Private Law Research Articles

Priv-IQ: A Benchmark and Comparative Evaluation of Large Multimodal Models on Privacy Competencies

Large language models (LLMs) and generative artificial intelligence (AI) have demonstrated notable capabilities, achieving human-level performance in intelligent tasks like medical exams. Despite the introduction of extensive LLM evaluations and benchmarks in disciplines like education, software development, and general intelligence, a privacy-centric perspective remains underexplored in the literature. We introduce Priv-IQ, a comprehensive multimodal benchmark designed to measure LLM performance across diverse privacy tasks. Priv-IQ measures privacy intelligence by defining eight competencies, including visual privacy, multilingual capabilities, and knowledge of privacy law. We conduct a comparative study evaluating seven prominent LLMs, such as GPT, Claude, and Gemini, on the Priv-IQ benchmark. Results indicate that although GPT-4o performs relatively well across several competencies with an overall score of 77.7%, there is room for significant improvements in capabilities like multilingual understanding. Additionally, we present an LLM-based evaluator to quantify model performance on Priv-IQ. Through a case study and statistical analysis, we demonstrate that the evaluator’s performance closely correlates with human scoring.

Enhancing Hospital Data Security: A Blockchain-Based Protocol for Secure Information Sharing and Recovery

Hospitals that store sensitive patient medical records have recently faced issues such as the inability to recover medical data and breaches of patient privacy due to hacker attacks. These attacks on medical data often involve ransomware, which obfuscates the entire hospital’s data, making them inaccessible, and can also occur when hospitals share patient information during transfers of care. In this study, we propose a new authentication protocol to prevent and address such issues within hospital systems. The proposed protocol encrypts medical records on a private blockchain, allowing them to be securely shared among institutions, hospitals, and insurance companies, ensuring data recovery even if a ransomware attack paralyzes the server. Additionally, the protocol facilitates the systematic sharing of patient medical records between hospitals or between hospitals and insurance companies by distributing session keys. In this study, we demonstrate that the proposed protocol provides 11 security properties, including forward and backward secrecy, user untraceability, and resistance to replay attacks. We also evaluate the communication and computational costs, proving that the protocol is feasible for practical use.

Privacy as a Matter of Public Health

This Article examines the striking parallels between contemporary privacy challenges and past public health crises involving tobacco, processed foods, and opioids. Despite surging state and federal privacy legislation, many of these new privacy law and policy activities follow familiar patterns: an emphasis on individual choice, narrowly defined rights and remedies, and a lack of holistic accounting of how privacy incursions affect society as a whole. We argue instead for a salutary shift in privacy law and advocacy: understanding privacy through the lens of public health. By tracing systemic factors that allowed industries to repeatedly subvert public welfare—from information asymmetries and regulatory capture to narratives of individual responsibility—we explore a fundamental rethinking of privacy protection. Our analysis of case studies reveals remarkable similarities between public health challenges of the past half-century or so and the ongoing consumer privacy crisis. We explore how public health frameworks emphasizing preventative policies and reshaping social norms around individual choices could inform privacy advocacy. To do so, we examine a spectrum of proposals to align privacy with public health, from adopting public health insights to provocatively reframing privacy violations as an epidemic threatening basic wellbeing. This Article offers a novel framework for addressing the current privacy crisis, drawing on the rich history and strategies of public health. In reframing privacy violations as a societal health issue rather than a matter of consumer choice, we see new avenues for effective regulation and protection. Our proposed approach not only aligns with successful public health interventions of the past but also provides a more holistic and proactive stance towards safeguarding privacy in the digital age.

Social Interaction of Generation Z in China

Due to the advancement of mutual information technology and the impacts of globalization and cultural pluralism, Generation Z has developed notions of social life and social channels that are significantly different from those of the preceding generations. A thorough understanding of its peculiarities is conducive to our in-depth knowledge of this group. This article is a discussion of populous forms of social interaction among Generation Zers in China, such as Dazi social interaction, circle-based social interaction, and social media-based interaction. These forms of social life are the result of technological development and the advancement of urbanization, emblematic of the emotional needs of Chinese youth and their individual expression. The study also finds that these novel social interactions bring challenges to this generation, such as communication apprehension, information cocoons, cyber violence, and privacy breaches.

Human-Centered Design of an mHealth Tool for Optimizing HIV Index Testing in Wartime Ukraine: Formative Research Case Study.

Assisted partner services (APSs; sometimes called index testing) are now being brought to scale as a high-yield HIV testing strategy in many nations. However, the success of APSs is often hampered by low levels of partner elicitation. The Computer-Assisted Self-Interview (CASI)-Plus study sought to develop and test a mobile health (mHealth) tool to increase the elicitation of sexual and needle-sharing partners among persons with newly diagnosed HIV. CASI-Plus provides client-facing information on APS methods and uses a standardized, self-guided questionnaire with nonjudgmental language for clients to list partners who would benefit from HIV testing. The tool also enables health care workers (HCWs) to see summarized data to facilitate partner tracking. The formative research phase of the CASI-Plus study aimed to gather client and HCW input on the design of the CASI-Plus tool to ensure its acceptability, feasibility, and usability. This study gathered input to prioritize features and tested the usability of CASI-Plus with HCWs and clients receiving HIV services in public health clinics in wartime Ukraine. The CASI-Plus study's formative phase, carried out from May 2023 to July 2024, adapted human-centered design (HCD) methods grounded in principles of empathy, iteration, and creative ideation. The study involved 3 steps: formative HCD, including in-depth individual interviews with clients, such as men who have sex with men and people who inject drugs, and internet-based design workshops with HCWs from rural and urban HIV clinics in Chernihiv and Dnipro; software platform assessment and heuristic evaluation, including assessment of open-source mHealth platforms against CASI-Plus requirements, prototype development, and testing of the REDCap (Research Electronic Data Capture) prototype based on usability heuristics; and usability walk-throughs, including simulated cases with HCWs and clients. The formative phase of the CASI-Plus study included in-depth individual interviews with 10 clients and 3 workshops with 22 HCWs. This study demonstrated how simplified HCD methods, adapted to the wartime context, gathered rich input on prioritized features and tool design. The CASI-Plus design reflected features that are both culturally sensitive and in alignment with the constraints of Ukraine's wartime setting. Prioritized features included information about the benefits of HIV index testing; a nonjudgmental, self-guided questionnaire to report partners; client stories; and bright images to accompany the text. Two-way SMS text messaging between clients and HCWs was deemed impractical based on risks of privacy breaches, national patient privacy regulations, and HCW workload. It was feasible to conduct HCD research in Ukraine in a wartime setting. The CASI-Plus mHealth tool was acceptable to both HCWs and clients. The next step for this research is a randomized clinical trial of the effect of the REDCap-based CASI-Plus tool on the number of partners named and the rate of partners completing HIV testing.

The Right to be forgotten in the Digital Age: A Pakistani Perspective on Balancing Data Protection & Privacy, Freedom of Expression, and Cyber Security

Right to be forgotten also known as data de-listing or de-identification is legal and ethical right providing individuals the right to request the search engine to remove the link to the information that is found when the person's name is searched online. Though its concept has been practiced in the developed countries like the members of European Union, its implementation in the developing country like Pakistan is still in bloom. This paper explores the plausibility, likelihood and consequences of imposing the RTBF within the Pakistani context with spec emphasis to its compatibility with privacy, freedom of speech and cyber security. Lack of proper Data protection laws in Pakistan put the individuals at risk of cyber harassment, and misuse of personal data; tarnishing one's reputation. The Constitution of Pakistan acknowledges the right to privacy to the citizens in article 14 and freedom of speech and expression in article 19 but these rights are not well realized while operating in digital platform. The RTBF could allow people to take back control of their online persona but freedom comes with crucial issues of censorship, transparency and the ability of the regulatory bodies. The study employs doctrinal research strategy that involves empirical and comparative methodology to explore the legal, social, and pragmatic implications of RTBF in social media regulations of Pakistan. The study further reveals that there are legal loopholes that need to be addressed in order to enhance the privacy laws relating to Pakistan particularly in the context of digital environment as there is lack of comprehensive legal protection, overlapping of the regulation and legislation and legal culture, freedom of speech and finally institutional framework. Suggestions include passage of a competently drafted Data Protection Act, better staff and structures, better implementing criteria for RTBF requests, creation of awareness among the citizens regarding their digital rights, involving international organizations in an effort to frame a suitable RTBF framework.

Development of Norms on the Objects of Law in the Codifications of Civil Legislation

A comparative legal analysis of the norms of the three codifications of civil legislation on the issues of objects has been carried out. The influence of various doctrinal concepts on civil codes is revealed. The consequences of mixing the concepts of “things” and “property” are shown. The advantages and disadvantages of digital objects in the system of property rights are highlighted. Defects have been identified in the modern consolidation of the classification of objects by turnover. The classification of objects according to their intended purpose and legal regime is considered. The disadvantages of the legal division of objects into movable and immovable, the “blurring” of the latter category are identified. Attention is paid to the impact of the development of economic activities on the objects of civil rights. The connection of intangible benefits in the system of objects of rights with the tendency of socialization of private law is shown. The differentiation of Results of intellectual activity and rights to them is positively assessed, and the displacement of the classical term “creative activity” by the category of “intellectual activity” is criticized. The classification of civil legal relations according to the role of such an object as information is proposed.Conclusions are drawn about the progressive development of civil law and legislation, the expansion of the range of objects of law in the codifications of civil legislation, and the improvement of norms on their legal regime. Some shortcomings of legal regulation have been identified. Targeted doctrinal studies and preliminary testing of new legal norms on pilot projects are proposed.

Legal Issues in Journalism: Navigating Free Speech and Privacy

Journalists today operate within an intricate web of legal and ethical considerations, balancing the competing demands of free speech and privacy. This paper investigates the legal principles governing these rights, their historical development, and their modern applications across different jurisdictions. Drawing on case studies and legal precedents, the discussion highlights how journalists can navigate privacy expectations while upholding public interest. Ethical considerations, including the role of integrity, accuracy, and accountability, are also examined as key to fostering responsible journalism. Finally, the paper anticipates future trends in media law, shaped by technological advancements and evolving societal norms, and underscores the importance of informed decision-making in creating journalism that is both ethical and legally sound. Keywords: Free speech, privacy law, journalism ethics, First Amendment, public interest, media law.

Recovery of assets of sanctioned persons into state revenue: legal nature of the dispute on the right

The article examines the legal nature of a dispute on recovery of assets of sanctioned persons into the State’s revenue, which is within the jurisdiction of the High Anti-Corruption Court, through the prism of clarifying the legal nature of the interests arising in the course of consideration of this category of cases. The author establishes that the ongoing legal regime of martial law creates new challenges for Ukraine which require the use of exceptional measures which may lead to restriction of certain rights of individuals, while at the same time contributing to national security, defence of the country and protection of its national interests, one of which is the application by the High Anti-Corruption Court of a sanction in the form of recovery of assets of sanctioned persons into the State’s revenue. The author notes that there is no conceptual justification for the judicial jurisdiction chosen by the legislator to resolve this category of cases, as well as for the type of proceedings, despite the fact that this category of cases is related to deprivation of ownership of assets. The author highlights the doctrinal provisions and case law regarding the essential features of public law and private law disputes. It is proved that the recovery of assets of sanctioned persons into the State’s revenue has the general characteristics of a public-law dispute of a mixed private-public legal nature, as well as special features inherent only in this category of cases, which requires special attention to the judicial verification of the legitimate purpose of such a sanction and compliance with the principle of proportionality aimed at ensuring a reasonable balance of private and public interests in legal regulation, and a reasonable ratio between the purpose of influence by the State through its officials and the purpose of the sanction. The author argues that it is expedient to enshrine at the legislative level the possibility of applying this type of sanction not only during the martial law regime, which necessitates the expansion of the grounds for termination of property rights at the legislative level. The author offers her own definition of the legal institute of ‘recovery of assets for the benefit of the State of sanctioned persons’. Prospects for further scientific research in the field of the issues under study are identified.

Vybrané problémy kolizního práva pracovního

This paper is the result of research which the author's team conducted on Czech, European and international labour law, specifically in regards to cases in which an employment relationship contacts two or more legal systems of different states. "Conflict of law" rules have led to the development of specific conflict rules that determine the applicable law in a particular case. The most favoured criterion for determining the applicable law is the place of permanent workplace. The conflict rules governing the conflict of different labour law systems also implement the principle of employees' protection, which is significant for the entire body of labour law. The legal approach to determining the appropriate law is complicated in civil law because of several problems. The first issue concerns the scope of labour law. To give context to this problem, it must be considered that certain law systems, the Czech Republic including, conceive labour law as an important part of the social protection system. The labour law in such states contains a large number of rules set forth in the name of public good (overriding rules). These legal systems are reluctant to allow the application of foreign law. Therefore it is important to determine whether the legal relationship in question falls within the scope of labour law or not. The Czech Labour Code set forth its scope using the concept of dependent work. The legislature has shaped the concept by the following words: the work performed by an employee in the relation of inferiority to an employer, when an employee works personally, respecting the employer's instructions, in the employer's name, for payments, in working hours or at another stipulated time, at the work place or some other agreed upon location, at the employer's expense and responsibility. The Czech Labour Code must be applied to govern the legal relationship in the performance of dependent work. Parties shall not violate this rule. The second issue is the qualification problem. What is in the Czech Republic understood as an employment relationship may be classified as a private relationship in another law system. The same is true for the determination of private and public law. States usually do not allow application of foreign public law on their territory. Thus, it is vital to know whether the legislature considers labour law as a part of public or private law. However, some legal systems do not follow such classification at all. That is the reason why this article concentrates on the comparative research of German, Greek, Russian and Slovak labour law conflict rules.

Specific Considerations in the Interpretation of Contracts

The interpretation of contracts represents a core aspect of private law, impacting how contractual obligations are understood and enforced. This paper examines the interpretation of contracts within the framework of Romanian law, as outlined in the Romanian Civil Code. A comparative analysis is provided, contrasting Romanian principles with European Union law and the Anglo-Saxon approach, particularly as seen in the legal systems of the United Kingdom and the United States. This will help elucidate both the similarities and differences in contractual interpretation across these jurisdictions, with a focus on the legal terminology and doctrines that underpin these systems.

Evidence from China’s gender equality legislation: is responsive law reform always feasible?

ABSTRACT This article examines whether responsive law reforms can promote gender equality in authoritarian regimes, focusing on the challenges faced in advancing gender equality. Existing gender equality laws primarily strengthen women’s rights through private law but fail to clearly define governmental responsibilities. The authorities seek to enhance regulatory legitimacy through laws while relying on official cultural norms to support cultural legitimacy. However, the lack of coherence between regulatory and cultural legitimacy results in selective adherence to cultural norms rather than legal ones, hindering the implementation of gender equality. Therefore, responsive law reforms can improve women’s rights and interests in the private law sphere, but such reforms also tend to privatize public issues and require individuals to solve public problems through private gaming. The article further demonstrates that gender equality should aim at substantive equality, which requires the State to clarify governmental responsibilities and leverage cultural legitimacy to uphold this principle. Otherwise, it may result in the marginalization of vulnerable groups and the erosion of social trust, ultimately undermining public confidence in legitimacy. The article contributes by exploring the selective logic of authoritarianism in responding to public demands and its long-term effects, offering a complementary perspective on rule of law under authoritarian regimes.

Representative of the aggressor state as a recipient of assistance in the form of transfer of material resources or other assets (Article 111-2 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine)

The article analyzes the understanding of the concept of «representative of the aggressor state» as a recipient of assistance in the form of transfer of material resources or other assets, as well as the concept of «aggressor state» in Article 111-2 «Aiding the aggressor state» of the Criminal Code of Ukraine. It is concluded that the concepts of «aggressor state» and «representatives of the aggressor state» used by the legislator in the disposition of Art. 111-2 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine are not defined in this Code. Other normative legal acts use the term «aggressor state». Nevertheless, the definitions that are defined in them relate exclusively to the relevant acts. The terminological reversal «representative of the aggressor state» is not used in any other normative legal act, except for the Criminal Code of Ukraine. And, accordingly, its meaning is not explained anywhere. Using the methods of doctrinal and systemic interpretation, it was concluded that the aggressor state is a state that uses armed aggression against another state (states). Armed aggression is understood in the meaning proposed in Art. 1 of the Law of Ukraine «On Defense». It is proposed under the representative of the aggressor state in the sense of Art. 111-2 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine to understand the person, the carrier of public power, which is authorized by law to represent the interests of the state/state authority of the aggressor state, realizing the powers of the public power, regarding and for the implementation of the functions and tasks of such an aggressor state in the process of achieving its aggressive goals aimed at annexing the territory of Ukraine, eliminating the territorial integrity and inviolability of our state. It has been determined that, given the wording of the addressee of assistance in the form of voluntary transfer of material resources or other assets, legal entities of private law (business companies, joint stock companies, limited liability companies) registered under the legislation of the aggressor State are not a representative of the aggressor State within the meaning of Art. 111-2 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine, since they do not realize public functions and are not endowed with the powers of public power.

On the concept of legal liability institutions

The nature and distinguishing features of legal liability institutions in the legal system were analyzed. The tendency to define legal institutions in the branches of law solely through the legislative factor (tied to regulatory acts) was criticized. Distinctions were made between the concepts of “legal liability type” and “legal liability institution,” highlighting the key differences between them. Additional evidence was provided to support the identification of legal liability institutions by relating them to particular branches of law, which are considered the structural elements of the legal system at both macro- and micro-levels. The mechanical classification of legal liability institutions belonging to various branches of law within public or private law was challenged. The practice of treating private and public law liability, along with procedural and substantive liability, as a set of institutions associated with specific legal branches was questioned. The conclusion was made about the need to raise the issue of legal liability legislation that does not mirror the structure of legal liability institutions existing in the legal branches. This differentiation would create an effective legal liability system, without complicating it with numerous legal entities.

Famous at five: risk assessing digital child labour

ABSTRACT Commercialised representations of children and babies have been normalised as content on social media platforms in the same way as child models and actors have in traditional media. This paper explores the impact of this workload on children in practice, evidencing a range of potential risks of harm which are not currently provided for in policy or practice. This paper synthesises approaches to parental digital sharing (sharenting) alongside child labour considerations in order to analyse this legal lacuna, which is not constituted within any privacy, child labour, or child online safety laws within the UK. It proposes that pre-existing legal frameworks cannot effectively address these risks, which extend beyond issues surrounding data protection and financial security, and include impacts on children’s identity, dignity, and psychological development. This paper suggests alternative contemporary approaches to policy and practice, which could provide new and enhanced safeguarding processes for children working in digital spaces.

Non-agricultural legal entities as owners of land plots

The article examines the legal nature of non-agricultural legal entities under private law, their status in land relations and the specifics of their exercise of ownership of non-agricultural land plots. Analyzing the current land legislation of Ukraine, the author comes to the conclusion that the category of non- agricultural legal entities includes entities whose activities are not related to agricultural production, and non-agricultural land is the main spatial resource for the implementation of their functions. The article also examines the historical development of legal regulation of non-agricultural land, emphasizing the importance of establishing a balance between the rational use of such land and minimizing the negative impact of non-agricultural activities on agriculture. The author examines the land legal personality of foreign legal entities, emphasizing their predominantly non-agricultural activities, given the existing prohibition on the acquisition of agricultural land into private ownership by these entities. The article proposes to expand the content of Article 82 of the Land Code of Ukraine by allowing legal entities under private law to use land plots not only for business, but also for other types of economic activities. The author also argues for the expediency of easing the existing restrictions on the acquisition of non-agricultural land by foreign legal entities into private ownership, which will help to attract investment and economic development. The article emphasizes the importance of state registration of land plots and rights to them, which is carried out through two separate State registers – the State Land Cadastre and the State Register of Real Property Rights and Encumbrances. The author substantiates the need to integrate these registers under the management of a single body, which will help to eliminate duplication of functions, increase transparency, accuracy of information and reduce bureaucratic burden, referring to the experience of European countries, in particular Moldova, which demonstrates the effectiveness of combining the functions of cadastre and registration of rights to real estate in a single body.

Legal and Socio-Economic Challenges of E-Commerce in Uganda: Balancing Growth and Regulation

Digital technology has reshaped various sectors of the world so that tasks are executed seamlessly within the shortest period through digital technology. It suffices to state that Uganda has also incorporated the same in enhancing virtually all sectors. For example, in recent times, buying, selling goods, and negotiating contracts are done majorly through digital technology. However, despite the prospect of e-commerce, some challenges may limit its viability in Uganda. In this regard, the study examines the legal and socio-economic issues concerning the adoption of digital commerce in Uganda. A hybrid method was used, and 304 questionnaires were distributed (through Google form) to respondents residing in Uganda. The data obtained were analysed using a descriptive and analytical approach. The study found that adopting e-commerce has greatly enhanced the commercial sector. However, despite the advantages of e-commerce, there are challenges, which include Data security and privacy, regulatory compliance, consumer protection from internet fraudsters and unfair trade practices, illiteracy of consumers, and poor and high cost of internet access. The study, therefore, concludes and recommends that e-commerce is a good innovation that could enhance and lead to further economic development in Uganda. In this regard, for smooth e-commerce operations in Uganda, there is a need for effective mechanisms in ensuring legal compliance and prosecution of anyone involved in data privacy breaches and internet fraudster. Furthermore, active and cost reduction of internet access could aid in enhancing the operation of e-commerce in Uganda. This research builds upon existing knowledge by discovering the legal and social-economic factors prohibiting the adoption of e-commerce in Uganda followed by specific recommendations and ensuring internet accessibility improvement in improving the country's digital economy.

Everyone Is Safe Now: Constructing the Meaning of Data Privacy Regulation in Vietnam

Abstract This article explores Vietnam’s distinctive approach to data privacy regulation and its implications for the established understandings of privacy law. While global data privacy regulations are premised on individual freedom and integrity of information flows, the recent Vietnamese Decree 13/2023/NĐ-CP on Personal Data Protection (herein PDPD) prioritise state oversight and centralised control over information flows to safeguard collective interests and cyberspace security. The fresh regulatory logic puts data privacy under the regulation of government agencies and moves the privacy law arena even further away from the already distant judicial power. This prompts an exploration of the nuances underlying the ways regulators and the regulated communities understand data privacy regulation. The article draws on social constructionist accounts of regulation and discourse analysis to explore the epistemic interaction between regulators and those subject to regulation during the PDPD’s drafting period. The process is highlighted by the dynamics between actors within a complex semantic network established by the state’s policy initiatives, where tacit assumptions and normative beliefs direct the way actors in various communities favour one type of thinking about data privacy regulation over another. The findings suggest that reforms to privacy laws may not result in “more privacy” to individuals and that divergences in global privacy regulation may not be easily explained by drawing merely from cultural and institutional variances.

The legal basis for compensation for damage caused to natural persons and legal entities of private law as a result of the full-scale war of the Russian Federation against Ukraine

The article is devoted to the analysis of some international legal acts, as well as legislative and subordinate legal acts of Ukraine, which were adopted after the beginning of the full-scale invasion of the Russian Federation into Ukraine, and which, in the opinion of the author, are an integral part of the legal basis for compensation for damage caused by the armed aggression of the Russian Federation against Ukraine, in particular, compensation for such damage to natural persons and legal entities of private law. The author agrees with some other scientists and legal practitioners regarding the fact that the legal regulation of compensation for damage, determined by the civil legislation of Ukraine, does not take into account all necessary aspects for compensation for damage caused as a result of the armed aggression of the Russian Federation against Ukraine, in particular, for compensation for such damage to natural persons and legal entities of private law, due to which there was a need for the adoption of additional legislative and subordinate legal acts in Ukraine and for development by Ukraine in cooperation with other states of international legal acts that would regulate the issue of compensation for damage caused as a result of the armed aggression of the Russian Federation against Ukraine. It was determined that to this day it has been adopted a number of international, legislative and subordinate legal acts, which regulate various legal issues regarding compensation for damage caused by the armed aggression of the Russian Federation against Ukraine, in particular, compensation for such damage to natural persons and legal entities of private law. Thus, the author analyzes particular resolutions of the UN General Assembly, resolution of the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe CM/Res(2023)3 «On the Establishment of the Expanded Partial Agreement on the Register of Damages Caused by the Aggression of the Russian Federation against Ukraine», legislative and subordinate legal acts of Ukraine, which regulate some issues of compensation for damage caused by the armed aggression of the Russian Federation against Ukraine. On the basis of the analysis, it was established that these legal acts, in particular, fix the status of the aggressor state to the Russian Federation, place full responsibility on the aggressor state for any damage caused by its armed aggression against Ukraine, define some types of damage that was caused as a result of the armed aggression of the Russian Federation against Ukraine, in particular, types of damage caused to natural persons and legal entities of private law, which must be compensated, determine the sources of compensation for damage and some bases for further international cooperation to enforce the Russian Federation to compensate the damage caused as a result of its armed aggression against Ukraine. As a result, the author comes to the conclusion that, although the creation of an effective legal mechanism for compensation for damage caused as a result of the armed aggression of the Russian Federation against Ukraine, in particular, compensation for such damage to natural persons and legal entities of private law, is a complex and lengthy process, Ukraine has already started working on this and has positive achievements, which are reflected in the adoption of relevant legislative and subordinate legal acts, as well as international legal acts, which were created in cooperation with partners, and all these acts are part of the legal basis for compensation for damage caused by the armed aggression of the Russian Federation against Ukraine.

The Abuse of Right in Constitutional Law: Problem Statement

Abuse of law is generally considered to be a legal phenomenon most inherent to private law. Historically, it first appeared in private Roman law; it found doctrinal development and application in legal sciences associated with private law. This issue and even the possibility of its existence are not paid due attention in constitutional legal regulation and the science of constitutional law. This article attempts to substantiate the existence of abuse of rights (powers) in the spheres that were mentioned, and to identify the problem of the insufficiency of appropriate legal regulation, which gives rise to the preconditions for abuse of rights. The current paper highlights distinctive elements of the legal phenomenon under study, and also gives a definition and assessment to the “gray zone” in which abuse of law in constitutional and legal relations is possible.