Priority Areas For Development Research Articles

On the priority development areas in international tourism

Subject. The article discusses the issues concerning the emergence of priority development areas in international tourism. Objectives. I point out various types of priority development areas, evaluate their capabilities for tourism development. Methods. The study is based on methods of analysis, synthesis, scientific abstraction, and SWOT analysis. Results. The article describes in comparison of various types of priority development areas, spotlights their capabilities for tourism development. I propose a new type of priority development areas, such as a local recreation and health complex, and provide its description. Currently, inbound tourism grows more important, which almost surpasses economic expectations. As the confrontation between Russia and Western countries perseveres, inbound tourism serves as a crucial element of public diplomacy, or the so called soft power of Russia. Inbound tourism may definitely have a positive effect on the public sentiment in the Western countries and help mend international relations. Conclusions and Relevance. It is still relevant and effective to create priority development areas, which can be used for the production and servicing sectors of the economy. The creation of priority development areas can give an additional impetus to tourism development. It is noteworthy that various types of priority development areas have their own strengths and weaknesses. It is important to maintain the optimization of inbound tourist flows, their more even dispersion across the area, and prevent excessive tourism in Moscow and St. Petersburg, as well as the Black Sea resorts.

Historical aspects of the medical education system transformation

The history of medical and pharmaceutical education development is part of the social history. The quality of medical personnel training determines the efficiency of the entire health care system and has been a priority area of development throughout the history of the Russian state. The paper reflects the main stages of the medical education system development in the period from the 17th century to the present. The training of medical personnel in Russia began in the second half of the 17th century, when, under the Pharmaceutical Order, a medical school was established in 1654to train doctors for the needs of the army.The need to provide qualified medical personnel remains relevant, both in wartime and in peacetime. The reforms of medical education that have been taking place over the centuries make it possible to diversify educational programs, as well as the to introduce new educational technologies, considering modern requirements and global trends. The study of the historical aspects of domestic medicine determines a more competent approach to the development of the health care system and medical education.

Artificial intelligence: The opinions of radiographers and radiation therapists in Ireland

IntroductionImplementation of Artificial Intelligence (AI) into medical imaging is much debated. Diagnostic Radiographers (DRs) and Radiation Therapists (RTTs) are at the forefront of this technological leap, thus an understanding of their views, in particular changes to their current roles, is key to safe, optimal implementation. MethodsAn online survey was designed, including themes: role changes, clinical priorities for AI, patient benefits, and education. It was distributed nationally in the Republic of Ireland via the national professional body, clinical management, and social media. Results318 DRs and 77 RTTs participated. Priority areas for development included quality assurance, clinical audit, radiation dose optimisation, and improved workflow for DRs and treatment planning algorithm optimisation, clinical audit, and post processing for RTTs. There was resistance regarding AI use for patient facing roles and final image interpretation. 27.6% of DRs and 40.3% of RTTs currently use AI clinically and 46.1% of DRs and 41.2% of RTTs anticipate reduced staffing levels with AI. 64.9% of DRs and 70.6% of RTTs felt AI will be positive for patients, with the majority promoting AI regulation through national legislation. 86.1% of DRs and 94.0% of RTTs were favourable to AI implementation. ConclusionThis research identifies priority AI development and implementation areas for DRs and RTTs. It thus highlights that DRs and RTTs should be involved in development of AI tools that would best support practice, and that clearly defined pathways for AI implementation into these key professions requires discussion so that optimum use and patient safety can ensue. Implications for practiceUnderstanding opinions of AI has significant implications for practice, for ensuring optimal product development, implementation, and training, together with planning for potential DR and RTT role changes.

Investment policy of the banking sector: data from Russia

The growing investment activity of banking sector organisations is an important condition for securing diversification of assets and obtaining additional sources of income, as well as maintaining the required level of liquidity. Economic crises and instability of stock markets affect the investment policy of a bank, the quality of its investment portfolio, and the scope of investment transactions with securities. The purpose of the research is to carry out a comprehensive analysis of the investment mechanism of the Russian banking sector and its organisation, to characterise the investment policy and risks connected with investment activities, to determine the criteria for financial instruments included in the structure of investment portfolios of Russian credit institutions. The authors used the analytical, regulatory, comparative, and statistical methods of research to define the dynamics, composition, and structure of investment portfolios and risks involved in the business of financial and credit institutions, in the course of the formation of investment policy. It was concluded, as a result of the research, that enhanced performance, stability, and liquidity of credit institutions were conditioned by the structure and quality of portfolio investments. Improving the efficiency of the banking investment mechanism is a priority area of development, for strengthening the competitive positions of credit institutions in the national banking system. The article presents conclusions regarding the quality of investment operations and transactions with securities effectuated by banks at the present stage. The authors undertook a comparative analysis of indicators characterising the structure of investment assets of the banking sector, grouped by types of investment portfolio. Proceeding from the above, particular directions were developed for practical use, that allow for efficient selection of stock market instruments for inclusion in the investment portfolio of credit institutions in the conditions of high volatility and uncertainty of the financial market.

Using the Methodology for the Comprehensive Assessment of Scientific and Technological Projects to Estimate Risks of their Failure

The article proposes approaches to assessing the risk of non-implementation of scientific and technological projects, based on the analysis of data from institutions for innovative development of information, and carried out following the requirements of a comprehensive assessment of projects’ technological readiness. One of the approaches presented allows you to build a matrix for subsequent analysis that describes the possibility of a project oving to a higher level of development, and the second is based on identifying empirical dependencies between the level of readiness of the project being executed and the risk of violating its deadlines. Examples of applying the developed approaches for practical tasks on program activities of target programs in the field of research and development in priority areas of the scientific and technological complex of Russia are given. The described models are intended for use in the governing bodies of innovative development institutions to increase the implemented support programs’ efficiency.

Technology and equipment for isolated aluminum melt overflow from a vacuum transport ladle with using the siphon

The work was performed at the Sayanogorsk aluminum plant UC RUSAL in the technological scheme from an aluminum cell to an alloying furnace. The article presents comparative results of studies of the dynamics of saturation of aluminum with hydrogen when using a vacuum transport ladle with a closed (siphon) cast metal overflow and the existing technology of overflow. The basic design of a vacuum transport ladle with a removable siphon is presented. It is shown that one of the main sources of saturation of aluminum melt with hydrogen is its interaction with air moisture during open overflows of metal during its movement from the cell to the alloying furnace. During the study, it was found that pouring aluminum from the cell using traditional technology increases the hydrogen content by an average of 0.045 cm3/100 g Al, and pouring aluminum from the cell with an experimental ladle with a siphon increases the concentration of hydrogen in the metal by an average of 0.029 cm3/100 g Al. It was found that when pouring aluminum from the ladle into the alloying furnace using traditional technology, the hydrogen content increases from 0.220 cm3/100 g Al to 0.297 cm3/100 g Al, and when using a vacuum transport ladle with a closed (siphon) overflow, the hydrogen content decreases from 0.189 cm3/100 g Al to 0.161 cm3/100 g Al. It is shown that an additional advantage of pouring aluminum melt with an experimental vacuum transport ladle with a closed (siphon) overflow is to reduce the amount of dross removed from the metal surface, as well as to reduce metal losses due to oxidation of the melt. The specific dross formation according to the existing overflow technology was 1,962 kg/t Al, and when using an experimental vacuum pump with a closed (siphon) overflow, the specific formation of dross was 1,204 kg/t Al.The work was performed using the results of research conducted during the implementation of project 14.578.21.0193 from October 3 for the period 2016–2018. “Development of theoretical and technological solutions for reducing hydrogen in aluminum and low-alloy aluminum alloys” in the framework of the Federal target program “Research and development in priority areas of development of the scientific and technological complex of Russia for 2014–2020” with financial support from the Ministry of education and science of Russia.

The Neighborhood Effects of a Place-Based Policy—Causal Evidence from Atlanta’s Economic Development Priority Areas

Place-based policies refer to government efforts to enhance the economic performance of an area within its jurisdiction. Applying various difference in differences strategies, this study evaluates the neighborhood effects of a place-based policy—the Economic Development Priority Areas (EDPA) of Atlanta, Georgia, USA. Since the census block groups are locally defined and the boundaries may change over time, we defined the neighborhoods by creating a set of 0.25-mile- diameter circles evenly distributed across Atlanta, and used the created buffers as the comparison unit. The empirical estimates showed that EDPA designation significantly reduced poverty rate and increased housing price of EDPA neighborhoods but had no beneficial effects on population size and employment rate. The heterogeneous analysis with respect to different initial economic status of the neighborhoods showed a relative larger and significant effect of EDPA designation on low-income neighborhoods. The increasing labor demand induced by EDPA designation in low-income neighborhoods attracted more population to migrate in and put upward pressure on housing prices. The estimation results are robust when replacing the 0.25-mile-diameter circle neighborhoods with 0.5-mile-diameter circle neighborhoods. Although we found some positive effects of the EDPA program in Atlanta, it would be misguided to assume similar effects occur in other areas implementing place-based policies.

ECONOMIC BENEFITS OF INTEGRATION PROCESSES

Agroindustrial integration, which is an organic union and effective functioning of specialized agricultural, industrial and processing enterprises in order to obtain final products from agricultural raw materials and achieve greater economic benefit through mutual material interest, has gained practical relevance in modern conditions, when various organizational forms of integration began to emerge. The problem of further development of both agricultural production and processing industry should be solved by creating a mutually beneficial and mutually stimulating mechanism of cooperation between them. The importance of ensuring technological, economic and organizational unity of production, processing, procurement and sale of agricultural products determines the need for the development of integration processes in the agroindustrial complex. Agroindustrial integration solves the problems of accumulating financial resources to solve the priority areas of development of agriculture and its service spheres, the improvement of the financial condition of enterprises and organizations of agroindustrial production, the expansion of opportunities to market the products of agricultural producers. At the present stage integration develops on the basis of the movement of investments, for which certain state norms and rules have been created, proposals for institutions - organizations have been developed to promote the inflow of investments in the regions as well as in the agrarian sector of the economy. Economic integration in the agroindustrial complex and certain food subcomplexes is aimed at establishing interaction and business cooperation between various economic entities and their partners in technologically, organizationally and economically interrelated sectors of the economy. Any integration structure is focused on improving the use of partners’ production potential on the basis of mutual interest and close mutually beneficial cooperation.

The energy efficiency of the national economy assessment in terms of investment in green energy

Introduction. The study of the development of CO2-neutral economy shows that this concept was only examined from a theoretical point of view in the first phases and has become a priority development area of all countries of the world since 2019. Carbon neutrality means not only a massive conversion of traditional energy into renewable (alternative), but also a complete thermal modernization, a change in the production sector towards energy saving and energy efficiency, innovative changes in wastewater treatment systems and recycling, etc. In other words, an important engine for the development of a CO2-neutral economy in the national economic system is a set of mechanisms and instruments to improve energy efficiency through sustainable innovative development. Theoretical base. For a detailed analysis of the conditions for the development of the energy efficiency of the national economy (Charles, 2019), it is necessary to monitor the state of the energy system and the environmental situation in the country (Huang, 2019), since today almost all countries of the world have reconsidered their priority areas in the development of the energy sector and have actively started to implement reforms for modernization and conversion towards energy production (Khan, 2018). The most promising areas were alternative energy sources and the development of a carbon-neutral economy (Jiahai, 2019). Therefore, the countries of the European Union have agreed on an action plan for energy efficiency for the period 2007-2020 (Kraemer, 2020), which is a 20-20-20 plan - reducing CO2 emissions by 20%, improving energy efficiency by 20% and increasing the share of renewable sources in the energy sector by 20% (Lakshman, 2019). In this phase, Russia plans to achieve 11% of renewable energy sources in the structure of final energy consumption and increase energy efficiency by 9%. At the same time, Russia, which has joined the Paris Climate Agreement (Rehbein, 2020), has set itself the goal of reducing CO2 emissions by 40% by 2030 compared to 1990 (Shu, 2019). The aim of the study is to develop theoretical and methodological tools for assessing the level of energy efficiency of the national economy and its main determinants. Results. The forecast results showed that there is a significant discrepancy between the optimistic and realistic scenarios of the dynamics of changes in the economy’s diverging sub-index of energy efficiency. According to the optimistic scenario, the balancing of the convergent and divergent sub-indices will take more than 10 years (in 2020, the value of the convergent sub-index of energy efficiency of the national economy was 0.84 and the projected value of the divergent sub-index in 2030 was 0.71). Conclusions. The growth of the economy’s integral energy efficiency index is possible if a stable balance is achieved between its convergent and divergent determinants. Calculations have confirmed that the implementation of state policies to ensure the energy efficiency of the economy should primarily focus on increasing divergent determinants of the energy efficiency of the economy. To target the diverging sub-index of the national economy’s energy efficiency, the paper performs a scenario forecast of the vector of its change based on the Brown model, which takes into account the retrospective nature of the distribution of its time series and eliminates fluctuations in random variables.

PROBLEMS RELATED TO THE MODERNIZATION OF AGRICULTURE OF THE REPUBLIC AND THEIR SOLUTIONS

Agricultural modernization allows to ensure efficiency and increase the competitiveness of agricultural producers and enterprises. Therefore, in the Action Strategy for five priority areas of development of the Republic of Uzbekistan for 2017-2021, it is noted that the implementation of investment projects for the construction of new, reconstruction and modernization of existing processing enterprises equipped with the most modern high-tech equipment for deeper processing of agricultural products, the production of semi-finished products and finished food products, as well as packaging products is one of the priority areas of modernization and intensive development of agriculture.The article identifies topical problems associated with the modernization of agriculture and developed scientific proposals aimed at solving these problems.

International cooperation in training specialists in working with youth

Working with young people is one of the priority areas of development of any country, which re- quires innovative solutions and approaches. The process of training specialists for working with young people is diverse in different countries: their functionality is different, the regulatory framework is dif- ferent, and the training practice also has a different context. The peculiarities of the modern youth au- dience, new values, the pace of life, the specifics of communication, professional guidelines of young people – all should be reflected in the preparation of such programs. Specialists. The competencies formed as a result of training most accurately show the goals of training, professional areas of work. Also, specialists working with young people should be active in the international space, understand trends, problems, and be able to build cooperation in the process of solving them. The authors see the potential of international cooperation in the process of training and organizing the activities of specialists: the number of international educational resources, projects and programs for training specialists is increasing, international forums and conferences on youth topics are held en masse; however, there is no single information resource that contains information about the potential of differ- ent countries in the direction of developing the professionalism of specialists in working with youth. An attempt is made to analyze the system of such training on the example of the master’s program of UrFU. Key words: youth, youth policy, specialists in working with young people, training.

Frontline Allied Health Professionals in a Tertiary Children’s Hospital: Moving Forward Research Capacity, Culture and Engagement

Higher levels of research activity within healthcare contexts are known to result in improvements to staff and patient satisfaction as well as treatment outcomes. In the United Kingdom (UK), clinical academic careers for Allied Health Professionals (AHPs) are a key priority development area. This article presents the results of a study that aimed to scope the research capacity of four AHP professions in a tertiary children’s hospital using the Research Capacity and Culture Tool. This tool captures individuals’ views of success or skill required for a number of research-related items within the three domains of individual, team and organisation. Response rate ranged between 45-71% across the four groups. Reported barriers to carrying out research included a lack of time, clinical work taking priority, and lack of suitable backfill (i.e., employing a therapist to cover the clinical post for the AHP to complete research activity). Motivators, on the other hand, included skill development, career advancement, and increased job satisfaction. As a first step to strengthen research skills, a systematic process was used to devise a suite of supportive strategies targeting the individuals’ perceived gaps in their research abilities across four pillars: (i) awareness, (ii) accessibility, (iii) opportunity and capacity, and (iv) knowledge and skills. This process drew on previously published accounts of successful research capacity and culture development, as well as the unique needs of staff at this tertiary children’s hospital. The outcome of this process was a structured framework to support research capacity, culture and engagement. The specific details of this framework are reported in this article together with further recommendations to promote research capacity, culture and engagement amongst AHPs.

The balance between economic development and ecosystem service value in the process of land urbanization: A case study of China’s land urbanization from 2000 to 2015

Beginning in the 21st century, the world entered a stage of the rapid development of land urbanization. In general, land urbanization sacrifices ecosystem service value for economic value. Optimizing the spatial pattern of land urbanization is the best means of balancing economic development and ecosystem service value. Taking China as an example, through remote sensing and GIS methods, this paper studies the basic situation of regional land urbanization and the distribution of other types of ecosystems from 2000 to 2015, assessing the relationship between the characteristics of regional land urbanization and economic growth and the value cost of ecosystem services. The results show that the spatial differences of land urbanization practices in China is significant and that the extensive development of land urbanization is a serious issue; the urbanization speed of provinces and cities with a larger scale of land urbanization is faster; the intensive, economical and centralized utilization of land urbanization is an effective way to improve GDP per unit area; and the ecosystem service value cost of land urbanization varies significantly among different ecosystem types and regions. For example, the loss of the ecosystem service value of wetland ecosystems due to land urbanization is the greatest, and the cost of the ecosystem service value of Inner Mongolia per 100 million yuan of new GDP is 13.1-fold that of Shanghai. Therefore, to improve the GDP output per unit area and reduce the value cost of ecosystem services, this study draws a series of conclusions and puts forward corresponding policy suggestions that clarify the development mode and priority development area of land urbanization.

How well prepared are countries in Latin America and the Caribbean? A Benchmarking Assessment for Oil Spill Preparedness and Response

Abstract ID 667973 A guide for best practices in spill response preparedness was presented to the international community over ten years ago during the 2008 IOSC. The published guide was the compiled effort of multiple government and industry stakeholder workshops representing the spill response community. Through ARPEL initiatives, the guide was transitioned into a free, user-friendly, spill response/readiness evaluation tool for oil spills (RETOS™) and its accompanying manual. RETOS™ is a scalable self-assessment tool that uses a broad suite of planning and readiness assessment criteria broken down into ten different categories to identify gaps in a response program. RETOS™ has subsequently been used in over 50 countries to assess the status of oil spill readiness and preparedness for national to local facility spill response programs. The benchmarking evaluation identifies gaps and opportunities for improvement, priority areas for development, and establishes a baseline against which program improvements and regional, or complementary, response programs can be gauged. RETOS use in Caribbean and Latin America countries, instigated through the RAC-REMPEITC and ARPEL, has promoted national plan development, program improvements, and regional cooperation. National programs assessed at a base level using the RETOS™ application revealed scores between approximately 30 and 90% in these regions. National assessments from countries throughout region and a survey of RETOS users, most of whom utilized the tools for assessing national spill response programs, reveal areas that are common challenges for many of the small island and/or developing nations. These encompass financial matters, training and exercises, and sustained improvement. Several countries in the region have conducted subsequent assessments and in some cases have shown as much as 60% improvements in program readiness. When RETOS™ is used on a regional scale, specific national program gaps can be compiled and analyzed regionally. This analysis can drive future IMO activities to address regional gaps and areas for improvement, highlight specific areas for bi-lateral and multi-lateral mutual aid agreements, and can provide regional solutions to national problems, such as creating and maintaining a database of oil spill equipment and experts available in the countries of the Region. Updates to the ARPEL RETOS™ tool and Manual, continued published guidance on best-practices, and repeated self-assessment efforts are recommended to sustain spill readiness improvements. The RETOS™ tool has proven to be an integral part of national and regional oil spill program assessment and directly contributes to overall oil spill program improvements.

Effectiveness Criteria for Interaction Between the Participants of the Educational Production Cluster Within PDA

The current context of the Priority Development Areas (PDA) raises the issues of ensuring the interaction between vocational and higher education organizations and real sector enterprises operating in the city. This paper presents an analysis of Russian and foreign studies to identify the main stakeholders interested in this interaction, as well as the criteria that contribute to determining the effectiveness of joint work to train qualified personnel demanded by the PDA production enterprises.

СОЦІАЛЬНО-ЕКОНОМІЧНІ ФАКТОРИ УЗБЕКИСТАНУ В УМОВАХ ПАТОЛОГІЧНИХ ВИКЛИКІВ І ЦИФРОВІЗАЦІЇ

Formulation of the problem. Formulation of the problem. In the context of an increased level of uncertainty and variability of the organizational and economic environment, the significance and influence of various kinds of pathologies of a social nature (for example, the COVID-19 pandemic, all kinds of color revolutions, etc.), which have significant negative consequences for the functioning of society and its most important structures, has increased. The purpose of the article is to characterize the set of socio-economic factors in Uzbekistan in the context of pathological challenges and digitalization. The object of the research is the socio-economic processes of the development of the economy of Uzbekistan in the context of pathological challenges and digitalization. The methods used in the research are logical, comparative, analytical, scientific and methodological. The research hypothesis is based on the assumption that there is a dependence of the cost of restoring the ecological balance on the volume of national non-financial production assets. Presentation of the main material. The use of the latest achievements of scientific and technological progress, such as comprehensive digitalization and modeling of the most important factors and trends of social development, can resist the impact of modern negative challenges. The article analyzes and simulates some of the most important parameters of the functioning of the Uzbek economy, the results of which can be used in developing a strategy of actions in priority areas of development of the Republic of Uzbekistan. The originality and practical significance of the study lies in the fact that the author substantiates the relationship between the diseases of a modern person and unfavorable environmental conditions arising from his own fault. Conclusions of the study. Thus, as a result of the studies, it became obvious that the factors of social development and the socio-economic trends arising as a result of their action can be divided into two large groups: the first should include factors and trends of a negative nature associated with the action of all kinds of social pathologies; the second group, on the contrary, includes positive factors and trends, primarily associated with the progressive influence of scientific and technological progress, including with such an important modern direction as the all-round digitalization of society.

Involvement of system management to achieve global goals of sustainable development in Ukraine

The subject of research is the theoretical and methodological aspects of involving system management to achieve the goals of sustainable development and practical areas of its implementation in Ukraine. The purpose of the article is the further development of areas and components of system management to achieve global goals of sustainable development in Ukraine, taking into account the principles of social responsibility and processes and opportunities for digitalization of the population. The methodological basis of the article were the theoretical and methodological provisions of economics of nature management, regional economy, demography, ecology; international and national normative-legislative acts, norms, initiatives on sustainable development. As a fundamental methodological approach, the article uses system-structural analysis and synthesis, as well as historical, monographic, statistical-economic, problem-target methods. The results of the article. The article highlights the concepts and ideas of sustainable development, identifies the features of system management for their achievement and priority areas for development for Ukraine, taking into account the country's ratings in the world community and their dynamics. Features of system management for the purposes of sustainable development are defined; identified its priority areas in Ukraine, taking into account its ratings in the global dimension. Field of application of results. In higher education institutions in the teaching of environmental economics, regional economics and sustainable development, in schools, environmental governmental and non-governmental organizations. Conclusions. It is determined that the most significant feature of the theory and practice of rural green tourism enterprises in European countries is the expansion of their functions from purely business to more socially necessary and significant - as tools for preservation and reproduction of rural areas, including depressed. This provides greater support at the level of local communities, government, which is appropriate for all uses. It is also advisable to use proven mechanisms and forms of tourism in the countryside.

Socio-economic functions of priority development areas and their implementation in the ecosystem of the Russian Far East

Subject. We investigate the functions of priority development areas created in the subjects of the Russian Far East. Objectives. The study aims to determine the functional purpose of such areas and assess how they fulfill their socio-economic functions. Methods. We employ methods of generalization, systematization, sampling and grouping of socio-economic indicators of organizations and sole proprietors that have been granted the status of residents of priority development areas, methods of statistical, economic, correlation, and regression analysis. Results. The analysis shows that the regions of the Russian Far East have been intensively developing over the recent years. This leads to changes in the volume of investment, GRP and its structure, fixed assets, and created jobs. The paper identifies the main functions of priority development areas and includes findings on their implementation. Conclusions. At the initial stage of advanced development regime, there have been positive trends associated with a growth in investment inflows (Amur Oblast, Primorsky Krai), increased labor resources and employment expansion (Primorsky Krai, Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), export orientation of projects (Amur Oblast, Khabarovsk Krai), production ramp-up in manufacturing (Primorsky and Khabarovsk Krai, Amur Oblast), modernization and renewal of fixed assets (Sakhalin Oblast, Republic of Sakha (Yakutia).

The Challenges in Implementation of Halal Vaccine Certification in Malaysia

The global halal pharmaceutical sector is valued at USD 132 billion by 2021. (Pharmaceuticals, 2020). This sector is seen as a high priority development area. Apart from food products, Muslim consumers are also becoming more aware of halal pharmaceuticals. They are beginning to see the potential detrimental effects created by product development, testing, and production, all of which could be deviating from the halal values. Based on this uncertainty, the public at large is increasingly questioning the sources of their pharmaceutical products. Under such circumstances, the situation of children contracting contagious diseases has been noted to be on the rise in Malaysia, especially in the last few years. As a result, health authorities are concerned that there would be parents who may reject the immunization programs for their children out of the fear that the vaccines used may infringe on some strict religious rules. (Johari Ab Latiff, 2018) A conservative Muslim may sometimes reject the inoculation over concerns that some vaccines were derived from contents of pigs or porcine, of which Muslims are forbidden to consume. Vaccines are part of the pharmaceutical products, and like all other pharmaceutical products, they can be developed using halal ingredients, which can replace the use of non halal contents or animal products and their derivatives for medication. The implementation of halal certification for vaccines is strictly bounded by Shariah law and Fatwa. Malaysia. As a Muslim country, Malaysia is widely and globally regarded as one of the pioneers in halal pharmaceuticals. This can be traced to its world first halal pharmaceutical standard which was introduced as MS 2424: Halal Pharmaceuticals – General Guidelines since 2012, with first revision in 2019. Nonetheless, from then until presently, Malaysia has not been able to provide halal certification for the vaccine products. The implementation of the halal certification for vaccine products in Malaysia may have been triggered by the use of non-halal or forbidden ingredients in the manufacturing of those vaccine products. Thus far, the Malaysian Standard of the MS 2424 is the only standard, and it is also only a general guide. There is a need to develop a more thorough manual that can be adhered to by pharmaceuticals. This necessity to certify vaccine products as halal for the context of Malaysia has thus put the Halal Certification Body, like JAKIM, to be in limbo

Trends and difficulties in developing the infrastructure of special preferential areas

Subject. The article discusses the way the infrastructure of special preferential areas (special economic zones, socio-economic priority development areas) is being developed, and reviews respective processes. Objectives. We evaluate the current trends and identify difficulties in implementing infrastructure projects across preferential areas. Methods. The study relies upon general methods, such as generalization, synthesis and analysis of available scientific results concerning the economic category of infrastructure and classification of its types. We applied general methods of analysis and comparative analysis to determine the future development of the infrastructure in special preferential areas. To detect what hampers PPP infrastructure projects and describe them, we used the synthesized approach and methods of logic-intuitive and comparative analysis. Results. We analyzed the pool of scientific results to determine the economic category of infrastructure and classify its types. We provide our own definition of the infrastructure of preferential areas and evaluate the current trends in infrastructure projects, including those in special preferential areas. Investment in the ongoing projects was found to be insufficient to meet all infrastructure development needs. Public-private partnership was proved to contribute to the infrastructure development in special preferential areas. We discovered some barriers to PPP development mechanisms in special preferential areas. Conclusions and Relevance. Public-private partnership will contribute to the successful implementation of the above projects provided respective parties will eliminate an array of barriers. The elimination of social, political, economic, environmental and other barriers will help the areas become more competitive to secure investment resources and demonstrate better results of the socio-economic development.