Prism-based Surface Plasmon Research Articles

Multi-Disease Detection Using a Prism-Based Surface Plasmon Resonance Sensor: A TMM and FEM Approach.

This research introduces a surface plasmon resonance (SPR)-based biosensor with multilayered structures for telecommunication wavelength in order to detect multiple diseases. The malaria and the chikungunya viruses are taken into account and the presence of these viruses are determined by examining several blood components in healthy and affected phases. Here, two distinct configurations (Al-BTO-Al-MoS2 and Cu-BTO-Cu-MoS2) are proposed and contrasted for the detection of numerous viruses. The performance characteristics of this work have been analyzed using Transfer Matrix Method (TMM) method and Finite Element Method (FEM) method under angle interrogation technique. From the TMM and FEM solutions, it is evident that the Al-BTO-Al-MoS2 structure provides the highest sensitivities of ~270 deg./RIU for malaria and ~262 deg./RIU for chikungunya viruses, with satisfactory detection accuracy of ~1.10 for malaria, ~1.64 for chikungunya, and quality factor of ~204.40 for malaria, ~208.20 for chikungunya. In addition, the Cu-BTO-Cu MoS2 structure offers the highest sensitivities of ~310 deg./RIU for malaria and ~298 deg./RIU for chikungunya, with satisfactory detection accuracy of ~0.40 for malaria, ~0.58 for chikungunya, and quality factor of ~89.85 for malaria, ~86.38 for chikungunya viruses. Therefore, the performance of the proposed sensors is analyzed using two distinct methods and gives around similar results. In a sum, this research could be utilized as a theoretical foundation and first step in the development of a real sensor.

Design and Probing of Prism-Based SPR Nano-Biosensor for Human Sperm Detection.

Human sperm functioning is crucial for maintaining natural reproduction, but its sterility is enhanced by variations in environmental conditions. Because of these agitating properties, powerful computer-aided devices are required, but their precision is inadequate, particularly when it comes to samples with low sperm concentrations. Therefore, for the first time, this article introduces the sulfide material-based structure for the detection of human sperm samples using the prism-based surface plasmon resonance sensor (SPR) Nano-biosensor. The proposed structure is designed on the basis of a prism-based Kretschmann configuration and includes silver, silicon, a sulfide layer, black phosphorus, and a sensing medium. This work takes advantage of the excitement of surface plasmons and evanescent waves in the metal dielectric region. For the detection process, seven sperm samples are taken, with their concentration, mobility, and refractive index measured by the refractometer. The proposed structure provides a maximum sensitivity of 409.17°/RIU, QF of 97.45RIU-1 and a DA of 1.37. The results provide a substantial improvement in comparison to the reported work in the literature.

Customizable miniaturized SPR instrument

Prism-based surface Plasmon resonance (SPR) system, as one of the leading candidate concepts for scale application and commercial solution, has good stability, high-sensitivity and greater theoretical/technical maturity. Therefore, to take advantage of prism-based SPR system fully, and break up limitations of complicated and bulky traditional prism-based SPR system, optimal and compact design of optical system is an effective solution. Herein, a customizable miniaturized prism-based SPR system is developed by optical system optimization and integrated design, combining portable data acquisition and processing technology (FPGA-based multifunctional data processing). This proposed prism-based SPR system can achieve a miniaturized SPR system, thus, it also can meet the requirements of flexibility configuration and customizable performance to accommodate the various needs of different users and application scenes. Additionally, the customizable features can make it to achieve the best performance optimization and differentiation.

Zinc selenide based dual-channel SPR optical biosensor for HIV genome DNA hybridization detection

Simultaneous measurement of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) genome DNA hybridization and the DNA melting temperature in a prism-based surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensor is modeled theoretically using a simple dual-channel construction. The proposed sensor consists of a BK7 prism coated with silver as a plasmonic material. The metal surface is divided into two channels to detect medium refractive index (RI) and temperature. One half is covered with zinc selenide (ZnSe) semiconductor to enhance the hybridization detection sensitivity and to protect silver from oxidation. The other half is covered with polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) polymer to detect the temperature variations. The proposed sensor is optimized numerically, and the optimum structure provides an excellent sensitivity of 208 deg/RIU, thanks to the use of the ZnSe layer, which is greater than double the reported dual-channel prism-based sensor in thickness. The polymer channel shows high sensitivity to the temperature variations of − 0.125 deg/°C, which is nearly 10 times the response of the RI channel to temperature variations. The data obtained from the polymer channel is used to compensate for the thermal perturbations of the sensing medium RI, and at the same time, to monitor the increments of the temperature in order to avoid reaching the DNA melting temperature. A mathematical expression is provided to consider the effect of the temperature variations on the RI of the sensing medium to get a better accurate detection process. The DNA hybridization detection of HIV is theoretically discussed in detail starting from the preparation of the sensing medium with the different ingredients until the hybridization between probe and complementary target DNA (ct-DNA) molecules.

Black Phosphorous-Based Highly Sensitive Surface Plasmonic Sensor for Detection of Formalin

In the present work, a highly sensitive prism-based surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensor for the detection of formalin using multilayer black phosphorous (BP) is proposed. Formalin, which is widely used as a preservative, can cause a variety of diseases, making its detection crucial. The transfer matrix method is utilized to compare and analyze the proposed structures of the SPR-based prism sensor in the Kretschmann configuration. The effect of prism materials (BAK3, BK7, SF10, SF11, and 2S2G), metals (gold, silver, copper, and aluminum), and 2-D materials (graphene, MoS2, WS2, and BP) on the performance of the sensor for formalin detection has been analyzed and discussed. The analysis of the impact of employing multilayer 2-D materials is carried out. Optimization of the thickness of the 2-D material is performed to achieve a structure that gives better sensitivity. The sensitivity achieved for structures with multilayer graphene, MoS2, and WS2 are 172.82°/RIU, 195.97°/RIU, and 218.04°/RIU, respectively. A highly sensitive structure for formalin detection is proposed with BK7, silver, and nine layers of BP. A sensitivity of 289.4565°/RIU and a detection accuracy (DA) of 0.3125/° are obtained. The limit of detection of the proposed sensor for different concentrations of formalin lies in the range of 3.45– <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$3.56~ \mu $ </tex-math></inline-formula> RIU.

Evaluating the Use of Surface Plasmon Resonance-Based Sensing for Colorectal Mucosa Cancer Detection

This paper presents an <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">in silico</i> and <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">in vitro</i> study concerning the application of a trapezoidal prism-based surface plasmon resonance chip to detect colorectal cancer by analyzing the mucosa tissue. The sensor is a multilayered structure and works in the wavelength interrogation mode. Performance parameters related to the metallic film characteristics, such as thickness and type of metal were determined. For the analyzed noble metals, the silver film of 40 nm has the highest sensitivity of 6,454.12 nm/RIU, and the 60 nm-thick presents the best values for full width at half maximum and χ parameter (20.20 nm and 286.63 RIU <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">–1</sup> ). The palladium nanolayer deposition enhanced the sensitivity by 10.81% for copper film and peaks at 6,497.04 nm/RIU for the silver film. The palladium nanolayer also provokes deeper dips in the reflectance spectrum. Tissue phantoms were used to study the sensor response to solid surrounding medium to show the feasibility and the correctness of the proposed methodology.

High Performance Bimetallic(Cu-Co) Surface Plasmon Resonance Sensor using Hybrid Configuration of 2D Materials

The performance of prism-based surface plasmon resonance sensor utilizing kretschmann configuration composed of thin metallic (Cu–Co) film coated with 2D material such as BP/Graphene layer is investigated theoretically based on angular interrogation method. It is observed that optimizing the thickness of bimetallic (Cu–Co) and BP/Graphene layers, the sensitivity of the sensor improved greatly and still can maintain its minimum reflectivity and line width of the SPR reflectivity curve. We also observed that addition of BP/ Graphene over the bimetallic layer, its further enhanced the sensitivity. Numerical results shows that sensitivity as high as 504deg/RIU is achieved for the well optimized bimetallic configuration consist of 45nm of Cu and 10nm of Co thickness for the analyte refractive indices ranging from 1.330 - 1.335.

Modeling of a novel K5 prism-based surface Plasmon resonance sensor for urea detection employing Aluminum arsenide

Modeling of a novel K5 prism-based surface Plasmon resonance sensor for urea detection employing Aluminum arsenide

Integration of a multichannel surface plasmon resonance sensor chip and refractive index matching film array for protein detection in human urine

Most prism-based surface plasmon resonance (SPR) experiments use matching fluid with a similar refractive index to mount the chip on the optical prism. The fluidity of the matching fluid easily affects the transmission of the optical signal. In this paper, an integrated SPR sensor chip comprises a three-layer structure of flow layer, metal layer and refractive index matching layer is demonstrated to address the problems related to consistency and uniformity. The Young's modulus, array spacing, shape and other parameters of the matching film were calculated and optimized. The chip can self-adhere to the optical prism, and effectively avoids the generation of air bubbles. The refractive index detection sensitivity of the integrated SPR sensor chip was 3.4359 × 10−6 RIU (refractive index unit), and the chip stabilization time has been effectively shortened. The integrated SPR sensor chip was also used to detect kappa light chain protein and human serum albumin (HSA) in urine samples. The detection limit of kappa light chain protein was 0.06 μg/mL compared with 18.5 μg/mL by conventional immunoturbidimetry. The integrated SPR sensor chip based on refractive index matching film array has great potential in biomedical detection and other fields, including point-of-care testing (POCT).

Amplitude and phase measument using reflection polarization mode of a prism-based surface plasmon resonance

In this paper, the amplitude and phase characteristics of internal reflection of gold nanofilms are investigated using polarization modulation of electromagnetic radiation in the Kretschmann geometry, an excited wavelength of the SPR at 633 nm is considered. The numerical results that are presented in this work are based on the substrate, the variation of the thickness of the dielectric and the type of plasmonic material using gold (Ag), through the ellipsometry parameters Ψ and ∆.

Surface plasmon biosensor based on Bi2Te3 antimonene heterostructure for the detection of cancer cells.

This theoretical investigation proposes the preliminary stage detection of cancer cells using a prism-based surface plasmon resonance biosensor. The surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensor is label-free and rapid; it supports real-time investigations, including greater sensitivity, and it has an enormous possibility for detecting different forms of cancer. The refractive index alteration of cancer cells is 1.360-1.401. The performance of the SPR sensor has been analyzed. The different types of cancer cells for skin, cervical, blood, adrenal, and breast (type I and II) have been analyzed, and sensitivities of 292, 384, 229, 242, 254, and 261 (degree/RIU) have been achieved, respectively. A high figure of merit of 115.2RIU-1 has been achieved for HeLa cells and achieved detection accuracy of 0.32deg-1 for basal cells.

A surface plasmon temperature sensor based on E7 liquid crystal using angle interrogation method

ABSTRACT A prism-based surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensor supported water/gas-based liquid crystal (LC) E7 is presented. A gold layer was internally attached to the chamber filled with LC. The results demonstrated that LC's resonance angle increases with the increasing temperature, and the variation can be detected by the absorption and angle shift of the plasmonic dip. The modeling results presented that the refractive index increases with increasing temperature at the variation from 15°C to 85°C. The temperature sensitivity was started at 0.06 degrees/°C at 15°C and reached the maximum value from 35 to 50 degrees/°C. The liquid crystal type E7 experimental results were compared with simulation results from 15°C to 85°C of MLC-9200-000, MLC9200-100, MLC-6608, TL-216, and E44. The water/LC-based SPR shows angle shift and absorption shift compared to gas/LC-based SPR. The SPR curve's sharpness was enhanced, but low angle shift and no absorption shift were recognized.

Sensitivity enhancement of surface plasmon resonance sensor using Al–Au–BaTiO3–Graphene layers

The performance of prism-based surface plasmon resonance sensor utilizing new sensing configuration composed of thin metallic (Al–Au) film coated with a thin layer of BaTiO3is investigated theoretically based on angular interrogation method. It is observed that optimizing the thickness of bimetallic (Al–Au) and BaTiO3 layers, the sensitivity of the sensor improved greatly and still can maintain its minimum reflectivity and linewidth of the SPR reflectivity curve. We also observed addition of dual layer of graphene on BaTiO3 further enhanced the sensitivity. The sensitivity of the proposed sensor is found to be 227 deg/RIU, and the FWHM of resonance curve is observed to be 4.47 deg for the thickness of 28 nm of Al, 8 nm of Au and 10 nm of BaTiO3added with double layer of graphene.

Electrochemical plasmonic optical fiber probe for real-time insight into coreactant electrochemiluminescence

Electrochemical surface plasmon resonance (ESPR) is a powerful technique for defining dynamic changes in chemical composition and morphology of functional interfaces by correlating spectral information with voltammetric characteristics of the electrode processes. However, conventional Kretschmann prism-based surface plasmon resonance (SPR) configurations require sophisticated apparatus and complex optics. Here, we present a versatile flow injection ESPR device that incorporates a plasmonic and conductive fiber optic probe, for which a gold nanohole array film is integrated onto the endface of a conventional optical fiber via template transfer. The coreactant-based Ru(bpy)32+ / tripropylamine (TPrA) electrochemiluminescence (ECL) system, was chosen to unravel electrochemically-induced real-time interfacial information, since such an approach is increasingly employed for clinical assay analysis and the associated ECL mechanism is an active area of investigation. The ESPR observations provide novel experimental evidence to support the proposition that the ECL reactions undergo an oxidative-reduction pathway. Moreover, the ESPR peak shift exhibits a broader linear detection range of TPrA concentration (0.02–20 mmol L−1, R2 = 0.996), compared to the ECL and SPR techniques (<10 mmol L−1). This study clearly demonstrates that the novel fiber optic ESPR device presents as a reliable and multimodal spectroelectrochemical platform to gain mechanistic insights into complicated chemical processes and provide sensing capabilities, while offering great simplicity, portability and miniaturization.

Enhanced performance of SnSe-Graphene hybrid photonic surface plasmon refractive sensor for biosensing applications

In this study, we developed a simple hybrid structure and an appropriate numerical analysis method for a prism-based surface plasmon refractive index biosensor by using an angular interrogation method. The proposed sensor comprised a prism filled with a hybrid of gold (Au), alpha tin selenide (α-SnSe), and graphene, and a sensing medium. Monolayers of α-SnSe with a similar structure to graphene and phosphorene have exceptional optoelectronic properties and they have attracted much attention as two-dimensional (2D) materials in a similar manner to other 2D material family members. The performance parameters were determined in terms of the sensitivity, detection accuracy (DA), and quality factor (QF). The results demonstrated the improved overall performance of the proposed sensor. Inserting an α-SnSe layer between gold and graphene increased the sensitivity of the sensor, and its sensitivity was higher than those of previously reported sensors. All of the performance parameters were enhanced for this hybrid sensor, which is not possible with sensors based only on graphene. Increasing the number of graphene-only layers improved the sensitivity but decreased the DA and QF. The effect of the electric field distribution on the inserted graphene layers was analyzed with the finite difference time domain (FDTD) technique using Lumerical FDTD solution commercial software. The proposed biosensor may facilitate novel sensing applications.

Simultaneous measurement of refractive index and temperature for prism-based surface plasmon resonance sensors.

A detailed theoretical model is provided to analyze the effects of temperature on prism-based surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensors, including temperature dependence of the metal and prism. A complete sensitivity matrix simultaneously measures variations in refractive index (RI) and temperatures using measurements at two wavelengths for the angular-interrogation mode, or at two angles of incidence for the wavelength-interrogation mode. Correction of matrix coefficients improves accuracy of the two modes. Validation is performed using a self-designed wavelength SPR system with an adjustable incident angle perform. This method provides a new way to detect the RI and may lead to the better design and fabrication of prism-based SPR sensors.

Early detection of bacteria using SPR imaging and event counting: experiments with Listeria monocytogenes and Listeria innocua.

Foodborne pathogens are of significant concern in the agrifood industry and the development of associated rapid detection and identification methods are of major importance. This paper describes the novel use of resolution-optimized prism-based surface plasmon resonance imaging (RO-SPRI) and data processing for the detection of the foodborne pathogens Listeria monocytogenes and Listeria innocua. With an imaging spatial resolution on the order of individual bacteria (2.7 ± 0.5 μm × 7.9 ± 0.6 μm) over a field of view 1.5 mm2, the RO-SPRI system enabled accurate counting of individual bacteria on the sensor surface. Using this system, we demonstrate the detection of two species of Listeria at an initial concentration of 2 × 102 CFU mL−1 in less than 7 hours. The surface density of bacteria at the point of positive detection was 15 ± 4 bacteria per mm2. Our approach offers great potential for the development of fast specific detection systems based on affinity monitoring.

Reduced Graphene Oxide/Maghemite Nanocomposite for Detection of Lead Ions in Water Using Surface Plasmon Resonance

A prism-based surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensor deposited with reduced graphene oxide/maghemite is presented for the detection of lead ions (Pb2+) in water. The SPR setup proposed followed the Kretschmann configuration with the installment of the nanocomposite integrated bilayer sensor chip onto the prism. For protection, the nanocomposite active layer was coated with 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-carbodiimidehydrochloride/N-hydroxysuccinimide. When the sensor was tested with different concentrations of Pb2+ in static water, the limit of detection was achieved at 0.001 ppm with a resonance angle shift of 0.184°. As an improvisation, a sample circulation design was adapted into the setup in order to increase the interaction rate between the sample and the sensing layer. This managed to improve the detection limit to 0.3 ppb.

Prism-Based Surface Plasmon Resonance for Dual-Parameter Sensing

A simple method to construct a dual-channel in a prism-based surface plasmon resonance sensor for dual-parameter monitoring is proposed. The metal layer (sensing area), attached to the prism, is half-covered with a polymer in order to generate two individual sensing sections. In this paper, eight different sensor structures (prism/metal/polymer) were analyzed. The prisms are made of NSK16 or SF10 glass and coated with gold or silver films. Half section of the metal films is covered with Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) or Poly-methyl methacrylate. The sensor is based on angle interrogation, the laser beam is aligned to be incident upon the interface of the bare and polymer sections. The resonance conditions are different at each pad, due to the refractive index (RI) mismatch, thus the intensity of the reflected signal presents a pair of well-defined resonance dips in series. The sensitivity of these dips to RI and temperature (T) changes was numerically analyzed. Finally, to demonstrate the feasibility to monitor RI and T, simultaneously, a surface plasmon resonance sensor was constructed using a NSK16 glass prism coated with a thin gold film, which was half-covered with PDMS.

An SPR-based sensor with an extremely large dynamic range of refractive index measurements in the visible region

A promising GaP prism-based surface plasmon resonance sensor in the Kretschmann configuration with an extremely large dynamic range of refractive index detection is proposed. The prism base is coated with a gold layer and then a thin layer of silicon. The sensor is studied theoretically in terms of sensitivity and detection accuracy. The proposed sensor shows the potential of sensing media with a refractive index varying from gaseous to very dense liquid with appreciably high sensitivity.