Prior Text Research Articles

“This is similar to Vincent Chin”: Intertextuality, referring expressions, and the discursive construction of Asian American activist identities in an online messaging community

While the linguistic practices of Asian American Pacific Islander (AAPI) communities have become more widely documented, little is known about how AAPIs discursively create shared political identities, let alone political identities online. In this study, I examine an online messaging community dedicated to AAPI political organizing. Focusing on the discourse of four highly active members of the community, I analyze stance-taking, their uses of what have been called “referring terms” or “referring expressions”, and the intertextual references they make. I show how users establish group values through stance-taking and in-group membership through using specific referring expressions, co-constructing the community’s identity as a marginalized political group. Through intertextual references, users index shared knowledge of cultural texts regarding AAPI activism and political organizing, such as references to recent and past hate crimes, current news, and AAPI non-profit organizations. I demonstrate how these intertextual references reinforce Becker’s notion that social groups’ identities lie in a shared collection of “prior texts.” Furthermore, I contend that the use of intertextual references aligns the community with the political implications and connotations of the references themselves. Through mutual recognition and understanding of shared texts, members create an online community that transcends ethnic and regional boundaries.

Nama Tokoh Sebagai Teks Acuan dalam Penulisan Judul Program Kreativitas Mahasiswa 5 Bidang (Studi Prior Text)

This study aims to identify and describe the prior text used as a reference text in writing the title Program Kreatifitas Mahasiswa 5 in the Field of Funding for the 2018 Fiscal Year. This research belongs to qualitative descriptive research that is naturalistic in nature. The data source used in this study is in the form of Program Kreatifitas Mahasiswa Title 5 Fields funded in 2018. The data generated in the form of words and sentences contained in the data source is Title Program Kreatifitas Mahasiswa 5 in Funding Budget Year 2018. Data analysis methods in the form of translational matching methods, abductive inference methods, and the referential equivalent method. Test the validity of the data using theory triangulation. The results of the study found the writing of Program Kreatifitas Mahasiswa Title 5 in Funding for the Fiscal Year 2018 is a transformation or adaptation text that utilizes several names of characters, including: (1) the names of public figures; (2) the name of the hero; (3) the name of an animated or fictional character; and (4) the name of the artist. The findings in this study indicate that the name of the artist as a reference text has a high appeal to attract readers.

The Study of William Federer's Viewpoint on Non-Revelatory of the Qur'an

One of the most important points about the holy Qur`an is its «revelation». The revelation of the Qur`an meaning that the words of the Qur`an, and also the meaning of them, were revealed to the Prophet (s) by the Lord. The authenticity of the revelation of the Qur`an is accepted by various Islamic sects. But a number of orientalists have scrutinized this fundamental Islamic belief with a negative and dubious attitude since long time ago. They believe that the verses of the Qur'an are a non-revelatory text which originated from the books of the previous religions, culture, customs and traditions of the "Jahiliyya" . «William Federer», the contemporary American author and historian, like many previous orientalists, has not accepted the authenticity and revelation of the Qur`an. The present study, by a descriptive-analytic method, discusses the various aspects of Federer`s claim. According to Federer, the similarity of the provisions of the verses of the holy Qur`an and the holy texts of other religions indicates the adaptation of the Qur`an from those texts. It is obvious that the similarity between two texts does not necessarily mean the adaptation of the latter text from prior text, especially if the latter text is excellent, and beyond of the incompetency of the prior text. The result of this research shows that, contrary to Federer`s claim, the adaptation of the Qur`an from any internal and external sources is unreasonable and dismissed. The result of this research has clear usage in the field of Qur`anic studies, orientalism, and also in theological and exegetical discussions.

The origin of centrality deficit in text memory and comprehension by poor comprehenders: a think-aloud study

The present study employed a think-aloud method to explore the origin of a centrality deficit (i.e., poor recall of central ideas) found in poor comprehenders (PC). Moreover, utilizing the diverse think-aloud responses, we examined the overall quality of text processing employed by PC during reading, in order to shed more light on the cognitive underpinnings underlying their poor comprehension and memory after reading. To address these goals, adolescents with good and poor comprehension, matched on reading (decoding) skills, were asked to state aloud whatever comes to their mind during the reading of two expository texts. After reading, the participants freely recalled text ideas and answered multiple-choice questions on the texts. Results indicated that PC exhibited lower performance than good comprehenders (GC) on the recall and comprehension tasks. The think-aloud protocols indicated that PC generated fewer responses than GC that reflect high-level, deep text processing, and more responses that reflect low-level, surface text processing. Furthermore, compared to GC, PC reinstated fewer prior text ideas, with this reduction being significantly greater for central than for peripheral ideas. Finally, the proportions of deep processing responses in general were positively associated with participants’ performance on recall and comprehension tasks. These findings suggest that PC exhibit poor text comprehension and memory, particularly of central ideas, because they construct a low-quality, poorly-connected text representation during reading, and produce fewer, less-elaborated retrieval cues for subsequent text comprehension and memory. This explanation is further illuminated in the context of previous findings and theoretical accounts.

A comparative study of the linguistic manifestations of intertextuality in corporate leaders’ messages of global corporations in the US and China

Corporate leader messages posted by senior management play a pivotal role in building relationships with stakeholders in the professional corporate communication context and such messages often explicitly or implicitly draw on prior texts to establish credibility. This mixed methods study seeks to analyse how intertextuality is manifested linguistically through the types of intertextual links, sources of reference and move structure in leaders' messages of Fortune Global 500 corporations in the United States and China. The findings indicate that intertextuality is a prevalent feature of leader messages with intertextual references made to published corporate information using indirect speech. However, striking cross-cultural differences are noted since corporations in China often draw on direct quotes in messages whereas indirect quotes and recognisable industry/business-specific phrasing are preferred by corporations from the US. In addition, intertextuality in leaders’ messages reveals ideological variations in that leaders from corporations in China make explicit intertextual references to texts on government policies and business achievements/recognition. Discussion of how intertextuality as manifested in the messages and move structure is thereby driven by the goals of corporations from different cultures concludes this study alongside wider implications for learning and teaching ESP.

Incremental Comprehension Examined in Event-related Potentials: Word-to-Text Integration and Structure Building

ABSTRACT The study of word-to-text integration (WTI) provides a window on incremental processes that link the meaning of a word to the preceding text. We review a research program using event-related potential indicators of WTI at sentence beginnings, thus localizing sources of integration to prior text meaning independently of the current sentence. The results led to the following conclusions. First, integration occurs when the word being read cues the retrieval of a text meaning from memory. Second, when the word does not cue retrieval, new structure building rather than integration is the default at sentence beginnings. Third, integration depends on a highly accessible text memory. The immediate preceding sentence provides the primary source for integration; however, instructions that encourage attention to thematic elements enable influences of global text meaning. Finally, contrary to the role that prediction may play in comprehension generally, prediction has a limited role in WTI at sentence beginnings.

Using Generative Adversarial Networks to Break and Protect Text Captchas

Text-based CAPTCHAs remains a popular scheme for distinguishing between a legitimate human user and an automated program. This article presents a novel genetic text captcha solver based on the generative adversarial network. As a departure from prior text captcha solvers that require a labor-intensive and time-consuming process to construct, our scheme needs significantly fewer real captchas but yields better performance in solving captchas. Our approach works by first learning a synthesizer to automatically generate synthetic captchas to construct a base solver. It then improves and fine-tunes the base solver using a small number of labeled real captchas. As a result, our attack requires only a small set of manually labeled captchas, which reduces the cost of launching an attack on a captcha scheme. We evaluate our scheme by applying it to 33 captcha schemes, of which 11 are currently used by 32 of the top-50 popular websites. Experimental results demonstrate that our scheme significantly outperforms four prior captcha solvers and can solve captcha schemes where others fail. As a countermeasure, we propose to add imperceptible perturbations onto a captcha image. We demonstrate that our countermeasure can greatly reduce the success rate of the attack.

Differentiating Text-Based and Knowledge-Based Validation Processes during Reading: Evidence from Eye Movements

ABSTRACT To build a coherent accurate mental representation of a text, readers routinely validate information they read against the preceding text and their background knowledge. It is clear that both sources affect processing, but when and how they exert their influence remains unclear. To examine the time course and cognitive architecture of text-based and knowledge-based validation processes, we used eye-tracking methodology. Participants read versions of texts that varied systematically in (in)coherence with prior text or background knowledge. Contradictions with respect to prior text and background knowledge both were found to disrupt reading but in different ways: The two types of contradiction led to distinct patterns of processes, and, importantly, these differences were evident already in early processing stages. Moreover, knowledge-based incoherence triggered more pervasive and longer (repair) processes than did text-based incoherence. Finally, processing of text-based and knowledge-based incoherence was not influenced by readers’ working memory capacity.

Leontius of Byzantium: Complete Works by Brian E. Daley, SJ.

Reviewed by: Leontius of Byzantium: Complete Works by Brian E. Daley, SJ. Paul R. Kolbet Brian E. Daley, SJ Leontius of Byzantium: Complete Works Oxford Early Christian Texts Oxford: Oxford University, 2017 Pp. xvii + 616. $205.00. When the many readers of Aloys Grillmeier’s standard work on the early history of Christian thinking about Jesus arrive at the sixth-century theologian Leontius of Byzantium, they are informed, “Until recently there was no attempt to produce a critical edition of the authentic works which were or should be ascribed to one and the same Leontius. This important goal is now close to completion.” (Christ in Christian Tradition, 2 vol. [Louisville, KY: Westminster John Knox, 1995], 181) This reference is to Brian Daley’s 1978 dissertation. In the intervening decades, Daley has made any number of important and lengthy contributions to early Christian studies, but this long-promised critical edition had yet to appear, until now. Daley is unsurpassed as a translator when it comes to rendering technical theological Greek into readable, and at times, eloquent English prose. This is the first critical edition of Leontius’s Greek corpus since that of Angelo Mai published in Migne’s Patrologia Graeca in the early nineteenth century (flaws noted 26n147, 96–97). The establishment of the Greek text is its own scholarly achievement. Daley includes a robust critical apparatus that incorporates textual variants, identifications of biblical, classical, and patristic citations, marginal scholia found in manuscripts, and textual attestations in later Greek authors. In addition to the six treatises, Daley happily includes the texts and translations of extensive florilegia (extracts of prior texts in support of arguments) assembled by Leontius and appended to three of the treatises. In his introduction and notes, Daley contextualizes the corpus historically within the notoriously complicated and contested history of late antique Origenism. To this end, Daley sifts through the several Leontiuses of the period and concludes that the author of the corpus is distinct from his contemporary, Leontius of Jerusalem, but likely the same Origenist Leontius of the Vita Sabae of Cyril of Skythopolis (12–25). The six treaties themselves are in their entirety serious, technical, heavy-going, ancient Christology. Those without Greek may struggle, but with work can learn the relevant distinctions and categories. Anyone [End Page 333] desiring to learn this material first-hand from an expert would be hard-pressed to find a better volume to study. Daley’s Leontius is a “strict Chalcedonian” (75) resistant to Christologies lacking the balance enshrined in the conciliar definition. Leontius follows Cappadocian terminological precedents to apply definitions and distinctions codified in the Trinitarian controversy to Christology (179, 305, 319). Readers may well be astounded how in the ecclesially polarized sixth century, each side could be so vigilant in warding off what they feared the most that they managed to alienate the other side; namely, the divine suffering entailed in a too unified Christology on the one hand, and on the other, the lack of transformation or even humanly meaningful divine presence in a too differentiated Christology. Leontius labors to infuse speech with greater analytic capacity so as to assuage both fears and to express a mystery that preserves but does not mystify the subtle truths of the incarnation. Leontius thus calls his readers to navigate between “some Scylla or opposed Charybdis” to find a middle course (343). The persistent issue was not so much the existence of the humanity or the divinity of Christ (both of which were asserted by all parties at the time) as how to articulate the mode of their relation and the thorny issues entailed in Christ’s death, where the Divine Word made human suffering truly his own without being engulfed by it. At every turn, as Leontius enriches and refines the language of Chalcedon, he also refutes what he understood to be pious-sounding phrases that mislead the mind and prove inadequate to the mystery (as in the formula thought to be Cyril of Alexandria’s but, in fact, Apollinarian, “One nature of God the Word, made flesh” [320–23]). According to Leontius, “when there is a struggle and a discussion about doctrine, then we must refrain from using verbal ambiguities, and...

Improving Socio-Emotional Competencies Using a Staged Video-Based Learning Program? Results of Two Experimental Studies

Relationship quality between teachers and their students are a critical aspect for wellbeing and effective learning in school. Accordingly, teacher training should promote competencies for creating and maintaining positive relationships in the classroom. The Helga-Breuninger-Foundation developed a video-based online training (Intus3) that intends to focus on student teachers’ interpersonal competencies by reflecting on staged videos. Although this training is well designed, there is only little empirical evidence in general and so far no experimental research investigating the effects of Intus3. Accordingly, we investigated whether this program is able to improve the capacities of student teachers’ interpersonal competencies, affective well-being and affective attitudes towards challenging students. We conducted two randomized experimental studies (n1=132, n2=242) within lectures in teacher education at the University of Potsdam introducing the basics of inclusive education in two consecutive semesters. We compared groups first working with Intus3 to waiting control groups that wrote an expository text based on empirical research discussing the relevance of teacher-student-relationships with a longitudinal design with four measurement points. Latent change models showed that prior work with Intus3 showed few effects but complex effects in comparison the prior text work groups. In the larger and extended study 2 an increase of empathic concern was significant after the prior work with Intus3. The results will be discussed with the perspective of the potential of further development of online training courses for affective learning for teachers and teacher students.

A sentiment analysis approach to improve authorship identification

AbstractWriting style is considered the manner in which an author expresses his thoughts, influenced by language characteristics, period, school, or nation. Often, this writing style can identify the author. One of the most famous examples comes from 1914 in Portuguese literature. With Fernando Pessoa and his heteronyms Alberto Caeiro, Álvaro de Campos, and Ricardo Reis, who had completely different writing styles, led people to believe that they were different individuals. Currently, the discussion of authorship identification is more relevant because of the considerable amount of widespread fake news in social media, in which it is hard to identify who authored a text and even a simple quote can impact the public image of an author, especially if these texts or quotes are from politicians. This paper presents a process to analyse the emotion contained in social media messages such as Facebook to identify the author's emotional profile and use it to improve the ability to predict the author of the message. Using preprocessing techniques, lexicon‐based approaches, and machine learning, we achieved an authorship identification improvement of approximately 5% in the whole dataset and more than 50% in specific authors when considering the emotional profile on the writing style, thus increasing the ability to identify the author of a text by considering only the author's emotional profile, previously detected from prior texts.

Regressions during Reading.

Readers occasionally move their eyes to prior text. We distinguish two types of these movements (regressions). One type consists of relatively large regressions that seek to re-process prior text and to revise represented linguistic content to improve comprehension. The other consists of relatively small regressions that seek to correct inaccurate or premature oculomotor programming to improve visual word recognition. Large regressions are guided by spatial and linguistic knowledge, while small regressions appear to be exclusively guided by knowledge of spatial location. There are substantial individual differences in the use of regressions, and college-level readers often do not regress even when this would improve sentence comprehension.

How Much of the Transpacific Partnership is in the United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement?

The United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA) provided the first opportunity for the Trump administration to translate its “America First” trade policy into specific treaty design. In this article, we evaluate how radical these changes have been by systematically comparing the USMCA to its predecessors. We find that, first, the USMCA copies 57 percent of its text from the Transpacific Partnership (TPP), which Trump had repudiated and unsigned once he took office. Compared to U.S. treaty practice generally, the USCMA is more of a continuation rather than a departure from prior texts. Second, we systematically investigate where the USMCA diverges from the TPP. We find that USMCA treaty design differences can be grouped in five categories: (1) structural remnants of NAFTA, such as bi-national panels to review trade remedies; (2) “America First” elements, such as tighter rules of origins; (3) modernizations, e.g. by incorporating TPP innovations on digital trade; (4) additions on non-U.S. policy priorities, such as gender rights, promoted by the other USMCA states; and finally (5) changes of a more technical nature. In sum, contrary to Trump’s rhetoric, the USMCA does not usher in a new generation of trade agreements, but it does engage in targeted innovations that are driven by varying policy considerations that include but are not limited to his “America First” agenda.

‘Like a donkey carrying books’

AbstractThis study aims to show how intertextuality is exploited as an impoliteness resource in online reader comments on the website of a London-based pan-Arab Arabic-language daily newspaper. Analysis of 140 reader responses containing impolite references shows that readers called upon and appropriated the language and imagery of impolite and culturally salient prior texts from four sources to perform impoliteness: traditional scriptures, historical texts, poetic texts, and popular proverbs. The use and reception of these impolite intertextualities rely on familiarity with the intertextual source in question. The creative recycling of privileged authoritative texts, use of metaphorical language, invoking of gender identity, and reproducing of particular ideologies played a pivotal role in performing this intertextual impoliteness. The perception of such intertextual impoliteness is crucially influenced by culture as a “general text” (Kristeva 1980) that adds to the complexity of impoliteness when analyzed within a culture-specific context.

Intertextuality and Dialectics of the Self in Barnes's The Sense of an Ending and in Tolstoy's Anna Karenina

The article examines the literary relationship between The Sense of an Ending and Anna Karenina. Following Kristeva’s definition of intertextuality, resting upon the complex dialogic way in which words become intertwined in a literary work of art, it pursues the analysis of permeability of a literary act. The comparative reading process of The Sense of an Ending and of Anna Karenina brings to light the importance of the dialogical principle present in these texts, both in structural and thematic terms. The sense of strangeness or unfathomability involved in the encounter with otherness arises questions about the epistemological nature of the cultural web that constitutes uniqueness. The evocation of the self and of alterity announced in the element of unfamiliarity and resistance in its confrontation with the other helps us to penetrate deeper into the realm of subjectivity. The relationship of The Sense of an Ending to Anna Karenina, revisited in this article, rests upon comparative analysis of discursive practices employed in both texts. The analysis describes a host of symbolic ways in which The Sense of an Ending exploits consciousness and ideas from Anna Karenina, setting up reader’s perception that the creation of literary texts arises mostly from the permanent contact of these texts with prior texts. Emphasizing Bakhtin’s [1] idea that this contact is “a dialogic contact between several literary works of art” (p.162), the article reflects on different communicative practices, including both the identification of literary sources and the anticipation of future meditations on reading a sense of literary memory as observed in these texts. Specifically, revisiting philosophical reflections on the sense of a self, proposed in Anna Karenina, The Sense of an Ending achieves a connection between personal and collective levels in a process by which literary memory exploits the issue of identity.

Complementarity of Image and Text in Political Cartoons: Three Case Studies

The article analyzes the complementarity of image and text in political cartoons taking into account the following parameters: Prior Text(s), Producer, Cartoon, and Viewer/ Reader. In the meaning-making process, the viewer/reader constantly alternates between image and text. The two modes of communication can convey the same message(s), each of the modes can strengthen the meaning of the other; the two might have nothing in common, yet, when combined, will produce a meaningful message. Visual metaphors and metonymies play an important role in the construction of meaning in political cartoons. They are analyzed from the point of view of conceptual metaphor and metonymy theory and its application in multimodal communication. Humour in political cartoons is also briefly discussed.

Children\u2019s integration of information across texts: reading processes and knowledge representations

Constructing a knowledge representation from multiple texts requires the integration of information across texts. The aim of the current study was to investigate how elementary school students integrate information across multiple text passages and, particularly, whether students use information from a prior text to improve understanding of a current text. A sample of 105 children in grades 4 and 6 participated in the experiment. The multiple-text integration paradigm was used to study integration processes across texts during reading. Recall and (application) questions were used to investigate the extent to which information from different text passages was integrated into knowledge representations after reading. Individual differences in reading comprehension ability and working memory were also considered. The results indicate that children in both grades spontaneously activate information from an earlier text to aid their understanding during reading, and that they integrate information across texts in their knowledge representations. This was the case regardless of grade or individual differences in reading-comprehension ability and working memory. These findings provide insight into the mechanisms that may be involved in the integration of information across texts.

GENDER DALAM TAFSIR JAWA

This article examined the interpretation of several verses in Tafsir al-Huda by Bakri Syahid, major in relation to gender issues. There are several themes studied, such as: the rewards of deeds of charity, the origin of the creation of man, polygamy, inheritance formula 1: 2, and leadership in the household. In this study, the author tried to understand the interpretation of Bakri with the interpretive-hermeneutical approach. This approach aims to describe and analyze the interpretation of the figures against the verses of the Qur’ān discussed in the theme of gender construction. The Qur’an interpretation that has been done by ulama can not be separated from the conditions of social culture surround them. It’s called prior text. Tafsir al-Hudā, the interpretation of Bakri’s work is one of them. His interpretation is influenced by Javanese culture, beside his military and his work as academics. It seems when he interpreted verses about woman in the Qur’an, Bakri accommodated the culture for woman and man in Java. In addition, the writer analyzed the existence of gender bias or not in their interpretation by using gender equality theory Mansour Fakih. This theory suggests that gender racism and gender differences manifest in five ways: a) subordination, b) marginalization, c) stereotypes, d) violence, and e) double burden. In the first three interpretations (the rewards of deeds of deeds, the origins of human creation, and polygamy), Bakri seems to carry equality. While two other things (in terms of inheritance formula 1: 2 and household leadership), the interpretation appears to contain subordination and marginalization of women.

The Dialogics of Palestine

Language carries with it discursive genealogies and prior texts. Bakhtin notes the dialogism of language: every utterance presupposes a prior one. This assumption of shared knowledge is not always productive. The mere raising of contested topics can invoke highly unflattering imaginary priors. This essay explores this phenomenon in response to the topicalizing of Palestine by a research cluster at the University of Washington. Complaints about the cluster tended to rebut not our critical agenda but detractors’ imaginary of what those who do such work claim and do. The analysis demonstrates how our positioning as imaginary interlocutors worked to undermine attempts at dialogue around a controversial topic. A goal of our research cluster was to consider how to intervene into and displace this imaginary.

The possible worlds of global health research: An ethics-focused discourse analysis

Representations of the world enable global health research (GHR), discursively constructing sites in which studies can legitimately take place. Depoliticized portrayals of the global South frequently obscure messy legacies of colonialism and motivate technical responses to health problems with political and economic root causes. Such problematic representations of the world have not yet been rigorously examined in relation to global health ethics, a major site of scholarly effort towards GHR that promotes justice and fairness. We carried out a discourse analysis of four guidance documents relevant to the ethical practice of GHR, purposively selecting texts covering different genres (UN documents and journal articles) and prominent GHR foci (HIV and clinical trials). In light of increasing acknowledgement of the lessons Indigenous health scholarship holds for global health ethics, the four analyzed texts also included a set of principles developed to support Indigenous nation-building. Three of four documents featured global disparities as reasons for ethical caution. These inequalities appeared without explanation or causes, with generation of new scientific knowledge following as a logical response to such disparities. The fourth – Indigenous health-focused – document clearly identified 'colonialism' as a reason for both inequities in society, and related harmful research practices. Solutions to disparities in this text did not necessarily involve cutting-edge research, but focused instead on empowerment and responsiveness to community priorities and needs. These contrasting representations of the world were accomplished in ways that depended on texts' 'participants', or the people they represented; specific vocabularies or language usages; intertextual relationships to prior texts; and overall objectives or intentions of the author(s). Our results illustrate how ethics and other guidance documents serve as an important terrain for constructing, naturalizing or contesting problematic representations of the world of GHR.