Private Clubs Research Articles

On Sex Discrimination in the Private Club

The NCA responds to an earlier Quarterly article

A retrospective study of gymnastics injuries to competitors and noncompetitors in private clubs.

The purpose of this study was to determine the number and types of injuries which occur to competitive and noncompetitive gymnasts in private clubs. Secondary purposes were to determine which events were most hazardous, and whether or not the ratio between participant and instructor, the availability of safety equipment, and the conditioning programs used affected the injury rate. The data show that gymnastics has a high injury rate for competitors, but a low injury rate for noncompetitors. The level of competition seems to be the most important factor related to rate of injury.

Recreational Fisheries Analysis: Management Modes and Benefit Implications

The analysis of recreational fisheries management is a relatively neglected area of research. In this paper we have attempted to advance that analysis by adapting certain theoretical considerations that have been used in (commercial) fisheries economics and in recreational economics. Specifically, we have considered the implications of the different modes of management that would be expected to prevail under the different management regimes of a public authority, a private owner, and a private club. We have also commented on the problems of integrating management in fisheries utilized for both commercial and recreational purposes and on measuring recreational fisheries benefits.Key words: recreational fishing, management, limitation of entry, common property resource, benefit cost measurement, rationalization, property rights

Private Clubs & Personal Property

Private Clubs & Personal Property

Epidemiology of women's gymnastics injuries.

Injury information from 98 participants in 2 years of interscholastic women's gymnastics competition in four Seattle area high schools was collected by certified athletic trainers. During the 2nd year of data collection, the study was expanded to include an additional 12-team high school league, 2 college teams, and 3 private clubs. A wide variety of injuries was observed, the total time loss injury rate was 39.8 injuries per 100 participant-seasons. Strains and sprains involving the back, particularly the lumbar region, appeared to occur more frequently than in most other interscholastic athletic activities. Ankle sprains were also common, and a relatively high frequency of thigh and leg strains and overuse problems of the leg were seen. This suggests that there may well be room for improvement in conditioning and other preventive programs in women's gymnastics.

Section 1981 and the Thirteenth Amendment after Runyon v. McCrary. On the Doorsteps of Discriminatory Private Clubs

Section 1981 and the Thirteenth Amendment after Runyon v. McCrary. On the Doorsteps of Discriminatory Private Clubs

Samenvatting en conclusies

The private club and the residence criterion for Dutch coffeeshops: evaluation of the implementation and outcomes in the period May-November 2012: an interim report. The Dutch coffeeshop policy became more restrictive on 1 January 2012. Two new criteria that coffeeshops must adhere to in order for them to be tolerated were added to the Opium Act Guidelines for the Public Prosecution Service: the private club [B] criterion and the residence [I] criterion. The B-criterion stipulated that coffeeshops could only permit access to, and sell to, registered coffeeshop members. Coffeeshops could furthermore only have a maximum of 2000 registered members per calendar year. The members had to be documented in a verifiable membership list. The I-criterion stipulated that only residents of the Netherlands would be allowed to become coffeeshop members and hence to enter the Dutch coffeeshops. The implementation and consequences of the new criteria are being evaluated at the request of the Minister of Security and Justice. The current interim report covers the implementation process and outcomes of the two new criteria between May 2012 and November 2012. The criteria were enforced during this period only in the southern provinces of Limburg, Noord-Brabant and Zeeland. This study examined whether the implementation processes were carried out as intended, whether the new policy achieved its goals, and to what extent an illegal market for cannabis (an anticipated adverse side-effect) emerged between 1 May and November 2012. The ‘intervention logic’ behind the B- and I- criteria was used as a framework for this evaluation. This ‘logic’ was reconstructed by the researchers from the available policy documentation and verified in interviews with the parties involved in the implementation of the two additional criteria. For this evaluation, a sample was drawn consisting of seven southern municipalities where the criteria have been enforced since 1 May 2012 (the experimental group), and seven municipalities in the other provinces where the criteria were not enforced during the measurement period (the comparison group). Coffeeshop areas were selected within these municipalities where interviews and surveys were conducted with coffeeshop customers and local residents. Developments in the southern municipalities were compared with developments in the other provinces. Two rounds of interviews have been conducted to assess the implementation process (with 40 and 36 key informants respectively). The interviews were conducted in the sample in the southern provinces with representatives of the national government (more specifically the Ministry of Security and Justice), the Board of Procurators General, the regional supporting body for the municipalities, the municipalities, the police, the district Public Prosecution Offices and the coffeeshop owners. The interviews took place during the initial period of the enforcement of the new criteria (May-August 2012) and after approximately six months (end of 2012). In order to investigate the desired outcomes - reduced nuisance and drug tourism, smaller coffeeshops (as indicated by a reduced number of coffeeshop visits) accessible only to residents of the Netherlands - two measurements were performed: a baseline measurement and a first follow-up measurement. Survey respondents included coffeeshop visitors (n=1,051 at baseline and n=739 at the first follow-up) and local residents near coffeeshops in the selected coffeeshop areas (n=712 at baseline and n=714 at the first follow-up). This evaluation did not measure potential effects on (organised) drug-related crime or whether the coffeeshops became more manageable. A separate evaluation would have to be conducted consulting different categories of participants and other sources in order to draw valid conclusions concerning these anticipated effects. The consequences for the illegal cannabis consumer market were investigated using a street survey with cannabis users outside the designated coffeeshop areas (n=942 at baseline and n=812 at the first follow-up). This survey took place in the southern municipalities as well as in the rest of the country. In addition, 340 non-current and current users of cannabis - who all used cannabis during 2012 but had not used or bought cannabis in the month prior to the first follow-up - were surveyed during the first follow-up. The baseline measurements were completed prior to 1 May 2012, and the first follow-up measurement half a year later, in October-November 2012.

Adjunctive behavior in humans during game playing

Seven non-psychology university students, 4 men and 3 women, who ranged in age from 18 to 25 years were paid to participate in this experiment. Subjects received instructions about the nature of slot machines, which combinations would pay off, and how to operate a computer console with a visual display and keyboard which simulated such a machine characteristic of private clubs and gambling casinos. The keyboard space bar was utilized as a manipulandum and subjects were studiedon a variety of schedules. Both the appearance of a new poker card display and the payoffs were reinforcing. A comparison of baseline conditions composed of FI-5 sec and non-playing listening sessions with an FI-60 sec schedule revealed considerable adjunctive behavior induced during the longer interval schedule. Various types of movements, playing, and bizarre behaviors are described. There were large variations in the types and frequencies of behaviors emitted by different individuals. Results are interpreted in terms of an increase in motor excitability which seems to occur in some individuals on certain schedules of reinforcement.

Art and the General Welfare

Our judgment of the level of civilization of any specific epoch in Western culture may well hinge upon the propositions which it takes for granted. That today one is forced to ask: Does art promote the general welfare? What, after all, does culture contribute to the common good or general enlightenment? indicates an aesthetic skepticism endemic to a narrowly pragmatic or commercial age, where the cash nexus reigns supreme and even the arts themselves have become corrupted by the values of mechanical efficiency and private profit. Le Corbusier thinks that a city street is a machine for traffic to pass through as efficiently as possible. Other urban architects are under the quaint delusion that a home is a housing project. And serious books are now written with the title Art as Investment to aid collectors whose collections perform the same role as portfolios of blue chip stocks and bonds. In other ages it was profoundly different. Cosimo de Medici, Sigismondo Malatesta, and Federigo da Montefeltro were also great collectors, and in some cases great businessmen, but they would have been scornful and contemptuous of a collector's passion guided by the principles of investment and tax deduction. The streets of the agora in Athens permitted rapid passage when necessary, but Alcibiades used them to meet and greet his friends, and Socrates lingered in them talking ethics and politics with sophists and young aristocrats as if they were a private club. And when Bess, Countess of Shrewsbury, commis-

Knowledgeable respondents: Private club or public service?

Knowledgeable respondents: Private club or public service?

London meeting-places of an Old Private Club

London meeting-places of an Old Private Club

London meeting-places of an Old Private Club

London meeting-places of an Old Private Club Get access E. W. Reynolds E. W. Reynolds Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Notes and Queries, Volume s12-XII, Issue 260, 7 April 1923, Page 275, https://doi.org/10.1093/nq/s12-XII.260.275c Published: 07 April 1923

London meeting places of an Old Private Club

London meeting places of an Old Private Club

A Protestant and Social View of the Church

The Church is a divine institution, just as all legitimate organizations, like the State, the university, the political party, or the private club, are divine institutions. This is the outcome of any thoroughgoing acceptance of the Protestant position of the essentially divine character of all life, the priesthood of all believers, and the rejection of local divine places. Any special claim the Church can make must be based not on its essential character but upon its purpose and aim, and its special efficiency in pursuit of some end. That some ends in life are higher than others goes without saying. The end of a private club is legitimate and praise-worthy, but it is not in the judgment of thoughtful men on the same level of importance for life as a university. It is true that any scale of importance is finally based upon judgments of value which are in the last analysis extra-rational. The end aimed at by all churches, and among them we must include synagogues, cathedrals, and the lecture-halls of the Ethical Culture Society, is the mediation to men of the unseen and eternal values of religion and ethics. And each particular church bases its claim for recognition upon its assertion that it is attempting to mediate the truest and highest of these values in the most efficient way it knows. We thus see that the Church or churches represent the community, or rather parts of the community, organized for a particular purpose. The older distincrtion between a visible and invisible church should have lost all meaning for a consistent Protestantism, because it was fundamentally based on the false assumption that our relationships with God depended upon the mediation of the church, and that outside of the church there was no salvation. Hence to account for certain obvious facts, an invisible church had to be postulated. The logic of Protestantism makes any such assumption needless. Our relationships to God and salvation are not in the keeping of any church.