Private Entrepreneur Research Articles

Problems of research and development in health services.

One of the main problems to technology utilization is the dynamics of the medical community. The users of the technology are not well acquainted with its potential value, the private entrepreneur (the physician) rarely purchases in quantity, and standards of manufacture have not been set. For these reasons, the medical market is unstable, risky, and expensive to enter. Most large companies get a greater return on engineering talent through mass-produced items. A means must be found to develop an interface between the inventor, the developer, the manufacturer, and the user of medical devices. The medical inventor is usually supported by grants or contracts and as such has little opportunity to develop an idea to the prototype or testing phase.

Totalitarianism and Individualism in Psychology

Abstract Totalitarianism and individualism in psychology do not simply reflect two different schools. Rather, they embody entire philosophies which have political ramifications. Indeed, the psychological issues take on significance only when understood in this larger context. Herbert Marcuse devotes a good deal of Negations to an examination of the cultural and philosophical aspects of individualism and totalitarianism. In the lead essay, “The Struggle Against Liberalism in the Totalitarian View of the State,” he describes individualism, or liberalism, in the following manner: “Liberalism was the social and economic theory of European industrial capitalism in the period when the actual economic bearer of capitalism was the ‘individual capitalist,’ the private entrepreneur in the literal sense. Despite structural variations in liberalism and its bearers from one country or period to another, a uniform foundation remains: the individual economic subject's free ownership and control of private property and the politically and legally guaranteed security of these rights.”

Behavior Settings in Residential Environments: A Research Strategy for Determining What Happens in the Designed Environment

It is estimated that in the next forty years, this nation will have constructed as many new dwelling units as were built in the previous two centuries in the United States. It is difficult to accept the premise that it makes no difference how these houses are built, where they are located, and how they are arranged in space. Recognizing the projected need for threz million housing units by 1975, it is critical that designers understand man and his many relationships to the physical environment. Knowledge about man's technological relationship to the physical environment is more scientifically developed than knowledge dealing with behavioral responses to the physical environment. Designers of man's environment have had little more to rely upon as a basis for their decisions than their own individual set of values, reflecting their own cultural, educational, economic, and social class characteristics. Often designers are unrelated to the people for whom they design. Not only will environments designed without knowledge of users fail to provide optimum conditions for the inhabitants, they will also fail to provide the private or public entrepreneur with information by which to evaluate the costs and benefits of alternative schemes.

Проблематика визначення автором твору кінематографії особи, відмінної від фізичної особи

У статті, розкривається проблематика визначення автором твору фізичної особи-підприємця, особливості розуміння поняття авторства до моменту створення твору кінематографії. Аналізується питання авторських прав на твори, створені за допомогою штучного інтелекту.

The Favored Status of the State Entrepreneur in Economic Development Programs

In this paper a number of factors affecting economic assistance programs in underdeveloped areas are examined, and the conclusion reached that such programs contain a built-in bias which channels investment funds to governmentowned enterprises at the expense of private entrepreneurs. Financiers want to see a prospectively enterprise with a substantial safety margin against adverse developments before they are ready to supply investment funds. But entrepreneurial programming quite generally, and especially in underdeveloped countries, is guided by numerous other considerations besides maximizing profits within limits dictated by considerations of safety. Consequently there is a large gulf between plans as drawn up by prospective entrepreneurs in underdeveloped areas and as approved by Western bankers and cost accountants. Clearly, there is a very difficult problem of communication deriving from the great differences in the cultural environments of lenders and borrowers. The process of project selection by Western financiers for obvious reasons uncovers great weaknesses in the projects submitted (i. e., in the new factor combinations), and the unfavorable diagnoses result in the elimination of many private entrepreneurs from the competitive arena. The mortality of project proposals, however, is not so great when projects are to be implemented by the State as entrepreneur. This might seem odd since the State has to draw on the same limited reservoir of imperfect entrepreneurs as the private sector, and the new factor combinations proposed are no better and, in fact, are sometimes worse. The decisions favoring the State as owner-operator--insofar as they are not based on political grounds-seem to be due to the fact that the State is able to project the picture of a enterprise notwithstanding the inferior factor combinations, by means of subsidized factor costs--an avenue not generally open to the private entrepreneur. As a result we get viable enterprises, bad allocations of resources, and very questionable additions to the total output of the country concerned. A plea is made for comparing state and private enterprises on the basis of realistic factor costs.

A Theoretical Analysis of Consumer Co-Operatives: The Managerial Problem

E literature of economic theory is replete with treatises on the nature of the demand and supply functions under the varying conditions of perfect competition, monopolistic competitition, and pure monopoly in a private enterprise system. No economist to my knowledge has done a theoretical study2 assuming industry or individual firm orgranized as consumer co-operatives. The unstated but tacit assumption has been that the problems presented by this form of organization were fundamentally the same as those faced by the private entrepreneur and open to the same solutions. I think it can be readily demonstrated that any such assumption is false. There is a fundamental, qualitative difference between these types of organization especially as to the demand function and distribution of income.

Housing War America

HOUSING blueprints from Washington are revolutionizing an industry which in predepression days was locally controlled and entirely in the hands of the private entrepreneur. Ironically enough, the first important steps toward the socialization of the housing industry in the United States were taken in response to the entreaties of banking institutions and real estate interests. In the thirties the home-financ-

FORMS OF ORGANIZATION OF ITALIAN PUBLIC UNDERTAKINGS.

Contrary to expectation, widespread when the Fascists acceded to power, no notable retreat by the national government from the field of economic undertaking has been witnessed under the present Italian regime. The theoretical advocacy of public ownership of business concerns as a goal in itself has, indeed, passed entirely from the political stage with the suppression of the once powerful Socialist party, but the enterprises already operated by the Italian government have for the most part been continued under Mussolini's administration. Fascist theory concedes the private entrepreneur to be the normal and proper producer and distributor of economic goods. The Fascist attitude toward the government in business is expressed in the doctrine of state intervention. When any phase of the national economy fails to operate properly, the state has a right to intervene, even to the extent of becoming an entrepreneur itself. In the ninth declaration of the Charter of Labor, the Fascist social creed, the doctrine is expressed thus: “The intervention of the state in economic production takes place only when private initiative is lacking or is insufficient or when political interests of the state are involved. Such intervention may assume the form of control, assistance, or direct management.”

Forms of Organization of Italian Public Undertakings

Contrary to expectation, widespread when the Fascists acceded to power, no notable retreat by the national government from the field of economic undertaking has been witnessed under the present Italian régime. The theoretical advocacy of public ownership of business concerns as a goal in itself has, indeed, passed entirely from the political stage with the suppression of the once powerful Socialist party, but the enterprises already operated by the Italian government have for the most part been continued under Mussolini's administration. Fascist theory concedes the private entrepreneur to be the normal and proper producer and distributor of economic goods. The Fascist attitude toward the government in business is expressed in the doctrine of state intervention. When any phase of the national economy fails to operate properly, the state has a right to intervene, even to the extent of becoming an entrepreneur itself. In the ninth declaration of the Charter of Labor, the Fascist social creed, the doctrine is expressed thus: “The intervention of the state in economic production takes place only when private initiative is lacking or is insufficient or when political interests of the state are involved. Such intervention may assume the form of control, assistance, or direct management.”

THE STATE AS PRIVATE ENTREPRENEUR.

Annals of Public and Cooperative EconomicsVolume 5, Issue 1 p. 3-40 THE STATE AS PRIVATE ENTREPRENEUR A STUDY OF STATE CAPITALISTIC ENTERPRISE Dr. Ernst KRETSCHMER, Dr. Ernst KRETSCHMER (Hamburg)Search for more papers by this author Dr. Ernst KRETSCHMER, Dr. Ernst KRETSCHMER (Hamburg)Search for more papers by this author First published: January 1929 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8292.1929.tb01250.xRead the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Volume5, Issue1January 1929Pages 3-40 RelatedInformation