 12th district of Kandahar city, Kandahar Province, Afghanistan. Methods The study is a cross-sectional survey, conducted between September and October 2019. A structured questionnaire was used to gather self-reported information of the respondents, including sociodemographic information, household characteristics, and behavioral and environmental characteristics of the available sanitation facilities. Factors associated with the availability of the improved sanitation facility were determined using a multivariable logistic regression model. Results In this study, the availability of improved sanitation facilities was 85.7% (95% confidence interval (CI) = 77.6%–92.1%). It was significantly influenced by living in a private house (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 2.99 (95% CI; 1.43–6.26)); inside location of latrine (AOR = 14.31 (95% CI; 3.59–56.99)); individual household latrine (AOR = 2.03 (1.04–3.95)); and the number of latrines in the household (AOR = 5.04 (2.45–10.35)). Conclusion The availability of improved sanitation facilities was higher compared to the national level in the study area. This study provides significant evidence on approaches in line with the World Health Organization's (WHO) Joint Monitoring Program and Sustainable Developmental Goals (SDGs) for enhancing the availability of improved sanitation facilities in Kandahar city.

Determinant factors of urban housing preferences among low-income people in Greater Jakarta

PurposeHigh numbers of housing backlogs as well as inadequate housing for low-income are one of the Indonesian government’s major concerns, especially in urban areas where the price of house is high. This study aims to identify low-income communities’ preferences on house ownership status, renting or buying and house provider, public or private, in Jakarta and surrounding areas.Design/methodology/approachThis study adapts Longley multistage choice model in the Indonesian context to analyze people’s preferences in choosing a place to live in urban areas. This study analyzes two choices of models which are aspects of homeownership (buying or renting) and aspects of residential types (private or public).FindingsUsing data collected through a survey of 1,000 households in greater Jakarta (Jakarta, Bogor, Depok, Tangerang, and Bekasi), this study found that households which have fixed employment status, an older age, a larger number of family members, higher level of education and literacy in housing policy, accessible house location and more affordable to own house have a higher probability to choose to own a house. In addition, education level, age, and family size are major determinants of a household’s decision to occupy a public house rather than a private house. The findings provide basic input to government development programs in designing housing policy for low-income people.Originality/valueThere are only a few studies related to house-ownership preferences in low-income people, especially in developing countries, including Indonesia. This study contributes to the housing studies literature by strengthening empirical evidence from developing countries that have large populations and mostly live in urban areas.

Hospice and Comfort Care Patient Utilization of Emergency Medical Services

Introduction: Emergency medical services (EMS) were designed to prevent death and disability. When hospice patients call 9-1-1, it can create challenging scenarios for EMS providers, patients, and families. The objective of this investigation is to understand the characteristics of hospice and comfort care patient EMS utilization in Alameda County, California. Methods: This is a 15-month (7/1/2019-10/1/2020) retrospective observational study in Alameda County using electronic patient care reports (PCRs). The search terms "hospice" and "comfort measures only" were applied to PCR narratives. Results: Of the 237,493 EMS provider response calls, 534 (0.2%) were for hospice and comfort care patients. One hundred seventy-four (32.6%) calls were from skilled nursing facilities versus 343 (64.2%) from private residences. Among the most common primary impressions were respiratory complaints (96; 18.0%), altered mental status (96; 18.0%), weakness (58; 10.9%), and cardiac arrest (45; 8.4%). The most common interventions included blood glucose (244; 45.7%), electrocardiogram (181; 33.9%), and intravenous placement (170; 31.8%). Of note, eight (1.5%) patients received cardiopulmonary resuscitation, and an additional eight (1.5%) patients were intubated endotracheally or received a supraglottic airway device for intubation. Sixty-eight (12.7%) patients received medications, the most common of which were fentanyl (17; 3.2%) and albuterol (16; 3.0%). Of note, five (0.9%) patients received naloxone. Ultimately, 468 (87.6%) patients were transported by EMS. Of the 33 (6.1%) patients who died on the scene, three received resuscitation attempts. Conclusion: Although EMS providers encounter hospice and comfort care patients infrequently, awareness of hospice services and comprehensive end-of-life care communication skills with patients and family should be an important part of EMS.

Out-of-hospital cardiac arrests in the city of Cape Town, South Africa: a retrospective, descriptive analysis of prehospital patient records

ObjectivesWhile prospective epidemiological data for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) exists in many high-income settings, there is a dearth of such data for the African continent. The aim of this study...

The Sound of Laïcité

Abstract Sound control policies already had a long history in the French-controlled settlements of the Senegalese coast by the time the prefect of Dakar issued a decree in 1953 prohibiting the use of loudspeakers on public roads and in the open-air courtyards of private residences. Such policies aimed at silencing the nighttime recitation of poems known in the Wolof language of Senegambia as xasida (and referred to by French administrators as chants religieux). Derived from the Arabic term for “ode” (qaṣīda), such poems formed a key component of the liturgy of Senegal's expanding Sufi orders. In this same period, the first Senegalese-owned printing presses began disseminating xasida in printed form more widely than ever, and at times against the wishes of the leadership of the Muridiyya, one of Senegal's leading sufi orders. By highlighting the intertwined nature of print, public recitation, and sound control in midcentury Senegal, this article seeks to illuminate the institutional and political contexts that shaped the production and reception of specific genres of Islamic scholarship in the late colonial period.

Survival to hospital discharge is equivalent to 30-day survival as a primary survival outcome for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest studies

AimThe 2015 Utstein guidelines stated that 30-day survival could be used as an alternative to survival to hospital discharge (STHD) as the primary survival outcome in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) studies. We sought to ascertain the equivalence (concordance) of these two survival outcome measures. MethodsWe conducted a population-based retrospective cohort study of OHCA patients who were attended by St John Western Australia (SJ-WA) paramedics in Perth, WA between 1999 and 2018. OHCA patients were included if they received either an attempted resuscitation by SJ-WA or bystander defibrillation; were a resident of WA; and were transported to a hospital emergency department (ED). STHD was determined through hospital record review and 30-day survival via the WA Death Registry and cemetery registration data. ResultsThe study cohort comprised a total of 7953 OHCA patients, predominantly male (70%), with a median (IQR) age of 63 (46–77 years), a presumed cardiac arrest aetiology (78.9%), and the majority occurred in a private residence (66.8%). Survival rates were identical for STHD and 30-day survival, with both being (13.78%, 95% CI: 13.02–14.54%) (p = 0.99). The overall concordance between the two survival rates was 99.6%. There were only 30 (0.4%) discordant cases in total: 15 cases with STHD-yes but 30-day survival-no; and 15 cases with STHD-no but 30-day survival-yes. ConclusionWe found that STHD and 30-day survival were equivalent survival metrics in our OHCA Registry. However, given potential differences in health systems, we suggest that 30-day survival is likely to enable more reliable comparisons across jurisdictions.

Is Time Spent Outside the Family Home a Risk Factor for Lead Exposure in Pre-School Children Living in Broken Hill?

Broken Hill is amongst a group of communities internationally that are at greater risk from lead due to active or historical lead industries. Current evidence suggests there is no safe level of lead for young children. This paper describes places outside the family home where young Broken Hill children spend time and considers the potential for this to contribute to lead risk. We interviewed 65 families of children 3 years old or younger and detailed the top five places children spent time at outside the family home. Exposure to private residences outside the family home was recorded for most (88%) young children. Nearly two thirds stayed there five or more hours per week. Most children went there on a weekly basis over many months (median, 12 months), increasing the likelihood of exposure to lead hazards. Further investigation of the lead hazard and risk behaviour of children at these residences would assist in developing guidelines for remediation of the lead hazard for all private residences in Broken Hill. This approach to elucidating the potential sources and pathways of lead and other heavy metal exposures for young children may have merit in other settings where comprehensive zonal remediation is not feasible or may not be warranted.