Privacy In Context Research Articles

"Cloud chasers" and "substitutes": e-cigarettes, vaping subcultures and vaper identities.

The use of e-cigarettes is increasing, a practice denoted as vaping. We explore user motives, self-identity as vapers and involvement in vaping subcultures, drawing on sociological theory of stigma, subcultures and symbolic boundaries. Based on analyses of semi-structured interviews with 30 Norwegian vapers, we find that there is a vaping subculture in Norway. We identify two dominant vaper identities. The first is labelled cloud chasers. These were dedicated vapers who identified with symbols and values in the subculture. Many were politically engaged in improving vaping regulation regimes and felt a sense of belonging to a vaping community. The second group is labelled substitutes. These were former daily smokers who used e-cigarettes for smoking cessation in a more pragmatic and defensive manner, to avoid health risks, to escape the stigma of smoking and to manage nicotine addiction. In this group, self-identity as a vaper was generally lacking. Vaping was often symbolically linked to the stigmatised smoker identity they wanted to escape, and was restricted to private contexts. The perceived symbolic meaning of e-cigarettes varies: for some, they are a symbol of pleasure and community. For others, they connote the stigmatised status of the addicted smoker seeking an alternative to cigarettes.

Child Distributive Behavior and Inhibitory Control in a Private Context

Abstract Several studies have sought to assess the cognitive aspects underlying the sharing of goods. This work aimed to evaluate whether there is a relationship between inhibitory control and distributive behavior in a private context (total anonymity of the distributor). One hundred and thirty-six children aged between three and 12 years participated in a dictatorial game and a standard Stroop task. Age, inhibitory control and distributive behavior were positively correlated, but only age was predictive of sharing. It is suggested that the moral reasoning employed in the distributive context explains this tendency, in which older children, when reflecting on resource sharing, resort to respect for social rules. In contrast, younger children feel that their desire is sufficient to justify the self-centered behavior, even knowing the rules. The results contribute to the field of child development by providing information that allows a better understanding of the role executive functions play in distributive decisions.

The Neglected Role of Justification Under Uncertainty in Corporate Governance and Finance

The big corporate governance debates nowadays concern the corporation’s time horizons, and the balance of power between shareholders and managers. In response to actual and anticipated pressure from shareholder activists – typically, activist hedge funds – companies are, some say, becoming too short-term. If this story is credited, shareholders, as well as the greater society are being harmed. We argue here that this story may reflect, at least in part, a heretofore neglected facet of decision-making: an actor’s accountability, and consequently, her anticipated need to justify her decision in the case of a bad outcome. Our account does three novel things. First, we demonstrate that the need to justify is pervasive. Our account identifies a type of agency cost, “justification costs,” resulting from decisions motivated by justification. Under conditions of uncertainty, justification costs are higher. By contrast, in conditions of less uncertainty, the most justifiable decision is apt to be the decision made without regard to justification. Second, to our knowledge, the relationship between these sorts of agency costs and more traditional agency costs, such as those involving self-dealing or empire building, has not been considered. Reducing traditional agency costs typically means increasing accountability and the consequent anticipated need for justification; by contrast, reducing costs of justification generally means increasing managerial leeway, which might increase traditional agency costs. Third, and most importantly, we introduce a role for uncertainty. Under conditions of low(er) uncertainty, more accountability does not necessarily increase justification costs, which are apt to be low in any event, and does reduce traditional agency costs. But under conditions of uncertainty, accountability increases justification costs, potentially in an amount greater than any reduction in traditional agency costs; under some circumstances, reducing accountability, thereby granting managers more leeway, may be preferable. We propose a mechanism by which managers and stockholders can agree on granting managers some leeway for a specified period of time, in the form of “Control-Enhancing-Mechanisms” (CEMs). A CEM might, or might not, condition continuing leeway during the period on management’s meeting certain agreed-upon conditions. We consider how our argument as to the existence of justification costs might apply in some private and public financial contexts, and suggest some solutions in those contexts as well.

Industrial Policy 4.0: Promoting Transformation in the Digital Economy

The rise of the fourth industrial revolution (IR) is deeply embedded in a wider context of privatization of knowledge, rising costs of innovation and uneven distribution of capacity between countries. But debates on a ‘balanced’ policy framework to tackle these issues have until now floundered to address some of the fundamental dilemmas of our times. Will the fourth IR render the manufacturing-led model of economic development a thing of the past? Are there new boundaries for innovation and industry in the fourth IR? What should policy do in such an uncertain technological era? This paper addresses these crucial questions and makes a case for comprehensive digital industrial policies that are differentiated and rooted in the broader reality of development and globalization in the fourth IR. The paper maps the new boundaries for innovation and industrialization, after which, it elaborates in detail the market and institution failures in the platform economy that arise from the highly complex nature of technological change and a lack of effective policy oversight. It offers evidence to the effect that although manufacturing as we knew it – with its effects on low and unskilled labour and employment creation – might not continue to exist, it will continue to thrive using high technology skills and R&D, within a new model of industrialization where the knowledge-component of all sectors – agriculture, manufacturing, and services – will be on the rise. Countries, therefore, need a more nuanced and differentiated industrial policy 4.0 framework that can: (a) sustain overall industrial performance, (b) in a way that helps close the gap to the frontier in a constantly evolving technological landscape, (c) while mitigating the adverse consequences for society, in terms of employment, privacy and latent social fabric. The paper proposes the components of such an industrial policy 4.0 in detail in its concluding section.

Protecting Source Location Privacy in a Clustered Wireless Sensor Networks against Local Eavesdroppers

Recently, Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) have been extensively employed in several tactical applications out of which target detection, habit monitoring, and earthquake monitoring. The open characteristic nature of WSNs makes it vulnerable to be attacked by an eavesdropper who aims at disrupting the network operation or access confidential information. Consequently, ensuring the security and privacy in WSNs is considered an essential issue and definitely cannot be left without proper investigations. There are two types of threats that may occur for the WSNs privacy, that are, contextual and content privacy. Location privacy is considered an example of contextual privacy. In this paper, three source privacy protection schemes, which are based on clustering methodology, are proposed to protect contextual privacy. These schemes are dynamic shortest path (DSP) scheme, dynamic tree (DT) scheme, and hybrid scheme. Interestingly, a grid-based clustering technique is adopted to divide the network into several square clusters. Matlab simulations are used to evaluate the performance of the three proposed schemes in terms of latency, energy consumption, and safety period. The results undoubtedly confirm the effectiveness of the proposed schemes. Very high safety period is achieved and an adequate amount of energy is consumed. Furthermore, acceptable latency is achieved when compared to the shortest path scheme.

Specific Aspects of Mithraism in Etruria and Umbria

Summary The Mithraic evidence in Etruria and Umbria – VII and VI Regiones – presents some particular features of great interest, not only because they contribute to enlarging our knowledge regarding the extent of the diffusion of Mithraism in these regions, but also as regards the general study of the cult itself and the comprehension of certain facets of the cultic implantation patterns within the religious communities. The epigraphic corpus of Mithraism in Umbria provides valuable information concerning some grades of initiation and Mithraic priesthood, highlighting the specificity of this religion. The importance of such information transcends what we know about the local level, by revealing details about the functioning of the cult in general, especially regarding the degree of Leo and some variants of the priesthood, which are poorly documented elsewhere in the Roman Empire. In addition, the discovery of Mithraea, Mithraic images and other archaeological evidence in Etruria and Umbria provides a picture that shows an important spread of the worship in the private context, i.e., both domus and villae, with examples as relevant as Vulci and Spoletium. Further ahead, the prevalence of astral components in the material evidence also suggests a strong preference among local devotees of Mithras of higher social status for the cosmological aspects of their religion.

Response Retributivism: Defending the Duty to Punish

Punishment presents a problem. While we generally believe that intentionally harming others is impermissible, it is widely presumed that this problem can be overcome in the case of punishment. Nonetheless, many worry about the justification of excessive punishment, especially given the state of criminal justice today. This paper offers a moderate retributive justification of punishment that avoids many of the classic problems associated with retributive theories, while retaining their intuitively compelling answer to the problem of punishment. The response-retributive theory proposed restructures traditional retributive theories: rather than relying on offender-centric reasons for punishment, response retributivism offers a punisher-centric justification, which takes the role of the punisher as well as the relations between the wrongdoer and punisher as central to the justification of punishment. The paper proposes that punishment is justified in terms of the ethics of appropriate response to wrongdoing and the duty that those in relevant relations with the wrongdoer have to dissociate from the devaluation inherent in the wrongdoer’s action. It demonstrates that on such account, while the harm and suffering involved in punishment is rightly imposed, it is not “good.” This open a space to argue for the relevance of a second duty in the context of punishment: the duty to mitigate our retributive practices. The paper demonstrates that the proposed theory offers a unitary theory of punishment, which has the resources to justify not only criminal punishment, but punishment as it is imposed across all relations: private, institutional and public. It thus further provides a springboard for grounding claims regarding requisite punishment in non-state institutions (e.g. academic institutions and sports clubs) and private contexts as well.

Risk of Alcohol-Related Injury: Does Societal Drinking Context Make a Difference?

The aim of this study is to examine whether country-level frequency of drinking in a public context and in a private context is associated with rates of alcohol-related injury in emergency department studies from those same countries. Emergency department data on 5,104 injured patients in 10 countries from the International Collaborative Alcohol and Injury Study (ICAIS) and aggregate level drinking context data from the Gender, Alcohol and Culture: An International Study (GENACIS) are analyzed. The association of societal drinking context (public and private) with variation in the rate of self-reported drinking before injury is examined using multilevel modeling. Controlling for demographic characteristics, individual-level volume and drinking pattern, study-level volume, and country-level drinking pattern and alcohol control policy, societal public drinking context was significantly predictive of an alcohol-related injury (odds ratio [OR] = 1.08, CI [1.02, 1.13]), whereas societal private drinking context was not. Public drinking context was predictive of violence-related injury (OR = 1.09, CI [1.01, 1.17]), whereas private drinking context was predictive of injuries from falls (OR = 1.01, CI [1.01, 1.02]). Neither societal drinking context was significantly predictive of traffic-related injuries whereas both public (OR = 1.06, CI [1.01, 1.12]) and private (OR = 1.01, CI [1.01, 1.03]) contexts were predictive of injuries from other causes. These data suggest that societal drinking context does make a difference in the likelihood of an alcohol-related injury, which is important for a better understanding of the role of drinking context in a country in the occurrence of an alcohol-related injury and may inform future recommendations for reducing this harmful consequence.

RescueGlass: Collaborative Applications involving Head-Mounted Displays for Red Cross Rescue Dog Units

On-site work of emergency service teams consists of highly cooperative tasks. Especially during distributed search and rescue tasks there is a constant mix of routinized and non-routinized activities. Within this paper we focus on the work practices of the German Red Cross Rescue Dog Units who deal with several uncertainties regarding the involved dogs, the fragility of the respective situations as well as issues of using technologies under enormous time pressure. Smart glasses provide possibilities for enhanced and hands-free interaction in various contexts and a number of approaches have already been applied, aiming at efficient use of the respective technological innovation in private and professional contexts. However, the collaborative potential of smart glasses in time-critical and uncertain situations is still unexplored. Our design case study examines how the on-site work of emergency service teams can be supported by smart glasses: Based on examining the work practices of the German Red Cross Rescue Dogs, we introduce ‘RescueGlass’ as a coordinative concept, encompassing hands-free head-mounted display (HMD) application as well as a corresponding smartphone application. Finally, we describe the evaluation of its use in the field of emergency response and management. We show how current features such as ‘fog of war’ or various sensors support the cooperative practices of dog handlers, and outline current technical limitations offering future research questions. Our paper provides an initial design probe using smart glasses to engage in the field of collaborative professional mobile tasks.

"To Gay or not to Gay, that is the Question": Permeable Boundaries between Public and Private Spaces of Gay Male Academics and Students in South Africa

This article was informed by a study which focused on the identity construction and deconstruction of gay male participants, specifically as related to their academic lives. The findings originate from a 2012-2013 qualitative sociological study on the experiences of gay male academics and students on South African university campuses. The article reports on a subset of the data, since it provides an insightful account of these men's navigation between their communal identification with other gay men in social and private contexts. The author argues that participants' responses navigate between the heterosexualisation and the homosexualisation of these spaces, in an attempt to gravitate towards or distance themselves from a gay sensibility through temporary assimilation into "gay spaces" in order to negotiate their sexual agency.

Contratos de Impacto Social na rede estadual de São Paulo: Nova modalidade de parceria público-privada no Brasil

Este artigo analisa o desenvolvimento de uma nova modalidade de parceria público-privada na educação brasileira, o denominado Contrato de Impacto Social (CIS), cujo projeto-piloto, patrocinado pelo Banco Interamericano de Desenvolvimento, está em fase inicial de implementação no Estado de São Paulo. Diferentemente da filantropia tradicional, que se legitima no pretenso caráter não-lucrativo de suas ações, o CIS assume a possibilidade de obtenção de taxas de retorno com “investimentos sociais”, ensejando a criação de um novo ecossistema de finanças sociais e incorporando ao contexto da privatização da educação agentes interessados em capitalizar com a provisão de serviços públicos a populações vulneráveis—no caso em tela, a estudantes do Ensino Médio da rede estadual paulista. Esse tipo de contrato—cujo pagamento é feito mediante a “entrega” de resultados—levanta uma série de questões éticas, jurídicas e político-pedagógicas relacionadas à realização de “experimentos sociais” com estudantes em condição de vulnerabilidade. A partir da análise de documentos internos da Secretaria de Estado da Educação de São Paulo, cotejados com fontes provenientes de escolas estaduais, concluímos que, já desde o início de sua implementação, o CIS da educação paulista não apenas rompe com padrões de ética científica, mas também viola o princípio da gestão democrática escolar consagrado na Constituição Federal.

“Kind of like making porn of yourself”: understanding sexting through pornography

ABSTRACTThis article contributes to the existing literature on sexting and the “sexualisation of culture” by examining how women make sense of their sexting practices by thinking through pornography frames. In doing so, it draws on interview material collected for a study on adult women’s experiences of using digital technology in their romantic and/or sexual relationships. To the women in this study, their private sexual images—as created for the purpose of sexting—were acts of communication that could be both not-pornography and pornography depending on the private and/or public contexts in which they were shared and consumed. They did not distinguish between sexting and pornography based on the content of the images, but based on where they occur and who consumes them. Indeed, they argued that the same private sexual image could take on different meanings, as the predominant conventions within the given context of display and consumption guide the audience’s interpretation. A key argument put forward in this article is thus that, in aiming to understand complex social phenomena like sexting and pornography, we should look to how different types of sexual representations gain meaning within particular contexts as marked by certain conventions.

The Transmission of Energy-Saving Behaviors in the Family: A Multilevel Approach to the Assessment of Aggregated and Single Energy-Saving Actions of Parents and Adolescents

The present article examines the transmission of energy-saving behaviors in the family on two levels. We investigated the extent to which energy-saving performance differed between adolescents in relation to parental behavior on an aggregated level but also across single behaviors within adolescents. Furthermore, we investigated whether social context (e.g., private areas in a household) interfered with one of the basic mechanisms assumed for this transmission (observation). Correlations between 13 self-reported single energy-saving behaviors from 264 adolescents and their respective parents ( N = 554) were analyzed by combining a path analysis with a multilevel approach. There were strong significant correlations between parents’ and adolescents’ energy-saving behaviors, mediated by adolescents’ perceptions of their parents’ behavior. The congruence between parents’ self-reports and adolescents’ perceptions was lower in private contexts than in shared social contexts in the household. This indicates that differentiated investigations with single behaviors and a focus on the social context (e.g., observability) are needed in transmission research.

‘Worthy to be hadde and redde of euerye Englishe man’: the private, public and political contexts of Thomas More’s EnglishWorkes

In 1624 the playwright John Webster lauded Thomas More as a learned and worthy poet, placing him alongside Chaucer, Gower, Lydgate and Philip Sidney. It is clear that More was celebrated by Webster not only for the quality of his literary writing, but also for the wider political, social and historical influence of his literary output. This article uses the production of the 1557 folio of More’s EnglishWorkesto explore the literary, political and religious influence of More’s writing in the 1550s and beyond, and situates More’sWorkeswithin the wider context of folio production in Renaissance England. It also explores how the publication of More’sWorkesin folio established a distinct literary position for Thomas More in the mid-1550s, and highlights the unusual nature of the folio’s compilation and production within the mid-Tudor book trade.

Physical Therapy Student Choices When Engaging With Traditional or Technological Teaching Resources

Introduction. Student engagement with both face-to-face and online sessions is becoming increasingly important as a metric of teaching success. Understanding engagement needs to move beyond positioning the student as a generic learner and explore the variations in person and context that will enable a transformative approach to blended learning arrangements. This article investigates physical therapy students' perceptions regarding resources they choose to engage with to support their learning. Methods. One hundred and fifteen (59% female); average age 21.7 years; 7.8% international students in the Bachelor of Physiotherapy and Master of Physiotherapy programs at the University of South Australia. A questionnaire with open-ended questions was administered in class and provided data on students' preferences and perceptions regarding resources that support their learning. Students' attendance, online resource usage, and grade point average were collected and used to explore themes emerging from the data. Results. Students with higher grades described their own behaviors that assisted their learning while students with lower grades focused on external barriers that limited their learning. Participants chose to attend class because this enabled them to ask questions, access explanations and demonstrations, increase concentration, pick up nonverbal communication, and access teacher support. Participants chose to use online activities because this supported them to work at their own pace, or at an optimal time, or concentrate more. Discussion. Participants reported making choices based on perceptions that a particular behavior would contribute to the immediate process of learning or assessment outcomes, rather than long-term goals such as being able to provide the best patient care. Classroom delivery is successful for students who attribute social interaction as a key aspect to their effective learning while online delivery formats meet the needs of students who engage better in private contexts. Conclusion. Engagement success may increase if face-to-face sessions have flexible access, while online activities include opportunities for interaction and support.

Subgroups of Young Sexual Minority Women Based on Drinking Locations and Companions and Links With Alcohol Consequences, Drinking Motives, and LGBTQ-Related Constructs

Sexual minority women (SMW; e.g., lesbians, bisexual women) are at increased risk for alcohol use disorders and related problems compared with heterosexual women. However, little is known about the social context in which drinking occurs in this high-risk population. This study used latent class analysis to identify subgroups of SMW based on drinking locations and companions and examined whether class membership was associated with consequences, drinking motives, and LGBTQ-related constructs (e.g., outness, discrimination). A sample of 670 SMW reported on alcohol use, drinking locations and companions, and related measures as part of a larger study on women's health. Based on SMW's patterns of responding to drinking locations and companions, latent class analysis identified five classes: Infrequent Drinking Contexts (10% of sample, reference class), Private/Intimate Drinking (28%), Convivial Drinking (29%), Alone/Convivial Drinking (20%), and Multiple Drinking Contexts (13%). Greater consequences were associated with greater odds of membership in the Convivial, Alone/Convivial, and Multiple Drinking Contexts classes relative to the Infrequent Drinking Contexts Class. Drinking motives were associated with class membership, although significant group comparisons varied by motive. Higher LGBTQ community involvement was associated with greater odds of membership in the Convivial, Alone/Convivial, and Multiple Drinking Contexts classes. Drinking classes paralleled those found in the literature on heterosexual individuals (e.g., public versus private contexts). Women in the Alone/Convivial and Multiple Drinking Contexts classes may be at particular risk. The context within which SMW drink may be a useful way to identify women at highest risk for problematic drinking.

Maintenance and Personal Safety in Neighborhood Parks: A literature and case study of MPSJ

This paper discusses the maintenance and procedure in Subang Jaya City Council (MPSJ), and on the effect on the perception of safety. Eight (n = 8) experts interviews and observations in three neighborhood parks were conducted. The findings emphasize that maintenance has significantly influenced perceived safety, and different environments have different impacts depending on context, topography, planting, and level of privacy. The location of neighborhood park (NP) 1 in a middle of housing areas and a university caters three end-users: residents, academic staffs, and students. The distinctive character of natural planting in NP3 created a different environment unlike NP2, where the planting is rather formal. Thus has considerably significant and laid different level of perceived safety.

PETITIONS AND PATHWAYS TO THE ASYLUM IN BRITISH MANDATE PALESTINE, 1930–1948

AbstractThis article draws on a collection of petitions by Palestinian Arabs and Jews to explore how families negotiated the admission of mentally ill relatives into government mental institutions under the British mandate between 1930 and 1948. In contrast to the conclusions of the existing literature, which focuses largely on the development of parallel Jewish institutions as establishing the foundations of the Israeli health system, these petitions reveal that the trajectories of both Arab and Jewish mentally ill were complex, traversing domestic, private, and government contexts in highly contingent ways. The second part of this article examines the petitions themselves as dense moments of engagement by Palestinian Arabs and Jews with the British mandate, in which the anxieties and priorities of the mandate were strategically re-deployed in order to secure admission into chronically underfunded and overcrowded institutions. Petitioners also sought to mobilize other actors, often within the state itself, as intercessors, a strategy which attempted to thread together state and society in a meaningful and advantageous way at a time when both seemed to be unravelling. Taken together, these pathways and petitions foreground the space of interaction between the British mandate and its subjects, thereby offering new perspectives on both.

Gift as Devotion, Lesson as Tuition: Transactions Among Temple and Dance-Drama Drummers in Kerala

This article juxtaposes a notion of “gift” as construction of submission and devotion with a concept of lesson as something to be purchased for a fixed fee, as both relate to drumming pedagogy in Kerala. It discusses how guru dakṣiṇa (a ritual marking the beginning of study and a ceremonial first performance) and a pattern of irregular and grandiose remuneration construct the student’s submission to his teacher, both in private contexts and in institutions. However, the system at a state arts institution partly undercuts this practice; here, students, especially non-Malayāḷis, pay monthly, semesterly, or annual fees to the institution. The impersonal nature of this arrangement contrasts with the intimacy inherent in patterns of remuneration in private contexts, yet at the same time guru dakṣiṇa and other traditional practices continue in the institution. Thus the institution features an uneasy coexistence between a notion of pedagogy as regular payment—something close to “commodity”—and one of construction of submission, mixed with intimacy and devotion.

Teatre i identitat: Jordi Casanovas, <i>Una història catalana</i> (2011), <i>Pàtria</i> (2012) i <i>Vilafranca</i> (2015)

Summary: The present article contains the study of Jordi Casanovas’ three plays on Catalan identity. The analysis demonstrates how the playwright succeeds in reflecting the complex reality of Catalan identity from a varied perspective both chronologically as well as socially. To achieve this goal, Casanovas creates public, semi-public and private contexts to develop the action, offering an overview which reproduces a changing reality and its constant redefinition. In this way, the playwright transforms a specific and ‘local’ message into a global and transnational one and invites the audience to reflect on a topic which from particular changes to general. Keywords: Jordi Casanovas, Una història catalana, Pàtria, Vilafranca, contemporary Catalan drama, national identity, Catalan identity, identity and drama