Private Correspondence Research Articles

Basic recommendations for publishing in scientific journals of the psychiatry area

Trends in the dissemination of scientific findings have changed over the years. According to the records, the publication of medical journals began during the second half of the 17th century, when various factors, such as the founding of new universities, the emergence of medical-scientific societies, the dissemination of discoveries in periodic publications, and the shift from Latin to vernacular languages, contributed to the progress of medicine and facilitated the dissemination of medical knowledge (Piqueras, 2007; Booth, 1990). The beginnings of a rudimentary, primitive globalization saw the spread of knowledge through private correspondence, books, brochures and pamphlets without systematization.

On «Pretty Young Lady», Dos Passos and the Textology of «Art»

The presented text is a publication of archival materials from the Eisensteins Fund in the Russian State Archive of Literature and Art (RGALI). The author of the publication reconstructed and commented some episodes from creative and personal biography of S.M. Eisenstein in the beginning of the 1930's. In particular, some fragments from private correspondence of Eisenstein and Esther Shub сut when published in the 1970s have been restored; the reasons for the reaction of the director to the of Shubs suggestion to make a film based on the novel Manhattan by John Dos Passos have been elucidated. The details and features of the artistic life of Russia in the 1930s are reflected in the epistolary genre of Eisenstein's work. The text presented also dwells on some cases of selective approach towards publishing books in the Soviet era. The author, using comparative historical and textual analysis, restores the true picture of Eisenstein's relationship to the work of a number of representatives of Russian and foreign cinema and literature, and also explains the reasons for some important events in the creative life of the director.

The use of the Arabic script in northern Mozambique

Northern Mozambican Muslim population has been using the Arabic script for writing in KiSwahili and local African languages for centuries. Even today, many people continue using this script in private correspondence. Despite the abundance of the documents in this script that are housed at the Mozambique Historical Archives as well as in private hands, these documents have never been addressed or researched either from linguistic, historical, cultural or religious vantage points. For the last seven years, the Archives have been trying to draw attention of the scholars and obtain funds for the preservation and research of the documents. In this article two short letters from the collection of the Mozambique Historical Archives are transcribed and translated with the help of a local shaykh who was educated within the regional historical Islamic literacy tradition. Then, the content and the protagonists of the letters were identified and analyzed with the reference to the historical context and the events of the time. Besides serving as the evidence for historical occurrences, the letters also provide a general public with a unique opportunity of “hearing the voices” of the authors and in their own words (in first person).

BRITAIN AND YEMEN: THE END OF BRITISH RULE IN SOUTH ARABIA THROUGH THE EYES OF A YOUNG POLITICAL OFFICER

This article publishes for the first time selections of the private correspondence (placing them in their historical context) of John G. T. Shipman (1939–2016), who took up his position as assistant adviser in the Eastern Aden Protectorate at the end of 1962 just as the first signs of political and social change were appearing in South Arabia. He served from this position in different parts of the Eastern Aden Protectorate until 1967. Shipman's correspondence allows for an unmediated appreciation of how people on the ground experienced the historical events at the time, including the British withdrawal in 1967, and highlights the extent of their own grasp of the goings-on when contrasted with the historical record. In this sense, the scope of this article is to allow the voice of one of the many British colonial officials to directly narrate their encounters during the last five years of British colonial rule over southern Arabia. The perceptive eye of a young political officer coupled with the ephemeral character of his handwritten correspondence, which providentially survived for more than five decades although it was never intended for publication, offers a fresh insight into the political and social life of the Eastern Aden Protectorate.

Confederate Political Economy: Creating and Managing a Southern Corporatist Nation by Michael Brem Bonner

Reviewed by: Confederate Political Economy: Creating and Managing a Southern Corporatist Nation by Michael Brem Bonner Max Mishler Confederate Political Economy: Creating and Managing a Southern Corporatist Nation. By Michael Brem Bonner. Conflicting Worlds: New Dimensions of the American Civil War. ( Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2016. Pp. xii, 260. $48.00, ISBN 978–0-8071–6212-5.) In Confederate Political Economy: Creating and Managing a Southern Corporatist Nation, Michael Brem Bonner explores the interrelated processes of state formation and industrialization in the U.S. South during the American Civil War. He shows how a proslavery nation obsessed with republicanism, states' rights, and free trade quickly sacrificed these hallowed principles upon the altar of national survival. Bonner makes sense of these developments by studying the Confederacy as a nation born as much out of the war as during the war. The decision to leave the Union precipitated a civil war, which, in turn, left Confederate leaders with the herculean task of cementing national loyalty, mobilizing the citizenry, and securing sufficient military resources. Southern representatives prioritized sovereignty over ideological purity and profit in ways that fostered the emergence of a "Confederate system," or wartime political economy, that was neither the culmination of antebellum politics nor a prologue to the New South (p. 9). In response to the exigencies of war, Bonner argues, "the Confederacy implemented one of the world's first examples of a corporatist political economy" (p. 9). While corporatism tends to evoke twentieth-century political regimes in Italy or Brazil, Bonner suggests it [End Page 172] encapsulates the articulation of authoritarian political culture and public-private industrialization schemes in the Confederacy. Drawing on extensive government and company records, newspapers, legislative debates, and private correspondence, Bonner deftly shows how military imperatives unleashed antidemocratic political practices, including holding secret legislative sessions and maintaining a strong executive branch that was free from judicial restraint, and protectionist economic policies, such as tariffs and government subsidies, that were designed to bolster the industrial production of war matériel. These anathemas to antebellum southern politics were deemed necessary to sustain the war effort. The Confederate system was not, Bonner insists, a "command economy," in which private industry was completely subsumed within the state; rather, it was a mutually beneficial arrangement through which private industries—including iron, munitions, and railroads—secured profitable government contracts for the duration of the war (p. 3). This unique amalgam of authoritarian politics and profit made up what Bonner calls "expedient corporatism," which reflected a mutually beneficial public-private partnership that enabled Confederate leaders to wage war and ensured that private industries had access to government subsidies, patronage, and protection from competition and were even able to influence national policies (p. 9). Confederate Political Economy is a well-researched and cogently argued book. While some readers may take issue with Bonner's use of twentieth-century concepts like corporatism to explain nineteenth-century developments, defining the Confederate system as expedient corporatism is productively provocative. The term invites scholars to think about the historical relationship between war and capitalism comparatively and across time. Subsequent research might fruitfully explore other facets of the Confederate system that remain opaque in Bonner's work. A deeper engagement with the actual dynamics of production, that is, labor and subaltern politics on the ground, for example, would have likely allowed him to paint a more comprehensive portrait of the Confederate political economy on its own terms. Unfortunately, Bonner justifies the conspicuous absence of white women and enslaved African Americans from his central cast of characters by dismissing their relative importance to southern political economy. This claim is belied by his own evidence that enslaved African Americans, white women, and white children composed a significant labor force within the industries that lay at the heart of the Confederate system. Nevertheless, Confederate Political Economy has much to teach students of the Civil War era about the political culture and economic policies of a proslavery republic. Max Mishler Columbia University Copyright © 2018 The Southern Historical Association

La guerra de Chile contra la Confederación Perú-Boliviana (1836-1839): el trigo y la agricultura como bases de un proyecto nacional

El objetivo de este artículo es analizar la relevancia del comercio del trigo como uno de los factores determinantes en la guerra de Chile contra la Confederación Perú-Boliviana. A partir de oficios del Archivo Histórico Nacional de Chile, cartas y prensa del periodo, el estudio comparado de las fuentes permite evidenciar la estrecha relación entre la tensión comercial entre Perú y Chile, la crisis del trigo en Chile y la declaración de guerra de este país a la Confederación. Asimismo, la organización de la segunda expedición chilena y la fundación de la Sociedad Nacional de Agricultura, por los mismos protagonistas, permite especular que ambos acontecimientos formaban parte de un mismo proyecto político y económico.

The Good Occupation: American Soldiers and the Hazards of Peace by Susan L. Carruthers

Reviewed by: The Good Occupation: American Soldiers and the Hazards of Peace by Susan L. Carruthers Kristine Dennehy (bio) The Good Occupation: American Soldiers and the Hazards of Peace. By Susan L. Carruthers. (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2016. Pp. 400. $29.95 cloth) For many Americans, bestsellers like Tom Brokaw's The Greatest Generation (1998) resonate with their desire to embrace a heroic narrative of Depression-era sacrifice, wartime honor, and postwar triumphalism, despite challenges to this mythological arc by historians like Kenneth D. Rose (Myth and the Greatest Generation: A Social History of Americans in World War II [2008]). In The Good Occupation: American Soldiers and the Hazards of Peace, Susan L. Carruthers shines light on the years following the defeat of the Axis powers in 1945 and fills a gap in the American historiography of this period, which features less prominently in our national discourse. In contrast to the deconstruction of "the 'good war' mythos," Carruthers argues that the "virtuous aura around the post-1945 occupations remains undimmed, and has been if anything enhanced by comparison with the recent U.S. enterprise in Iraq, a project intended to mimic and reprise earlier reconstructive triumphs" (p. 10). Carruthers reveals the less-than-virtuous side of the continued American military presence in Europe and Asia in several ways. Most compelling is her use of the heretofore untapped memoirs, diaries, and private correspondence from ordinary soldiers who were part of the "after-armies" in Occupied Germany and Japan. Oftentimes, these sources expose an ambiguity in the minds of the conquerors, as in this excerpt from a letter home penned by Leo Bogart who struggled with the postwar task of requisitioning German homes: "Undoubtedly in the last half year my work has helped to break up many homes, to kill young men and bring agony to their women, but it has always worked through devious abstracted channels. Now I am personally an agent of woe, and this is no source of joy to me" (p. 69). Interspersed among this grassroots perspective are quotes from higher-ranking officers like Brigadier General Jack Whitelaw who invoked the Yankee carpetbagger, "the lowest form of American life" in his description of "two slimey looking Jewish bastards" hawking cigarettes from the post [End Page 279] exchange (PX) in postwar Berlin. For this black-market infraction, Whitelaw proposed to his wife, "They ought to be horsewhipped and then strung up by their thumbs" (pp. 258–59). In her discussion of postwar Japan, Carruthers relies heavily on comprehensive secondary sources such as John Dower's Embracing Defeat: Japan in the Wake of World War II (1999) and the English-language translation by Robert Ricketts and Sebastian Swann of Takemae Eiji's work on this period, Inside GHQ: The Allied Occupation of Japan and Its Legacy (2002). Here, too, she orchestrates a combination of voices of lower-ranking soldiers with elite accounts of the occupation, including extensive references to the papers and publications of General Robert Eichelberger, commander of the Eighth Army. As with the post-Holocaust demonization of Jews, Eichelberger showed an affinity for the Japanese racialized oppression of Koreans by singling them out as "black market people" who "intimidated the police in many areas" (p. 187). Although Carruthers does not cite works by ethnic Korean authors, readers might be interested to know that the animosity toward Eichelberger was mutual on the part of Korean residents in Japan who lived through his suppression of ethnic Korean schools in 1948. Many decades later, as this reviewer learned through personal communication, Koreans in Kobe still referred to Eichelberger (pronounced in Japanese as Ei-kel-ba-ga) as "Ei-kelba-ka," making the final two syllables a pun on the Japanese word "idiot" (baka). The insights Carruthers does provide will appeal to a wide readership who may be surprised to encounter the daily life of occupation as it unfolded on the ground. As Bob Titus wrote to his "Pop" from Okinawa two weeks after Hirohito's surrender, "Our aimless piddling in the mud is becoming disgusting to me as well as to most others" (p. 208). [End Page 280] Kristine Dennehy KRISTINE DENNEHY served as the historical adviser for the U...

"We are not objects of pity": New York City Sailors and the Embargo of 1807

"We are not objects of pity":New York City Sailors and the Embargo of 1807 Philip G. Swan (bio) After President Thomas Jefferson signed the Embargo Act of 1807 on December 22, 1807, the maritime community was devastated, and a newly resurgent Federalist Party hoped to wrest unemployed sailors, traditional constituents of the Democratic-Republicans, to the Federalist ranks. While their efforts were successful in Philadelphia and throughout New England, Federalists had only limited success swaying the loyalties of mariners in New York City. In part, this was due to Republicans skillfully tying the Embargo to the rights of impressed sailors while portraying Federalists as Anglophiles more concerned with maintaining a profitable trade with Great Britain than championing the welfare of seamen, an accusation which seems to be partly borne out by private correspondence between key Federalist leaders. In the process of competing for sailor's votes, both parties revealed a tendency to underestimate the individual political agency of sailors, assuming their political support could be won through the use of alarmist political rhetoric and pandering nautical jargon. This essay uses newspapers and other sources to investigate the political rhetoric both the Federalists and the Republicans employed to appeal to sailors, especially through the use of perceived sailor language and sailor metaphors. While there is a body of scholarship discussing the political use of language in relation to sailors during the early national period, none has looked in depth at how this language was utilized during the Embargo of 1807.1 [End Page 294] In the 1960s, Jesse Lemisch conducted groundbreaking research into the history of "the inarticulate," examining the politicization of sailors. Using the impressment riots in North American ports before the Revolution as examples, he described a maritime populace unwilling to play the subordinate role on land that they were forced to assume at sea. In more recent interpretations marxist scholars like Lemisch, Marcus Rediker, and Peter Linebaugh, have portrayed seamen as internationalist proletarians purposefully resisting capitalist exploitation. Paul A. Gilje has published several works arguing that sailors fully embraced their American identities but utilized patriotism in a calculated way when it suited their needs, fully aware that they represented American independence in the public eye both during the Revolutionary period and later in the politically tumultuous years before the War of 1812. Daniel Vickers has written of sailor's identity, revealing how sailors in several Massachusetts ports were tied to their community. According to Vickers, these young men only took to the sea in their youth; as a result, they were not a marginalized proletariat segregated in "sailor towns" as they would have been in Europe nor did they end their lives as "Jack Tars." More recent scholarship explores the ways the United States government came to define citizenship in its effort to address the impressment of American sailors in need of documentation. To that effect Simon P. Newman has explored the important role nationalistic sailors played in elections of the Jeffersonian era, noting that "from the mid-1790s onward the Democratic-Republican leadership was under constant pressure to represent the concerns of seafarers."2 [End Page 295] Elaborating on current scholarly trends I argue that during the Embargo of 1807 such pressure stemmed from two primary fears: a fear of violence and disruption caused by idle sailors in American ports coupled with a fear that these same sailors might leave America for opportunities in foreign lands, specifically in Canada. While the latter fear was justified and ultimately realized, the former was not: sailors did protest the Embargo, but they did so in an orderly way, making it clear that they were fully engaged citizens holding the same democratic principles as their contemporaries and capable of expressing these principals without recourse to violence. Unfortunately, even when protesting the Embargo in a lawful way, both parties dismissed such group actions as political stunts staged by the opposing party. Such actions perpetuated the stereotype of the guileless "Tar" whose support and vote could be bought by political opponents who offered them free alcohol and free rent or enticed them with broadsides replete with sailor terms, rather than ideas that transcended immediate self-interest. That many of these sailors chose...

АНГЛІЙСЬКА МОВА В НІГЕРІЇ: ІСТОРІЯ ВИВЧЕННЯ

One of the advanced areas of the Global English research is that of non-native varieties including Nigerian English (NE) as one of the most representative varieties in Africa. But literature analysis on NE reveals that in spite of the growing interest of linguists to the study of this variety there is no coherent program of its research and description. In this paper, a history of the NE research is traced in the context of the history of English in Nigeria. The aim of the paper is in eliciting the lacunae in overall representation of this variety and in outlining prospects for its further research. Literature analysis makes it possible to distinguish three periods in the description and research of English in Nigeria: pre-linguistic, political and linguistic; these periods correlate with the stages in the history of English in Nigeria. During pre-linguistic period (the end of the 18th c. – the end of the 19th c.) the presence of English in Nigeria and a rather widespread use of English-based pidgins are mentioned in a few works on Western Africa and in rare samples of private correspondence. During political period (the end of the 19th c. – the middle of the 20th c.) English is implemented into educational system, it is gaining recognition in the country, local literature in English is developing, and linguistic debates on the characteristics and status of NE are taking place. During linguistic period investigations of structural and systemic parameters and characteristics of NE are being performed. NE is also included into the program of English worldwide comparative studies (The International Corpus of English). This study shows that there is a hiatus in the area of lexicography, both practical and theoretical. A systematic and comprehensive investigation of the NE evolution is on the research agenda as well.

From Warm Center to Ragged Edge: The Erosion of Midwestern Literary and Historical Regionalism, 1920–1965 by Jon K. Lauck

Reviewed by: From Warm Center to Ragged Edge: The Erosion of Midwestern Literary and Historical Regionalism, 1920–1965 by Jon K. Lauck Kevin F. Kern From Warm Center to Ragged Edge: The Erosion of Midwestern Literary and Historical Regionalism, 1920–1965. By Jon K. Lauck. (Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 2017. xii + 252 pp. Paper $27.50, ISBN 978-1-6093-8496-8.) Midwestern natives are used to the marginalization of their region, whether rhetorically (e.g., such common expressions as "flyover country" or "the Rust [End Page 78] Belt") or by being overshadowed by other regions like the South or the West. Thus, it would probably surprise many to learn that a century ago, midwestern history and literature had a central place in the national conversation. Frederick Jackson Turner's famous "Frontier Thesis" had attracted historical attention to the region in the 1890s, and novels set in the Midwest–including multiple volumes from authors such as Gene Stratton Porter, Meredith Nicholson, and Booth Tarkington–topped the best-seller lists. Given this fall from relevance, Jon K. Lauck's study seeks "to analyze the forces that wilted Midwestern identity by mid-century" and examine "how the Midwest as a region faded from our collective imagination, fell off the map, and became an object of derision" (3). Lauck lays most of the blame on eastern intellectuals and critics, particularly Columbia University English professor and The Nation literary editor Carl Van Doren. In an immensely influential 1921 piece titled "Revolt from the Village," Van Doren argued that American literature had for decades adhered to "the cult of the village": an underpinning belief that small-town life was essentially good and heroic. He lauded what he saw as a recent, contrasting literary trend embodied by such works as Edgar Lee Masters's Spoon River Anthology, Sherwood Anderson's Winesburg, Ohio, and especially Sinclair Lewis's Main Street. In these he saw a challenge to the cult with grittier and more critical portrayals of small-town life, emphasizing scandal, provincialism, and hypocrisy. Subsequent authors and historians repeated and amplified the thesis to the point that it became the prevailing narrative concerning the period. In a manner similar to Charles Postel's revision of conventional interpretations of Populism, Lauck seeks to challenge widespread acceptance of the "village revolt" thesis. Using the private correspondence of authors and editors, he shows that the thesis played into the prejudices of other eastern critics, who further encouraged it (H. L. Mencken once said of Willa Cather, "I don't care how well she writes, I don't give a damn what happens in Nebraska" [163]). Further, Lauck convincingly demonstrates that the "village revolt" authors themselves–sometimes quite vociferously–raised objections to the thesis, but found their complaints (as well their later works that did not fit the theme) rebuffed by the same critics who perpetuated it. Although midwestern authors attempted to revitalize midwestern regional literature in a "failed revolt against the revolt," forces beyond their control–including eastern publishing houses that dominated the industry, the Great Depression, and World War II–ultimately foiled them. [End Page 79] Turning to his own field of history, Lauck argues that after a small "boom" in midwestern regional history lasting until the early 1940s, a diverse number of factors caused the profession to turn away from it afterward. These included guilt-by-association attitudes regarding midwestern isolationists before the war and midwestern anticommunists afterward, theoretical trends away from regionalism, massive postwar changes to the university and the professoriate, and finally a loss of organizational structure exemplified by the transformation of the regional Mississippi Valley Historical Association into the national Organization of American Historians. Lauck's abundant illustrative examples provide persuasive support for his major points. The "Notes" section is almost 25 percent longer than the text it documents, and draws on a wide variety of literary, historical, and popular-culture publications in addition to extensive archival work in the papers of authors, editors, and historians. Yet the volume is more than a well-researched revisionist study: it is a manifesto for a revived field of midwestern studies. No one has done more on this front than Lauck, who was a founder of...

«Дело о Ходжа Ахраре вернуть на доследование»: накшбандийский шайх в публикациях и личной корреспонденции советских востоковедов

The essay deals with the discussion between renowned Soviet era academics Alexey Boldyrev and Ol’ga Chekhovich on the ‘historical role’ of Khwāja Aḥrār – an influential political figure and Naqshbandi shaykh of the 15th century. Based upon the scholarly publications as well as private correspondence of both academics the author seeks to highlight the very dynamics of the discussion, the main arguments as well as some hermeneutical exercises implemented by both discussants.

Les Dégoûts de Voltaire: exploration d’une sensibilité complexe. Par Marie-Hélène Cotoni.

What can the usage and semantic field of one word reveal about the most prolific author of the Enlightenment? Marie-Hélène Cotoni’s book combines monograph and close reading as it explores the appearance of ‘dégoût’ in Voltaire’s works and correspondence. From personal conflicts to the expression of the philosophe’s often adamant aesthetic views, the term incorporates a wide variety of meanings that, contingent upon the receiver or the subject treated, can reflect a satirical and bitter reaction, aversion, or even a direct attack. Whether Voltaire is lamenting the decadence of the French theatre and the rising popularity of Shakespeare, or pondering the actions of the Prussian king, ‘dégoût’ remains a conspicuous term that accompanies him from his early writings. The book is divided into two parts; it separates the disgust of the philosopher as it is represented in a defined personal as well as a professional sphere from his manifold criticism directed towards contemporary thinkers and dominant ideologies. In the first part, we see the challenges of the author and critic unfold: his disenchantment in an archaic, even barbaric political and judicial system; his numerous battles to correct the unauthorized, and often adversely altered publications that tarnished his name; the representations of his works and his discontentment towards changing taste in his country, which had become disinterested in classical theatre. Also examined in this part are the private conflicts and the damaged relationships that gradually led him to isolation in his later years: although there are no Voltairean Confessions, his private correspondence reveals the inner workings and motivations of the philosophe. Thus we are able to examine the reasons behind Voltaire’s departure for Prussia, which inevitably caused his separation from Émilie Du Châtelet, and his subsequent disillusionment with Frederick II, who in the eyes of Voltaire failed, after all, to become the Enlightened sovereign — the Anti-Machiavelli. An examination of the letters to Mme Denis, his niece, gives evidence not only of their retreat in Ferney and the disagreements that were sparked between the elder philosophe and younger relative, but it also reveals the disloyalty of certain friends — the theft of several manuscripts and their clandestine publication — which left its mark on the sensibility of the correspondent. The book’s second part examines the appearance of ‘dégoût’ in relation to the historical and philosophical thinking of Voltaire. A fervent defender of the Enlightenment and the progress of knowledge, he repeatedly expresses his aversion towards the barbaric illusions of religion, fallacious philosophical systems, and erroneous or mythologizing historiography. These impassioned attacks spare neither his contemporaries nor his predecessors. He criticizes buffoonery in English dramas and Rabelais’s work alike, and at the same time launches an attack against those who targeted him in their pamphlets and reviews. Through the analysis of his — sometimes spurious — ‘dégoûts’, the reader obtains valuable insights into the complex rhetoric of Voltaire.

Private Correspondence and Migration History: Some Reflections and Examples from Iberian Galicia

Recent reappraisals of the return of the subject have encouraged a gradual re-assessment of the use of oral or written personal documents in historiography. Much of the new research based on personal sources has adopted an interdisciplinary theoretical focus that borrows from cultural anthropology, linguistics, network theory and cultural history, in order to ‘rescue’ the experiences of the anonymous protagonists of social change. Yet: To what extent is it possible to maintain this optimistic, perhaps even simplistic fascination today? This essay seeks to address this question by focusing on the use of letters in Iberian migration history.

THE EFFECTS OF GLOBALIZATION PROCESSES (1453-1869 / 1870-1914) ON THE OTTOMAN STATE SPORTS INSTITUTION

The purpose of our work is to determine the effects of the first and second period globalization processes on the sports institutions of the Ottoman State. This aim is to be able to explain the tendency of the globalization which emerged as a continuation of each other in accordance with the spirit of the era of the Turkish sport institutions. Globalization is a very influential phenomenon on the changes of states, social and economic institutions. Globalization; can be regarded as a concept that deals with a wide variety of disciplines and markets, and establishes relationships that influence and interfere with these disciplines and markets. From this perspective, it is also a fact that the effects of countries on sports institutions are inevitable. In the study, a qualitative method called descriptive field scanning, documentary or documentary study was followed. In this way, our research has been structured by the historical research method and the historical survey method with qualitative research in terms of content. Historical research methodology has been supported by archival scanning method based on reviewing, translating, reading and evaluating books, documents, files, official and private correspondence documents, foreign language information and documents The sports schools of the Ottoman state's sports institutions were weakened by the loss of their importance by being negatively affected as the economic aims of the establishment causes with the change of trade routes in the first globalization process. In the second globalization process; despite the fact that the Ottoman state was in its recent times, it tried to adapt to the socio-economic changes brought about by Globalization. At the end of this effort, importance has been given to sports and sports institutions in education, social life. He transferred both the sports institutions and the sports workforce to the state of the Republic of Turkey, which is the continuation of the Ottoman state. Article visualizations:

2016 Wilkins-Bernal-Medawar lecture The curious history of curiosity-driven research.

Curiosity has a curious place in the history of science. In the early modern period, curiosity was doubled-edged: it was both a virtue, the spring for a 'love of truth', but also the source of human error and even personal corruption. In the twentieth century, curiosity had become an apparently uncomplicated motivation. Successful scientists, for example Nobel Prize winners in their lectures and biographies, frequently attributed their first steps into science to a fundamental curiosity, an irrepressible desire to ask the question 'why?'. The aside made by Albert Einstein in private correspondence in 1952-'I have no special talents. I am only passionately curious'-has now become a meme. Yet in the twentieth century, science was shaped by many forces, and the practical utility of science in the real, messy problematic worlds of its formation seem far removed from the seeming innocence of curiosity-driven research. In my lecture and this paper, I ask why scientists say they ask 'why?', and trace the curious history of the idea of curiosity-driven science. In particular, I distinguish between a long and short history of curiosity in science, with the latter associated with the term 'curiosity-driven science' and the UK administration of Margaret Thatcher.

"Letras Italianas". La mediazione letteraria di Mario Puccini ne "La Pluma" di Azaña e Rivas Cherif

Dopo aver ripercorso rapidamente le tappe storiche del riavvicinamento letterario e culturale tra l’Italia e la Spagna nell’Edad de la Plata, l’articolo ricostruisce la collaborazione di Mario Puccini nella rivista letteraria La Pluma. Il testo analizza i dodici articoli di Puccini, i quali ebbero il merito di dar vita alla prima sezione di letteratura straniera della rivista, inoltre chiarisce anche le occasioni di tale collaborazione. Interessanti stralci di corrispondenze private esplicitano l’importanza del diretto interessamento di Miguel de Unamuno, propiziatore della collaborazione del marchigiano con la rivista. L’attenta analisi è volta ad evidenziare in quale misura la mediazione pucciniana abbia influito sul tramonto del dannunzianesimo e sull’ascesa del pirandellismo in Spagna, a tal fine si prenderà in considerazione anche la sola opera critica organica scritta da Puccini, De D’Annunzio a Pirandello (1927), nella quale finiranno per confluire buona parte degli articoli de La Pluma.

Accession of Unstructured File Collections

Unstructured file collections will keep archives increasingly busy, as the digitisation of the workplace as well as the private correspondence pro-ceeds. But the archiving of this kind of data requires a lot of time and per-sonnel. startext COMO is a software tool that helps to organize and evaluate unstructured file collections.

Только ли маргиналии? Три эпизода с «мусульманским русским языком» в поздней Российской империи

The paper discusses 3 cases of the Russian Empire Muslims’ (Tatars) using the Russian language to speak about themselves and Islam. The cultural processes underlying ‘Muslim Russian’ turning into a discoursal practice, its aims and expanding functions are analyzed, as well as its links with ‘mass Orientalism’ in the Russian imperial space and the speakers’ quest of the ways to speak about Islam in Russian. The role of choosing Russian in forming the actors’ identity as expert representatives of the imagined Russian Muslim community, while they acted as colonial intermediaries and/or political oppositionists, is shown. One case is A. Baiazitov and his contemporaries’ polemics with E. Renan and the counter-Muslim (missionary, in particular) journalism in the 1890-s, which, being a response to the unifying (state-nationalist) trends in the imperial context, also shows the emergence of the space of Muslim voices in the Russian public discourse. The second case, i.e. Russian used by Muslim political activists in the times of mass politics, especially, in their private correspondence in the 1910-s, reveals its lingua franca functions in their aspirations to create a super-ethnic all-Russian Muslim community. Differently, the 3d case, which frames the paper, the handwritten notes made for himself by the Muslim reformist (jadid), journalist and oppositionist F. Karimov (Karimi) in the margins of the governmental “Journal of the Special Meeting for Elaboration of Measures to Counteract the Tatar-Muslim Influence in the Volga Region” (1910) presents the interiorization of Russian beyond its pragmatic and public functions, a situation of ‘straight’ individual multilingualism. As Russian, the language of the Russian power, served also to convey the modernist, mainly progressist discourse, the key question raised in the paper is the interaction of Islamic and modernist discourses in the Muslim Russian texts under discussion. In the polemics both with the trends of absolutizing and idealizing the modernity and of marginalizing the modernity questionnaire in the studies of Russian Islam, the notion of ‘cultural bilingualism’ is suggested, which allows depicting a coexistence of the two discourses even in the utterances that may seem purely modernist and lacking any Islamic subtext (e.g. Karimov’s marginalia). The difference in the character of cultural bilingualism between Baiazitov’s and Karimov’s texts is shown, as well as their common connection with the Islamic vision of history, which prevents their definition in pure terms of modernism vs. traditionalism. The paper is partly based on archival sources. The supplement provides fragments of Karimov’s notes, previously unpublished.

Creation of an annotated corpus of Old and Middle Hungarian court records and private correspondence

The paper introduces a novel annotated corpus of Old and Middle Hungarian (16–18 century), the texts of which were selected in order to approximate the vernacular of the given historical periods as closely as possible. The corpus consists of testimonies of witnesses in trials and samples of private correspondence. The texts are not only analyzed morphologically, but each file contains metadata that would also facilitate sociolinguistic research. The texts were segmented into clauses, manually normalized and morphosyntactically annotated using an annotation system consisting of the PurePos PoS tagger and the Hungarian morphological analyzer HuMor originally developed for Modern Hungarian but adapted to analyze Old and Middle Hungarian morphological constructions. The automatically disambiguated morphological annotation was manually checked and corrected using an easy-to-use web-based manual disambiguation interface. The normalization process and the manual validation of the annotation required extensive teamwork and provided continuous feedback for the refinement of the computational morphology and iterative retraining of the statistical models of the tagger. The paper discusses some of the typical problems that occurred during the normalization procedure and their tentative solutions. Besides, we also describe the automatic annotation tools, the process of semi-automatic disambiguation, and the query interface, a special function of which also makes correction of the annotation possible. Displaying the original, the normalized and the parsed versions of the selected texts, the beta version of the first fully normalized and annotated historical corpus of Hungarian is freely accessible at the address http://tmk.nytud.hu/ .

Robert Broom’s prehistoric sketches: conveying objects through illustration in the early-twentieth century

ABSTRACTThis article examines the images sketched by the palaeontologist Robert Broom (based in South Africa) in his correspondence to the scientists at the American Museum of Natural History in New York in the early-twentieth century. The drawings in Broom’s correspondence demonstrate a number of features around ‘the object habit,’ most notably how the construction and exchange of images were crucial aspects of studying, defining and understanding scientific objects, and built networks and relationships between scientists. The article examines how claims to truth and authority in early-twentieth century scientific discourse could operate around objects, and how private correspondence could simultaneously serve as an avenue to present apparently ‘objective’ data, emphasise key features of analysis, or engage in more speculative theorising.