Prior Settlement Research Articles

BiLSTM for Predicting Post-Construction Subsoil Settlement under Embankment: Advancing Sustainable Infrastructure

The load and settlement histories of stage-constructed embankments provide critical insights into long-term surface behavior under embankment loading. However, these data often remain underutilized in predicting post-construction settlement in the absence of geotechnical subsoil characterization. To address this limitation, the current study integrates bidirectional long short-term memory (BiLSTM) into a three-phase framework: data preparation, model construction, and performance evaluation. In the data preparation phase, the feature vector comprises basal pressure, pressure increments, time intervals, and prior settlement values to facilitate a rolling forecast. To manage unevenly spaced data, an Akima spline standardizes the desired time intervals. The model’s efficacy is validated using observational data from two distinct construction case studies, each featuring diverse soil conditions. BiLSTM proves effective in identifying key attributes from load and settlement data during the staged construction process. Compared to traditional curve-fitting methods, the BiLSTM model exhibits superior performance, robustness, and adaptability to varying soil conditions. Additionally, the model demonstrates low sensitivity to the range of post-construction data, allowing for a data collection period reduction—from six months to three—without compromising prediction accuracy (relative error = 0.92%). These advantages not only optimize resource allocation but also contribute to broader sustainability objectives.

BATI KARADENİZ'DE TARİHÖNCESİ DÖNEME AİT YENİ BULGULAR: HADRİANOPOLİS (KARABÜK-ESKİPAZAR) ANTİK KENTİNDE BULUNAN TARİHÖNCESİ DÖNEM ÇANAK ÇÖMLEKLERİ

Hadrianopolis was first settled during the Roman period. Many know it as an archaeological treasure trove, both for late antiquity and–more recently–pre-history. For the latter, a series of handmade red clay pots found in a pit at its necropolis proves this. Moreover, archaeologists have also uncovered walls bearing prehistoric, mortar-free stone masonry techniques that pre-date Hadrianopolis itself. Both findings hints at the existence of prior settlement, albeit brief. Hadrianopolis’s settlers most likely destroyed much of what remained upon digging up the bedrock to build necropolis’s burial pit. Nevertheless, what has survived into the present day–whilst rare-dates back at least five thousand years. Despite limited evidence, research is still on-going–meaning that we have much more to learn.

Refugee Status for North Korean Dual Nationals: A Study of Recent Cases from New Zealand

Abstract In recent years, asylum tribunals in the West have normally concluded that North Korean asylum seekers are also South Korean nationals; and therefore, must show a well-founded fear of persecution in both North and South Korea in order to be considered refugees. This has predictably presented a challenge for North Koreans seeking asylum in the West. In most cases, it has led to denials of protection. There are, however, some exceptions. In a pair of recent cases, North Korean asylum seekers have been granted refugee status and asylum in New Zealand, despite their acknowledged South Korean nationality and prior settlement in the South. After a review of the general challenges faced by North Korean asylum seekers, this article examines each case in detail, drawing out the reasoning underlying the Tribunals’ decisions and exploring the implication for future applicants.

Controlling the Pore Structure of Collagen Sponge by Adjusting the Cross-Linking Degree for Construction of Heterogeneous Double-Layer Bone Barrier Membranes.

Guided bone regeneration (GBR) has been regarded as a valuable way to effectively induce bone remodeling. The key factor of GBR is to place a barrier membrane between the soft tissue and bone defect, preventing the untimely intrusion of fibroblasts and permitting the prior settlement of internal osteoblasts. Notably, heterogeneous double-layer GBR membranes with a compact upper layer and a loose lower layer exhibit enhanced effectiveness in blocking fibroblasts and promoting the growth of osteoblasts. Herein, we present porous and interconnected collagen-based sponges with controllable pore size for the fabrication of absorbable GBR membranes with a heterogeneous double-layer structure. Dialdehyde carboxymethyl cellulose was used to fix collagen-based sponges. The pore size of the sponges can be well controlled by adjusting the cross-linking degree, which is decreased with an increase of cross-linking degree. The sponges show enhanced mechanical properties, inhibited swelling ability and biodegradation, good blood compatibility, and good cytocompatibility. The sponges are feasible to form a heterogeneous double-layer structure with a loose lower layer and a compact upper layer. Interestingly, the lower layer with the pore size of 200-300 μm can promote the adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation of osteoblasts MC3T3-E1 cells, while the upper layer with the pore size of 20-50 μm makes a great contribution to the growth of myoblast C2C12 cells. Overall, the collagen-based sponges have the potential to be used to fabricate heterogeneous double-layer bone barrier membranes for bone remodeling.

Institutional and Cultural Development in Baroque Santa Fe, New Granada

In 17th and 18th century Bogota, Colombia (formerly called Santa Fe, New Granada), intersecting developments of social, political and cultural institutions worked together to create a colonial society. The approach was to use the relatively large indigenous population, along with imported African slaves, as the basis for extractive institutions to capture rents for the ruling elites. There also emerged a substantial population of mixed cultural heritage and racial descent, best known as mestizaje. To maintain control, Spanish colonizers maintained a strict caste system, with categories ranging from European born, to mestizaje, to indigenous and African. Colonial control was further maintained by corporate and other organizational forms, including urban centers built on a common architectural model unlike prior indigenous settlements. The Catholic Church had started on a path to reform exemplified by the 16th century Council of Trent, and played an important mediating role between state and local and mestizaje population in the Americas. Religious festivals based on the Catholic calendar were important in clarifying roles and responsibilities for all castes, guilds and corporations. In addition, anonymous composers took the musical form of the liturgical carol, originally inspired by the songs and dances of 15th century Spanish peasants, and added a melange of indigenous, mestizaje, and African elements from the Americas. These carols played a crucial role in constructing behavioral models and values for men and women. There was a particular emphasis on constituting gender roles for women, based both on perceived differences and power relationships. The following will analyze how these institutional and cultural developments worked together to build, reinforce and legitimize an extractive governance structure in Santa Fe. It will also suggest how this structure laid the seeds for governance challenges facing modern Colombia today, and also helped to provide the basis for possible solutions.

Prediction of arsenic vulnerable zones in the groundwater environment of a rapidly urbanizing setup, Guwahati, India

The present study, through a multi model assessment approach emphasizes the relevance of prior urban settlement planning with respect to the changing land use pattern. A coupled approach integrating satellite data products of Land Use and Land Cover (LULC) change along with chemical evaluation of As toxicity were modelled to evaluate the groundwater vulnerability. Change detection analysis was incorporated using the satellite images of 2013 and 2016 which shows 10 % increase in the buildings as compared to the total area of the study in given period. The LULC class that has been most compromised in this expansion and got reduced were the vegetation (∼6 %) and the barren areas (∼4 %) and the total surface water sources (0.5 %), all contributing in increased urban sprawl. As per the origin of As contamination in the area it seems that high sediment deposition along the braided Brahmaputra River stretch leads to As contamination which was associated with Fe-(oxy)-hydroxide dissolution. The vulnerability assessment using Artificial Neural Network technique in this region shows that As is present relatively in lesser concentration in the east direction. The continuous expansion of the urban habitation towards the greater As concentration zone will further make the situation critical for the people dependent on groundwater. The study suggests that prior settlement planning must be carried out in accordance to the presence of any toxic constituent in drinking water source to avoid future crisis for potable water.

Last Insurer Standing: Accounting for Policyholder Settlements in an “All Sums” World

In 2016, New York became the latest state to interpret insurance policies with prior insurance or non-cumulation of liability clauses as permitting a policyholder to recover damages under “all sums” for long-tail liabilities, including environmental liabilities. But two major questions were left unanswered in New York, as in many other states, when a policyholder seeks all sums recovery from a non-settled insurer after the policyholder settles with other insurers: first, how to account for a policyholder’s prior settlements—through set-off, contribution, or both. Second, how to calculate any set-off or contribution—should it be pro tanto, pro rata, or something else. This article examines the arguments on both sides of these issues and looks ahead to how courts may resolve these questions going forward.

Further Reflections on Spousal and Child Support After Pelech, Caron and Richardson

The causal connection thesis espoused in Pelech, Caron and Richardson has provoked more questions than solutions. Although conceived with the objective of providing certainty and predictability as well as national uniformity, its subsequent gestation has been fraught with complications. Professor J. McLeod, whose opinions in this context have been cited by the judiciary on frequent occasions, concludes that a causal connection between the applicant's need and a state of economic dependence engendered by the marriage is a legal prerequisite to the success of any claim for spousal support, whether it be governed by the Divorce Act, 1985 or by provincial statute and whether or not any prior settlement has been reached. This blanket approach is, in the opinion of this writer, an unacceptable extension of Pelech, Caron and Richardson. Many questions have arisen concerning the prospective application of the Supreme Court of Canada trilogy. Answers to these questions by the judiciary have generated divergent and irreconcilable opinions and dispositions. The judicial conflict cannot be rationalized simply on the basis that each case is to be determined on its own facts. Consequently, this paper does not provide a detailed analysis of the cases nor even cite the diverse judicial rulings. There must be well over two hundred cases wherein Pelech, Caron and Richardson have been cited. An examination of these decisions leads to the inescapable conclusion that the attitudes of individual judges towards marriage, divorce, and spousal support obligations constitute a major inarticulate premise that explains the wide diversity of opinions expressed and dispositions reached. In an attempt to provide some semblance of order out of judicial chaos, this writer attempts to provide a framework for future decision making that can accommodate the demands of both logic and fairness.

The Federal Rules of Civil Settlement

The Federal Rules of Civil Procedure were originally based upon a straightforward model of adjudication: Resolve the merits of cases at trial and use pretrial procedures to facilitate accurate trial outcomes. Though appealing in principle, this model has little relevance today. As is now well known, the endpoint around which the Federal Rules were structured — trial — virtually never occurs. Today, the vast majority of civil cases terminate in settlement. This Article is the first to argue that the current litigation process needs a new regime of civil procedure for the world of settlement. This Article begins by providing a systemic analysis of why the Federal Rules inadequately prevent settlement outcomes from being distorted relative to the underlying merits — as defined by reference to substantive law — of a given dispute. It then explains how the Federal Rules can actually amplify these distortions. Indeed, notwithstanding the well-worn adage that settlement occurs in the “shadow of the law,” scholars have shown that non-merits factors exert significant influence on settlement outcomes. However, these insights have not been considered together and combined with a systemic focus on the ways in which the influence of these factors on settlement outcomes is actually a product of the basic structural features of the Federal Rules. This Article takes these next steps to explain that the “shadow of the law” that is cast on settlements is fading. Further, this Article discusses a new phenomenon in the current litigation environment — namely, that litigants’ increased reliance on prior settlements as “precedent” for future settlement decisions may move settlement even further out of the “shadow of the law” and into the “shadow of settlement” itself. This Article then traces these problems to three foundational assumptions underlying the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, all of which have become outmoded in a world of settlement. In rethinking these assumptions, it provides a new conceptual account that contextualizes previously isolated procedural reform proposals as challenges to these foundational assumptions. It also explains how these reform efforts ought to be refined and extended with a specific view toward systematically redesigning the basic model and operation of the Federal Rules for a world of settlement. Lastly, it sets forth new proposals that seek to reorient current rules expressly toward the goal of aligning settlement outcomes with the merits of underlying claims. What emerges is a new vision of procedure — one in which the application of pretrial procedural rules do not merely facilitate trial but are designed to provide litigants with guidance regarding the merits of claims and are used to align settlement outcomes more meaningfully with the dictates of the substantive law. In describing this vision, this Article lays the groundwork for the design of a new Federal Rules of Civil Settlement.

Chełmno i Toruń. Początki miast na ziemi chełmińskiej

The starting point for a discussion on the origins of towns in Chelmno Land is the content of the incorporation document issued in 1233 for Chelmno and Torun – called the Chelmno privilege – which become the source of the law system for the towns. The origins of both centres, however, were different and resulted from different settlement, cultural and economic conditions. This paper discusses relations between newly incorporated towns (Chelmno and Torun) and pre-corporation forms of settlement of early medieval traditions (Kaldus – Starogrod and Stary Torun – Torun). An attempt was undertaken to answer the question as to whether the incorporation decisions made by the Teutonic Knights a few years after arriving at the Kuyavian-Chelmno border, took into account – both in the case of Chelmno and Torun – similar socio-economic, demographic and settlement conditions; or whether we are dealing here with different models for the creation of the aforementioned urban centres. Was the basis of incorporation in both cases a prior settlement structure, or were there substantial differences between them in this regard? Therefore, the results of previous archaeological excavations conducted in Chelmno and Torun were compared, including the available written sources. Taking into account the facts concerning the origins of these centres, especially their pre-incorporation stage, it was found that more favourable development conditions occurred near today’s Kaldus (pre-incorporation Chelmno). A castellany existed in Chelmno, the capital of the region, with the name recorded in written sources ( Culmen ). There was a well-developed settlement background too, as confirmed by discoveries of large craft and trade settlements and extensive cemeteries related to them. In contrast to Chelmno, the name of Torun was not recorded in written sources older than the time of the town’s incorporation. In this area, there are no developed settlement structures, except for several points. This indicates that the town incorporated by the Teutonic Knights was founded on a so-called greenfield sites, in the vicinity of an early medieval settlement located on the Vistula River crossing (Stary Torun), then translocated to the present site and situated at the back of a small border fortress (Postolsko – at pre-Teutonic Knights stronghold). The common elements of the first two incorporations are political and communication conditions; both Chelmno and Torun were located on Chelmno Land’s border, at major crossings, and along overland and water long-range trade routes at the entrance to Chelmno Land from the Kuyavia and Pomerania (theory of gateway centres). Both Teutonic Knights’ towns belonged to a network of centres later included to the Hanseatic League. Despite a common document, their hierarchy was strictly defined. Even in a document from 1251, the master one, the capital role of Chelmno was highlighted, which probably corresponded to the historical tradition and the special position of this centre, from which Chelmno Land took its name.

Predation-related costs and benefits of conspecific attraction in songbirds--an agent-based approach.

Songbirds that follow a conspecific attraction strategy in the habitat selection process prefer to settle in habitat patches already occupied by other individuals. This largely affects the patterns of their spatio-temporal distribution and leads to clustered breeding. Although making informed settlement decisions is expected to be beneficial for individuals, such territory clusters may potentially provide additional fitness benefits (e.g., through the dilution effect) or costs (e.g., possibly facilitating nest localization if predators respond functionally to prey distribution). Thus, we hypothesized that the fitness consequences of following a conspecific attraction strategy may largely depend on the composition of the predator community. We developed an agent-based model in which we simulated the settling behavior of birds that use a conspecific attraction strategy and breed in a multi-predator landscape with predators that exhibited different foraging strategies. Moreover, we investigated whether Bayesian updating of prior settlement decisions according to the perceived predation risk may improve the fitness of birds that rely on conspecific cues. Our results provide evidence that the fitness consequences of conspecific attraction are predation-related. We found that in landscapes dominated by predators able to respond functionally to prey distribution, clustered breeding led to fitness costs. However, this cost could be reduced if birds performed Bayesian updating of prior settlement decisions and perceived nesting with too many neighbors as a threat. Our results did not support the hypothesis that in landscapes dominated by incidental predators, clustered breeding as a byproduct of conspecific attraction provides fitness benefits through the dilution effect. We suggest that this may be due to the spatial scale of songbirds’ aggregative behavior. In general, we provide evidence that when considering the fitness consequences of conspecific attraction for songbirds, one should expect a trade-off between the benefits of making informed decisions and the costs of clustering.

The ghost of fouling communities past: the effect of original community on subsequent recruitment

Biofouling on ships has been linked to the spread of invasive species, which has been identified as one of the current primary threats to the environment. Previous research on antifouling coatings suggested that the quantity of fouling, as well as community composition, on biocidal coatings was modified by prior fouling settlement. The experiment reported in this paper was designed to determine how preconditioning affected the rate and composition of subsequent fouling on transplanted silicone coatings. A series of 10 × 20 cm panels coated with Intersleek 700 or DC3140 were placed at three locations in Florida (Ponce Inlet, Sebastian Inlet, and Port of Miami), which were characterized by distinct fouling communities. Panels were immersed for four months, cleaned, and reciprocally transplanted among the three sites. Fouling community composition and coverage were characterized at bimonthly intervals both before and after transplantation. The original fouling community affected the subsequent fouling composition and recolonization by tunicates, sea anemones, barnacles, sponges, hydroids, and arborescent bryozoans. The community-level effects were short-term, lasting 2–4 months, but specific responses lasted up to 14 months post-transplant.

Extricating Membership as a PRP at Hazardous Waste Disposal Sites

Corporations often become potentially responsible parties (PRPs) at hazardous waste sites because of their past transportation or disposal of hazardous substances at such sites. Determining a PRP's potential liability for the assessment and cleanup of hazardous waste sites is a challenging effort and often results in disputes among other PRPs regarding appropriate allocation of response action costs to each party. Further, public companies have an obligation to report probable and reasonably estimable costs under Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) for environmental liabilities at their current or prior hazardous waste sites. The first step in such an evaluation is to determine whether or not a PRP can extricate themselves from any association with the subject site or, alternatively, demonstrate de minimis status. This article describes the methods by which PRPs can extricate themselves from liability associated with response action costs at contaminated sites, including: evaluating a PRP's prior settlements or indemnifications with other PRPs; identifying insurance coverage or other financial assurance instruments for the disposal facility; and examining applicable statutes of limitations against when a PRP received notification from the regulatory agency. The article also presents a case study discussing how a PRP with a portfolio of 72 hazardous waste disposal sites was able to extricate itself from the majority of these sites, resulting in only four sites where the PRP was determined to be a PRP and where an associated allocable share was assigned. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

A indenização da vítima no juízo cível com base em sentença penal condenatória transitada em julgado

<p class="Default"> O processo criminal tem por escopo prin­cipal a punição do agente que pratica um crime. Por punição a lei prevê a privação de liberdade, a restrição de direitos e a multa, todos cumpridos perante o Estado. A reparação ou compensação do dano sofrido pela vítima é um efeito secundário da condenação penal, que lhe permite não mais discutir esse direito, mas executar diretamente o seu crédito em face do condenado. A participação da vítima do processo criminal, porém, é mínima, resumindo-se ao depoimento. Ela não tem espaço para requerer a condenação do réu a lhe inde­nizar e, menos ainda, produzir provas relacionadas à extensão do dano sofrido. Com base nesses problemas, a execução direta da sentença penal condenatória transitada em julgado, sem a neces­sidade de liquidação prévia no cível, torna-se cada vez mais difícil de ser realizada. Quiçá impossível.</p>

이혼 후 재결합에 대한 인터넷 사이버공동체 참여자들의 인식

본 연구는 이혼한 부부들이 현실적으로 이혼 후 대안의 하나로 고려해보거나 혹은 실행하는 재결합에 대하여 사이버상에서 이루어지는 이혼 후 재결합과 관련된 논의의 내용을 살펴보고자 하였다. 이를 위해 이혼 후 재결합과 관련된 인터넷 웹사이트에서 이혼 후 재결합을 고민 중인 다양한 일곱 가지 사례들을 택하여 각각의 사례들에 대해 사이버공동체 성원들이 재결합을 지지 혹은 반대하는 의견을 중심으로 이혼 후 재결합에 대한 인식을 살펴보았다. 그 결과 사이버공동체 성원들은 다양한 이유에서 이혼 후 재결합에 대해 지지하였다. 즉, 재결합에 대한 준비나 전배우자의 이혼 후 이성관계의 포용, 이혼이유의 성찰과 전배우자의 약점을 감싸주려는 노력이 전제되었을 때 그리고 혼인 신고 없이 재결합을 해보는 것, 자녀를 위해서는 재혼보다 재결합이 나을 것이라는 생각, 전배우자와의 이혼 후 성적 관계가 이루어진 경우 이혼 후 재결합을 지지하며 긍정적으로 인식하였다. 반면에 사이버공동체 성원들이 이혼 후 재결합에 대해 부정적으로 인식하며 반대하는 이유도 있었다. 즉, 시간이 갈수록 재결합의지가 약화될 것이라는 예측과 이혼한 전배우자에 대한 용서가 어려운 점, 전배우자의 무반성적이고 믿을 수 없는 태도, 외도로 인한 이혼의 경우 전배우자의 외도 재발의 우려, 재결합에 대한 전배우자의 진정성 결여, 성급한 재결합 결정으로 인한 후유증에 대한 염려, 이전의 갈등 해결 이 선행되지 않은 재결합으로 인한 재이혼의 문제, 전배우자의 단점 불변에 대한 생각 등으로 이혼 후 재결합에 대해 부정적으로 인식하였다. 아직 재결합을 하지 않고 재결합을 고민 중인 사례들에 대해 사이버공동체 성원들의 찬반 의견과 조언이 다양했던 반면, 자녀를 위해 이미 재결합을 결정한 사례에 대해서는 대부분의 사이버공동체 성원들은 재결합을 지지하며 긍정적으로 인식하였다. 이러한 연구의 결과는 이혼 후 재결합에 대한 학문적 논의와 사회적 관심이 미흡한 상황에서 이혼증가로 익명성이 보장된 사이버공간상에서 이혼 후 재결합을 둘러싼 논의들이 활발히 이루어지고 있음을 보여주며 아울러 이혼 후 재결합에 대한 사이버공동체 참여자들의 인식을 통해 추후로 이혼 후 재결합의 성패요인에 대한 학문적, 실천적 논의를 확장시켜 가는데 일조할 수 있을 것이다. The purpose of this study was to examine the perception of cyber community participants on reconciliation of divorced couple and find reasons for pros and cons concerning reconciliation after divorce. The data were collected through searching for website or Internet cafe related to 'reconciliation after divorce' on Internet. The contents of 7 cases for asking for advice on reuniting and opinions of cyber community participants on them were analyzed. Cyber community participants expressed their approval of divorced couple's reuniting for following reasons: 'strong motive for reunion', 'sexual relation with ex-partner', 'parental responsibility', 'regarding reconciliation as a better choice than remarriage', 'regarding as a good choice for child' etc. But cyber community members were opposed to divorced couple's reuniting for following reasons: 'doubt about real intention to reuniting', 'no self-reflection on previous marriage and ex-spouse', 'concern for recurrence of former marital conflict', 'reuniting only for child not for couple', 'no prior settlement of former marital conflict', 'no forgiveness and tolerance for ex-spouse', 'no reflection and change', 'no effort on ex-spouse's side' etc. Though these results were restrictive, this study identified issues surrounding reconciliation after divorce through asking and giving advices by anonymous members on cyberspace. These findings implied that we should take more interest in reconciliation as an realistic alternative marriage pattern after divorce and consider what is important to successful reuniting after divorce.

A indenização da vítima no Juízo Cível com base em Sentença Penal Condenatória Transitada em Julgado

The prosecution has the main scope of the punishment agent who practices a crime. For punishment the law provides for the deprivation of liberty, the restriction of rights and fines, all completed before the state. Repair or compensa­tion for the harm suffered by the victim is a side effect of criminal conviction, which allows you to no longer discuss this right, but directly run your credit in the face of the condemned. The participa­tion of victims in criminal proceedings, however, is minimal, summing up the testimony. She has no room to apply the sentencing of the defen­dant to indemnify him and even fewer produce evidence relating to the extent of the damage. Based on these problems, the direct execution of the criminal sentence has become final without the need for prior settlement in civil court, it becomes increasingly difficult to achieve. Perhaps impos­sible.

Participatory democracy by default: land reform, social movements and the state in Brazil

There is a growing literature on the experiences of participatory democracy in Latin America. Largely focused on urban areas and municipal service provision, the literature provides important lessons as to whether, how, and why participation works to improve the quality of democracy. In this paper, I examine an unlikely case of participatory democracy: the struggle for land reform in the Brazilian countryside. Analysing the relationships between the federal agency in charge of land reform in Brazil (the National Institute of Colonization and Agrarian Reform) and the largest grassroots social movement organised to fight for the distribution of land (the Landless Movement) provides evidence of participatory democracy by default rather than by design: government officials who lack the resources and technical capacity to carry out reform are forced to rely on social movement actors who demand attention by routinely transgressing at the margins of acceptable (and legal) behaviour. At the same time, the features of political life in Brazil that allow or force the Landless Movement to collaborate with the state make it difficult for individual settlers to do so. For those individuals who do not feel adequately represented by the movement and attempt to be included on their own, the political system and culture continue to privilege the most powerful, thereby reinforcing prior settlement inequalities.

19세기말 서구식 대례복 제도에 대한 조선의 최초 시각 -서계(書契) 접수 문제를 통해-

The purpose of this study is to discuss Joseon dynastyis first perspective on the Western-style Court Costume which was newly introduced to Joseon through the problems receiving the credential that Japan had sent in new style. For this study, the records of Joseon and Japan at that period have been analyzed. The followings are the results of this research; First, a critical argument on the Western-style Court Costume occurred just before the Port Opening because whether wearing a western costume was the key factor in Joseon dynastyis receiving the credential that Japan had send in new style. Second, Japan received western costume as its domestic courtesy system by establishing the Court Costume of Civil servants in 1872 and consequently Japan established new ceremony procedure of western-style bow in 1875. Third, Joseon dynasty officially opposed to the Western-style Court Costume when Japan sent the credential, because the western costume selected by Japan had beenregarded as that of western barbarian at that time in Joseon. Accordingly, it seems reasonable that before the introduction of western costume into Joseon dynasty, an open-door policy for the West had been a prior settlement for Joseon dynasty regardless of the details of Western-style Court Costume. And also, the pride of civilization of Joseon dynasty, which has been used to express Joseon dynastyis identity as Joseon-centrism, had to be converted before the open-door policy. Ultimately, it could be inferred that the reception of the Western-style Court Costume had been raised as the political and diplomatic problems in the circumstances when the submissive relationship in the traditional Eastern- Asia had been forced to be converted to modern sovereign international relationship.

항공테러방지를 위한 지상 보안활동 -미국 샌프란시스코국제공항을 중심으로-

항공산업의 발전으로 급격한 국제화가 이루어지고 있는 현대사회에서 특히 염려가 되는 것은 승객과 항공기 또는 공항을 대상으로 한 테러리즘이라 할 수 있다. 그런데 항공관련 테러방지를 위한 여러 가지 보안대책 가운데 중심이 되는 것은 지상 보안활동이고 지상 보안활동의 중심이라 할 수 있는 것은 여객터미널 또는 화물터미널에서 이루어지는 탑승객과 출입자, 화물 등을 대상으로 한 보안활동이라고 생각한다. 일반적으로 지상보안활동은 물리적 보안과 접근통제, 수화물 그리고 승객과 소지품에 대한 100% 보안검색, 화물경비, 기타 통제사항들을 포함하여야한다. 2001년에 발생한 9.11테러 이후 공항 보안활동에 대한 개선과 강화의 필요성이 강력히 제기되었으며 첨단장비의 개발과 운용에 많은 예산을 투자하고 있다. 또한 미국을 비롯한 세계 각국은 공공서비스 또는 치안서비스의 역할분담 측면에서 민영화를 통한 보안활동 강화를 추구하고 있으며 공항 지상 보안분야에서도 한정적이나마 사(私)경찰활동(Private Police Activities)이 활발하게 이루어지고 있다. 최근 샌프란시스코국제공항 지상 보안활동을 살펴보면 정보수집과 국가관련 중요행사, VIP경호, 법집행, 기관 간 협조, 일상적인 순찰, 교통관련 업무 등은 공(公)경찰인 샌프란시스코경찰국 소속 공항 파견부서에서 담당한다. 반면 민간인으로 구성된 사경찰은 TSA와 같은 국가기관, 공항당국의 지도 감독 하에 X-Ray 판독과 금속탐지기운용, 여권(ID)확인, 폭발물 반응검사 등 검객 업무에 한정된 경향을 보이고 있다. 이와 같은 상황 하에서 공경찰활동과 사경찰활동 간의 조화와 업무의 효율성을 위한 연구가 요구되며 특히 사경찰의 보안활동 강화를 위한 판독 전문가 양성, 이직률 감소 대책 강구, 첨단장비 보급과 보안관련 예산의 확보는 선결되어야할 과제라고 생각한다. 이와 함께 보안활동 과정에서 부득이 발생하는 일반시민의 프라이버시 침해를 최소화하기 위한 대책 등은 매우 중요한 문제라고 생각한다. 본 연구에서는 샌프란시스코국제공항 국제선 여객터미널 내에서의 경찰활동 사례를 분석하여 보다 발전적인 지상 보안활동을 제언하고자 한다. With the growth of airline management, as well as computer and IT security, the international trade in this modern society has been rapidly increasing, Along with the advancing, airplanes have become a universal means of communication. However, the complications associated with airplane safety have also been brought up as a result, the most concerning of which is terrorism. One of the main counterplans for preventing terrorism is Ground security activities the core of Ground security activities is absolute safety for passengers in both passenger terminal and freight terminal. Subastral security refers to physical protection, proximity control and 100% security search and freight guarding of the passengers' possessions, and the personnel's duties to perform such jobs are be! coming more crucial. On the other hand, Airport security check has bee n gradually developing since the 1960's, when hijacking began to take place. Although the airports have been providing more safe and comfortable services to their customers, terrorism is still happening today. When Ground security activities is minute, the users feel displeasure and discomfort, yet considering solely their convenience can brings problems in achieving safety. Since the 9.11 terror in 2001, the idea of improving and strengthening airport security was reinforced and a considerable amount of estate is being spent today for invention and application of new technology. Various nations, including the United States, have been improving their systems of security through public services; public police department is actively carrying out their duties in airports as well. In San Francisco International Airport, private police department is in charge of collection of data, national events, VIP protection, law enforcement, cooperation within facilities, daily-based patrol and traffic control. Under guidance and supervision of national organizations, such as TSA, general police department interprets X-Rays, operates metal detectors, checks passports or IDs and observes reactions to explosives. Under these circumstances, studies about advancement of cooperation and duties of general police department and private police department necessitated: especially about private police department and their training for searching equipments, decrease in number of turn over rate, invention of technology and prior settlement in estate for security. The privacy of the public, who make up the major population of airport passengers, must also be minimized. In the following research, the activities of police departments in San Francisco International Airport will be analyzed in order to understand recent actions of the United States on airport security.

Interspecific Social Learning: Novel Preference Can Be Acquired from a Competing Species

Nongenetic transmission of behavioral traits via social learning allows local traditions in humans, and, controversially, in other animals [1-4]. Social learning is usually studied as an intraspecific phenomenon (but see [5-7]). However, other species with some overlap in ecology can be more than merely potential competitors: prior settlement and longer residence can render them preferable sources of information [8]. Socially induced acquisition of choices or preferences capitalizes upon the knowledge of presumably better-informed individuals [9] and should be adaptive under many natural circumstances [10, 11]. Here we show with a field experiment that females of two migrant flycatcher species can acquire a novel, arbitrary preference of competing resident tits for a symbol attached to the nest sites. The experiment demonstrates that such blind acquisition of heterospecific traits can occur in the wild. Even though genetic variation for habitat preferences exists in many taxa [12] and overlap between bird species likely induces costs [13], this result shows that interspecific social learning can cause increased overlap in nest-site preferences. Conventional, negative species interactions push ecological niches of species apart, but the use of competing species as a source of information counters that force and may lead to convergence.