Private Account Research Articles

Preloved Shopping

Online shopping has become part of public shopping activities, through social media such as Facebook, Instagram, etc., with various shopping convenience. Since the rise of online businesses, Instagram is one of the most popular shopping media, both for new and preloved goods. While a number of existing literatures concentrate on online shopping with various new items, little if any deals with preloved shopping with specific items, focusing on its management. This article fills this gap.
 This study was conducted on social media Instagram on preloved goods seller accounts through which preloved goods are sold. The informants in this study were female sellers and buyers of preloved goods, as they are the dominant preloved sellers and buyers, particularly cosmetics and fashion. There were 11 women participated in this study, they are varied based on age (between 19 and 25 years), occupation (six female students, a celebgram, entrepreneur, influencer, and barista respectively), and status (six buyers and five owners who at the same time act as administration staff (admin).
 The study indicates that cosmetics and fashions are two types of preloved item which are popularly sold and bought in Instagram. Although used goods are very diverse, the term preloved is used limitedly, and used products such as cosmetics and fashion are included as preloved items. Among other preloved items in Instagram, cosmetics (such as make up and skin care) and fashion (such as bags, shoes, assesories, clothes) are the most popular items. Reduced price (“harga miring”), brand (merek), and trying out (coba-coba) are three main reasons why women buy preloved cosmetics; while brand (merek), style (model), reduced price (“harga miring”), and quality are four main reasons why preloved fashion are bought. In addition, brands and "reduced prices" are two reasons that intersect between preloved cosmetics and fashion, and quality is always related to price, as it is with brands, which show that some factors are interrelated to one another. However, each type of goods has its own unique reasons why it is bought. For preloved cosmetics sellers, selling preloved goods is to make cosmetics available for use before the expired date. As for preloved fashion sellers, the fashion goods are sold because they are rarely used or are not use at all. Both cosmetics and fashions sellers have common reason to sell preloved items, that is to make money from used goods instead of being left useless. There are two types of preloved account in Instagram. They are special account and private account. Special account is divided into two, namely celebgram and non-celebgram accounts. Celebgram account consists of self-managed accounts, managed in groups, and managed by administrative staff (admin). Non-celebgram account consists of individual account and group account. In addition, private account is an inseparable account between a personal account and preloved sales account. Most accounts are managed by its owners who are at the same time act as administration staff, except one type of celebgram account. Group account manages their account by division of labour system. In promoting existing items, they use a variety of strategies, ranging from using other’s accounts which have many followers, packaged promotion, discounting, to using celebgram services.

Chinese Tertiary Accounting Student’s Perceptions of Certified Public Accountants and Their Career Job Choice

The main purpose of the study was to examine Chinese Tertiary Accounting student’s perception of Certified Public Accountants and the extent to which the perception influences their career job choice between public and private accounting sectors. In respect of this, the study sort to achieve the following aims; What are accounting tertiary student’s perceptions of the certified public accountant? What are the perception differences between male and female tertiary accounting students about CICPA? Which accounting job sector is likely to be chosen by accounting tertiary students after graduation? The study used a sample of 135 undergraduate and graduate students (graduate students were those preparing to write CPA exams) from Hangzhou Dianzi University. Questionnaire consisting of 27 items were used which employed the Likert scale ranging from strongly disagree to strongly agree. These were completed at the end of the second semester in 2018. Data collected was entered and analysed using SPSS version 20. The data was analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Specifically, a multiple regression was conducted to determine the effect of accountant’s negative attitude, accounting job requirements, image of the accounting profession, and accounting job outcomes on student’s choice of public accounting job or job intentions. On the images of the accounting profession, the study found that accounting was rated higher by the respondent with regard to accounting job being dull, routine and monotonous. The findings of the study also indicated that individual’s choice of career is determined by the perceived outcomes (benefits) of the job. Again, in relation to job choice as to whether to work in the public or private accounting sector majority of the respondent selected private accounting sector over public accounting sector. Hence, Policy makers must help make the public accounting sector more attractive by educating students on the importance of being a public servant. Despite the limitations of the study It would still be helpful to Policy makers to make new and modify their strategies in light of the issues identified. Keywords: Tertiary Accounting Students, Perception, Certified Public Accountant, Career Job Intentions. DOI : 10.7176/RJFA/10-16-02 Publication date : August 31 st 2019

The Intergenerational Impact of China's New Rural Pension Scheme

The Intergenerational Impact of China's New Rural Pension Scheme

Building effective collaboration between health systems and the life sciences industry

ABSTRACTThis viewpoint reflects on the challenges of promoting affordable and innovative medicines while fostering a competitive environment for research and development in developing countries. We explore the life sciences industrial policies of Brazil and the United Kingdom in order to identify mechanisms and conditions that could serve as lessons to practitioners in other countries. We suggest three crucial design attributes: a strategic collaboration between a health system and the private sector, coordination and accountability mechanisms, and a network of support (that is, embeddedness).

A Million Winslows: private liability of universities for ragging in India

ABSTRACTRagging has become a serious social evil. Millions of university students are ragged in India every year. While a perpetrator can be sued by the victim; it has not dented the escalation of ragging. Holding institutions responsible for preventing ragging is the only way to curb it. This can be by way of both public and private accountability of universities. The paper focuses on the latter. We submit a victim of ragging can sue the university for failure to prevent ragging for breach of the university–student contract, for negligence, under vicarious liability, breach of statutory duty, contravention of a non-delegable duty, and on the basis of misfeasance in public office by a rogue university officer. A private action will have a salutary effect on society, in particular universities.

The profile of IPSAS-adopters

Research question: What is general profile of countries adopting IPSAS in accounting, institutional and economic terms? Motivation: IPSAS are perceived as benchmark of public sector's accounting standardization. Their adoption becomes highly promoted by several institutional organizations such as World Bank and IMF. Following previous literature review about IPSAS-adoption, researchers focused on only both factors (Ilie & Miose, 2012) and effects (Christiaens et al., 2015; Opanyi, 2016) of use of these standards. Hence, this study focus on specificities of IPSAS-adopters. Idea: This research aims to determine profile of countries adopting IPSAS internationally for year 2016. Also, it suggests an empirical treatment of countries' economic risk. Indeed, this axis was not treated by previous IPSAS researches. Thus, we add to literature review by analyzing, empirically profile of IPSAS-adopters. Data: Data sources are World Bank, FMI and IPSAS Board. Moreover, we propose two new measures for public-market security and for accounting-system's modernization and transparency. Tools: A logistic regression is applied to test theoretical hypotheses. Then, test of marginal effect was applied in order to detect most common character among IPSAS-adopters. Findings: The result of empirical study showed that IPSAS-adopters have a modern accounting system based on accruals. These countries have a flexible legal system and an internationally legitimated private accounting system based on IFRS. However, there is any relationship between IPSAS-adoption and the public-market's security. Moreover, test of marginal effect indicates that most widely character among IPSAS-adopters use of IFRS. Contribution: Determining IPSAS-adopters' profile is a new research's axis. It is useful for countries' stakeholders that look for accounting, institutional and economic profiles of these entities.

The Economic Effects of Private Social Security Accounts

Since the 1980s, over 30 countries have implemented various kinds of personal social security accounts. Most counties have adopted them as a part of their social security systems, to also continue to fund their public pay-as-you-go system. This paper analyzes the effects of adopting private accounts, as well as the percentage of income paid into private accounts, on GDP per capita growth. Global panel-data regressions over time are used, as well as sample splits for developing countries and Latin America, where many countries adopted some form of private account following Chile’s ground-breaking example of a complete switch from public to private social security system. The paper estimates statistically significant effects of privatizing parts or all of social security on countries’ GDP per capita growth. They also benefit stock market growth and enrollment rates in secondary and higher education, as well as in reducing government expenditures and national debt.

Accountancy as unfolding profession: A case of Pakistan

Accountancy has evolved as an important profession in an organization. Professional accountancy plays a vital role that contributes to the overall progress and stability of an organization. Professional accountancy helps the businesses to reduce cost, mitigate the risk and improve profitability. This paper aims to check the importance of different factors such as education and knowledge regarding IFRS, information technology and government legislation in the evolving trends of this profession in a developing economy like Pakistan. Our findings suggest that information technology positively affect the emerging trends of professional accountancy. Further result shows that professional accountants` knowledge about IFRS and Govt. legislation is insufficient. For the evolving economy as Pakistan the education and training mechanism of professional accountants should inculcate the interaction of accounting system and legal system. It may enable accountants to expand accounting applications to a wide variety of business and financial settings and prepare for public and private accounting positions that will play its role in the improvement of accurate financial disclosures.

A SUGGESTED FRAMEWORK FOR ENVIRONMENTAL REPORTS TO REACH THE OBJECTIVITY MEASUREMENTS OF THE FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE

Environmental issues became a critical matter in all over the world specially in the less development countries. While applying the Environmental Law in Egypt and corporations starts to implement the Law, it is important for corporations to report all items related to cost and expenditure for protecting the environment, whether internal or external environments. The main objective of this paper is to provide a suggested Accounting Framework for environmental reports to reach the objectivityof measurements of the financial performance. A questionnaire had been developed and distributed to Accountants in the private accounting firms and in the governmental accounting offices and the valid number of questionnaires was 137 out of 200. The most important results indicate that the suggested Accounting Framework must include the environmental reports according to the objectivity measurements for the financial performance. Recommendation has been presented.

Privacy Concerns and Self-Disclosure in Private and Public Uses of Social Media.

The study contributes to the ongoing debate about the “privacy paradox” in the context of using social media. The presence of a privacy paradox is often declared if there is no relationship between users' information privacy concerns and their online self-disclosure. However, prior research has produced conflicting results. The novel contribution of this study is that we consider public and private self-disclosure separately. The data came from a cross-national survey of 1,500 Canadians. For the purposes of the study, we only examined the subset of 545 people who had at least one public account and one private account. Going beyond a single view of self-disclosure, we captured five dimensions of self-disclosure: Amount, Depth, Polarity, Accuracy, and Intent; and two aspects of privacy concerns: concerns about organizational and social threats. To examine the collected data, we used Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling. Our research does not support the presence of a privacy paradox as we found a relationship between privacy concerns from organizational and social threats and most of the dimensions of self-disclosure (even if the relationship was weak). There was no difference between patterns of self-disclosure on private versus public accounts. Different privacy concerns may trigger different privacy protection responses and, thus, may interact with self-disclosure differently. Concerns about organizational threats increase awareness and accuracy while reducing amount and depth, while concerns about social threats reduce accuracy and awareness while increasing amount and depth.

Alts and Automediality: Compartmentalising the Self through Multiple Social Media Profiles

Alts and Automediality: Compartmentalising the Self through Multiple Social Media Profiles

Auditing Standards and the Accountability of the European Court of Auditors (ECA)

External auditors, both in the private and in the public sector, provide information to citizens and other stakeholders. The quality of this information – their auditing products – relies on ‘standards’. Audits are governed by accounting standards that largely concern ‘best practices’ designed by private accountants’ associations. This raises the question of how these standards fit into the regulatory framework in which an external public auditor operates, for example administrative law. So far, little research has been published on the role of standards setting out the principles underlying the European Court of Auditors’ (ECA) approach to audits and the procedures to be employed. By describing the structure of these standards and comparing them against the EU legal framework, we argue that the ECA, which is based on constitutional law and EU law, mainly follows the private-sector financial auditing standards. Private standards are designed outside EU law: How can auditing standards determined by the private sector be better aligned with administrative law to reflect the realities of public-sector compliance auditing in the framework of the ECA? For issues more exclusively covered by public-sector auditors, such as performance audits, public-sector auditors have developed standards and guidelines themselves. This paper aims to enhance our understanding of the institutional complementarity between global private regulation (i.e. accounting and auditing standards) and public regimes (such as general principles of good administration).

Public accounting vs private accounting, career choice of accounting students in China

PurposeBuilt upon three components (attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control) of the theory of planned behavior (TPB), the purpose of this paper is to analyze the factors that influenced accounting students’ intention to pursue public accounting instead of private accounting as their career choice in China.Design/methodology/approachThe TPB is used to predict the rational intention of accounting students in this study. A binary logistic regression analysis was applied to test all hypotheses because of its suitability.FindingsThe authors find that the variety and marketability of public accounting experiences, high turnover plus, low firm cohesion in the workplace, and perceived difficulties in traveling extensively affected students’ intentions to pursue the public accounting profession significantly. By highlighting these factors that affect students’ intention to pursue public accounting, this paper has important implications for the accounting educators and other stakeholders in China and other emerging economies.Originality/valueBy understanding the factors influencing the accounting students’ interests in pursuing public accounting, accounting educators and accounting firms could make some changes, redesign accounting curriculum, and enhance internship experience and recruiting process in order to increase more interests in public accounting. Professional organizations and policy makers might learn some lessons to take some actions to encourage young accounting professionals to work for public accounting firms. Moreover, this study has provided a valuable perspective to accounting educators, practitioners, and policy makers in other emerging economies with the same shortage of qualified public accountants.

Private actor accountability on international regimes

Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs) have emerged along with the growing role of corporations in global development. One of the largest forms of PPP today is the UN Global Compact. The UN Global Compact involves of companies, NGOs, IGOs and state governments. All of them are trying to realize globalization with a more humanist face with attention to the protection of human rights, environment, labor standards and anti-corruption. Engaging private actors in global governance, The UN Global Compact raises many issues such as power, authority, and legitimacy. The effort to tackle it all is to increase PPP accountability. This research seeks to describe what efforts can be made to enhance private accountability within the international regime. The research undertaken is a descriptive study, focuses on public-private partnerships in the UN Global Compact regime. The study found that there were two attempts that could be done. First, by involving the stakeholders in the development of procedures, mechanisms, reporting and monitoring associated with trying to improve the company’s reputation. Second, by looking at corporate relations as agent and UN Global Compact as principal in principal-agent relation in the international regime.

Especialización olivarera, cambios institucionales y desigualdad agraria en la Alta Campiña de Córdoba (siglos XVIII-XX)

This article examines from several angles the evolution of inequality since the end of the Ancien Regime in a rural Andalusian village. Our research is mainly based on fiscal sources, aided by data from private accounting registries, land registry documents, texts from agrarian engineers, etc. The transformation of rural spaces and of local agricultural production is discussed first. Second, the evolution of property distribution, agricultural surplus and income are addressed. Last of all, this study explains the inequality effects derived from both socio-institutional transformations begun during the crisis of the Ancien Regime and specialization in wine or olive oil production –combined with intensification in other types of production processes– that took place in Aguilar and the surrounding area much earlier than in the rest of Cordoba Province.

Partnerstwo publiczno – prywatne w świetle Krajowego Standardu Rachunkowości nr 10

Partnerstwo publiczno – prywatne w świetle Krajowego Standardu Rachunkowości nr 10 In Poland, the concept of public-private partnership generates many dilemmas in valuation, accounting records and the reporting of essential assets and liabilities. This issue is addressed by National Accounting Standard No. 10, which outlines the principles of PPP accounting in public and private accounting systems. The purpose of this paper is to analyze and evaluate the solutions adopted in National Accounting Standard No. 10 against the background of synthetic PPP characteristics. The research methods used are based on a critical analysis of national legislation, a comparative analysis of national and international accounting standards, and a literature analysis of public-private partnerships, public finances and financial accounting. The paper uses the conclusions from the observations of financial aspects of selected public-private partnership contracts as well as concession contracts for construction works and services in Poland

Awareness of the public versus private accounting divide, and its impact on the career path preference of accounting students

ABSTRACTThis research assesses what knowledge upper-level accounting students possess about the distinctions between the public and private branches of accounting, as well as the influence such knowledge might have on their accounting branch choice. Overall, the study concluded that, before they were aware of the pros and cons of each career path, students preferred a career in public accounting over private accounting. But upon learning the pros and cons of each career path, however, students showed a slight preference toward private accounting. The study suggests research on accountant personality be supplemented by research on the impact of practical knowledge about private versus public accounting work environments on accounting career choice. It suggests greater importance be placed in accounting education on instilling such knowledge.

Futuristic Private and Public Capital Requirements in Agriculture for Doubling Farmers’ Income across the States

The government's aim to double farmer's real income by 2022–23 requires estimates on the magnitude of private and public capital formation in agriculture and allied activities in the past so that the futuristic investment requirements may be worked out. This paper estimates state-wise public investment ‘in’ and ‘for’ agriculture from 1981–82 to 2013–14, based on the capital expenditure on key economic heads in Finance Accounts and private (farm household) investment for 1981–81, 1991–92, 2002–03 and 2012–13 based on NSS-AIDIS (schedule 18.2) data. The incremental capital output ratios have been calculated to determine the rate of increase in agriculture and rural infrastructural investments, which would augment, if not double farm income over the 7-year period. The analysis indicates that both private and public investments in agriculture have increased manifold. Assuming that demand for output continues and capital-use efficiency remains unchanged, an investment rate of 26.1 per cent would facilitate doubling of farm income. In absolute terms, an additional investment of 645 billion on private account and 1900 billion on public account at 2015–16 prices would be required by 2022–23, which should grow annually at 10.8 per cent and 14.7 per cent, respectively. Though it is easier for the respective state governments to meet this target, it is more important to improve the marginal efficiency of capital in irrigation, rural energy and road-transport, by investing in area-specific and domain-specific needs so as to reap maximum gains. The government must prioritize investments in the less-developed eastern and rainfed states due to higher additional returns per unit of capital compared to that in the developed states. A substantial increase in the institutional credit is recommended to cover as many farmers as possible.

Motivating Factors for Sustainable Accountant Potentials in Malaysia

Economic Transformation Plan (ETP) emphasizes that the country has a pool of resources to steer towards Malaysia’s aspirations to become a developed and high-income nation. The ETP Roadmap highlights accountancy, an integral function in all businesses as part of the significant ETP driver. However, Malaysia still lacks the required number of qualified accountants by the year 2020. This challenges higher learning institutions to produce suitable accounting graduates. Despite taking an accounting subject in schools, not all these students later opt to enrol accounting in higher learning institutions as many factors influence their career choices. This study aims to explore these motivating factors. A quantitative approach was applied whereby primary data were collected through a questionnaire survey. Respondents were students from seven elite schools in Melaka. The study found eight motivating factors; family members in the accounting profession, public accountant as a career choice, students’ interest in receiving relevant information, choosing private accountants as a career, parents, school counsellor and career talk. However, only four of these factors were significant to students’ decisions to pursue professional accounting courses. In addition, parents’ influence plays a greater role in motivating students to opt for professional accounting courses as compared to an accounting degree.

Emerging Trends of Professional Accountancy

This research attempts to expand the literature on emerging trends of accounting in Pakistan. As there researches available are not enough in Pakistani context. But much work has been done internationally. Data has been collected from Pakistani accountants and some others who are somehow connected with accounting profession. The questionnaire used for this purpose was structured based on established scale. To analyze the results SPSS software was used as this was the quantitative research - And hypothesis was tested through it. This research may be of particular interest to accounting researchers, practitioners and auditors since professional accountancy has become central to business matters. This study on professional accounting may prepare people for a career in senior level business management. It may enable people to expand accounting applications to a wide variety of business and financial settings and prepare for public and private accounting positions.