Prior Period Research Articles

The Formulation of Financial Statements: A Proposal for Change

SYNOPSIS This paper proposes a new framework for financial statement presentation that provides users with a more detailed understanding of the relationship between cash and accrual information and earning power. To accomplish these objectives, we provide new classifications for assets, liabilities, equity, statement of income, and statement of cash flow. Assets are classified as either operating or nonoperating, economic or financial, monetary or nonmonetary. Liabilities and equity are initially classified under the title “means of financing assets.” Next, they are either classified as monetary or nonmonetary and further classified as either: (1) expected cash requirements during next reporting period, (2) expected cash requirements in future periods, or (3) no expected cash requirements. The statement of income utilizes current period, prior period, and future period for cash flow categories. The statement of cash flows is developed along the lines of primary economic operations and nonoperating economic/financial activities.

Recovery Phase Nutrition and Insulin Strategies for a Collegiate Distance Runner with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: A Case Study.

There is scant published research regarding nutrition and insulin strategies for athletic performance in collegiate distance runners with type 1 diabetes mellitus (CDRT1). Acute carbohydrate supplementation (CHOsup) and insulin reduction used to minimize hypoglycemia during exercise may result in deteriorated glycemic control post exercise in CDRT1. The present case study of a CDRT1 investigated outcomes associated with a moderate-carbohydrate (ModCHO) diet and 24 h insulin adjustment during recovery phases for improved glycemic control and reduced use of acute strategies. During an 8-day period, a female CDRT1 followed a ModCHO (~4 g/kg/day) nutrition program. Recovery phase adjustments to insulin doses were made using an equation developed to estimate reduced insulin needs post exercise, as a function of exercise intensity and duration. Daily training was performed in the fasted state at 6:00 a.m. and included additional exercise strategies to reduce glycemic variability when needed. Daily blood glucose time-in-range (TIR) and use of CHOsup were assessed. Athlete well-being was determined using the Student-Athlete Well-Being Scale (SAWS)TM at baseline, and days 1, 3, and 7. Throughout the 8-day period, mean TIR increased (77% versus < 50%) and the magnitude of glycemic excursions decreased (~3.8-15 versus ~3.0-26 mmol/L) relative to a prior comparison period. Minimal pre-exercise CHOsup was employed and CHOsup during exercise was not required. Additionally, the athlete achieved a new lifetime best in the 5000 m run and maintained positive well-being. The present case study provides examples of recovery phase strategies (i.e., ModCHO diet and 24 h insulin adjustments) that may support glycemic control and athletic performance in CDRT1 and provides potential considerations for nutrition and insulin strategies for use by athletes and coaches.

Prior freezing impact on the growth kinetics of Listeria monocytogenes in hot dog sausages

Listeria monocytogenes adapts to low-temperature environments and grows rapidly at room temperature. This bacterium is associated with several foodborne outbreaks due to cold chain breaks, particularly ready-to-eat foods such as sausages. The present study evaluated how frozen storage (-10 °C) for 30 and 90 days of hot dog sausages influences the bacterial growth kinetics between 7 and 30 °C under isothermal conditions. L. monocytogenes growth measurements were based on the ISO 11290-2 standard, and the mathematical model of Baranyi and Roberts was used to describe the bacterial growth. The sausages were incubated with around 2 log CFU/cm2, remaining constant for up to 90 days. However, prior freezing periods influenced bacterial growth behavior, mainly at chilled conditions (7 and 10 °C), increasing the maximum specific growth rate by 60%, lag phase time by 72%, and physiological state of the cells by 166%. The maximum population was not influenced by prior freezing. The proposed model fits the isothermal conditions studied. L. monocytogenes, after food thawing, grows at the same or higher rate than before freezing, which could represent a risk if the manufacturer's recommendations are not followed.

A Data-Driven Approach to Evaluate Barcode-Assisted Medication Preparation Alerts at a Large Academic Medical Center.

The purpose of this study was to develop a data-driven process to analyze barcode-assisted medication preparation alert data with a goal of minimizing inaccurate alerts. Medication preparation data for the prior three-month period was obtained from an electronic health record system. A dashboard was developed to identify recurrent, high-volume alerts and associated medication records. A randomization tool was used to obtain a prespecified proportion of the alerts to review for appropriateness. Alert root causes were identified by chart review. Depending on the alert's cause(s), targeted informatics build changes, workflow and purchasing changes, and/or staff education were implemented. The rate of alerts was measured postintervention for select drugs. The institution averaged 31,000 medication preparation alerts per month. The "barcode not recognized" alert (13,000) was the highest volume over the study period. Eighty-five medication records were identified as contributing to a high volume of alerts (5,200/31,000), representing 49 unique drugs. Of the 85 medication records triggering alerts, 36 required staff education, 22 required informatics build changes, and 8 required workflow changes. Targeted interventions for 2 medications, resulted in reducing the rate of the "barcode not recognized" alert from 26.6% to 1.3% for polyethylene glycol and from 48.7% to 0% for cyproheptadine. This quality improvement project highlighted opportunities to improve medication purchasing, storage, and preparation through development of a standard process to evaluate barcode-assisted medication preparation alert data. A data-driven approach can help identify and minimize inaccurate alerts ("noise") and promote medication safety.

Exploring the microbiome of two uterine sites in cows

Bacterial communities in the mammalian reproductive system can be rich and diverse, differing in structure and quantity depending on location. In addition, its microbiome is associated with the state of health of this tract and reproductive success. This study evaluated the microbiome composition of the uterine body (UB) and uterine horn mucosa (UH) samples using 16S rRNA sequencing of samples extracted from cows in the Amazon region. It was observed that four main phyla were shared between the uterine sites: Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, and Proteobacteria. Linear discriminant analysis effect size and heat tree analysis showed that members of Lachnospiraceae (NK3A20 group) and Oscillospiraceae were significantly more abundant in the UB than in UH. In addition, there are more unique genera in the UB than in the UH. A higher bacterial load in UB than in UH is expected because of the exposure to external factors of UB. However, comparing the site's communities through beta diversity did not generate well-defined clustering. Thus, it can be attributed to the closeness of the sites, which would make the niches similar ecologically and microbiologically. Therefore, this research provides knowledge to understand biomarkers in the prior reproduction period.

Sex-Specific Depressive Symptom Trajectories Among Adolescents in Los Angeles County, 2013 to 2017

After remaining stable for many years, the prevalence of depression among adolescents increased over the past decade, particularly among girls. In this study, we used longitudinal data from a cohort of high school students to characterize sex-specific trajectories of depressive symptoms during this period of increasing prevalence and widening gender gap in adolescent depression. Using data from the Health and Happiness Cohort, a longitudinal 8-wave study of high school students residing in Los Angeles County from 2013 to 2017 (N = 3,393), we conducted a multiple-group, latent class growth analysis by sex to differentiate developmental trajectories in depressive symptoms scores measured by the Center for Epidemiological Studies- Depression (CES-D) scale (range, 0-60). A 4-class solution provided the best model fit for both girls and boys. Trajectories among girls included low stable (35.1%), mild stable (42.8%), moderate decreasing (16.2%), and high arching (5.9%). Trajectories among boys included low stable (49.2%), mild increasing (34.7%), moderate decreasing (12.2%), and high increasing (3.9%). Average scores consistently exceeded or crossed the threshold for probable depression (≥16). Across comparable sex-specific trajectory groups, the average CES-D scores of girls were higher than those of boys, whose average scores increased over time. In a diverse cohort of students in Los Angeles County, depressive symptom trajectories were comparable to prior time periods but with a higher proportion of students in trajectories characterized by probable depression. Trajectories differed by sex, suggesting that future research should consider differential severity and onset of depression between boys and girls.

Inflation forecasting using autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) models

This study attempts to evaluate and compare the inflation-predicting performance of several ARDL models. Since there was no cointegration, the ARDL model does not employ an error correction term. Subsequently, model development showed that ARDL(2,2) should be used. Besides the formally developed model, some other more arbitrarily chosen ARDL models were also included, i.e., ARDL(1,1), ARDL(2,0), ARDL(1,0), ARDL(0,1), and ARDL(0,2). This research measures forecasting performance with inflation as the forecasting object. The duration of the monthly inflation statistics ranged from January 2011 to July 2022. The data were separated into two categories. The training data ranged between January 2011 and December 2021. After getting the appropriate parameters from the training data, the models generated projections from January 2022 to July 2022. The research determined that ARDL (1,0) was the most accurate inflation forecasting model, followed by ARDL (0,2) and formally constructed ARDL(2,2) finished in fourth place. This study suggests that the formal development of ARDL for forecasting purposes is unnecessary. Formal ARDL development is more appropriate for root cause analysis. In addition, the single autoregressive component indicates that most of the inflation value's information originated from the prior period. This suggests that the previous period's value is Indonesia's most significant predictor of inflation. The impact of greater period lags on inflation forecasting diminishes immediately.

Determinants of Negotiated Wages in the Kenyan Banking Industry

Over time, wages in the Kenyan banking sector have increased, but not at a rate that has kept up with inflation. This has had a negative effect in that the employees in the banking sector were unable to maintain the standards they were used to. In the banking industry, the average yearly wage per employee climbed from Kes 10,424 in 1968 to Kes 2,082,067 in 2021. The period from 1972 to 1994 saw the greatest loss in the buying power of earnings for banking personnel. From highs of Kes 2,629,534 in 1972 to lows of Kes 726,178 in 1994, the real average wage per employee per year fell. Between 1994 and 2008, there was a recovery in the real annual average wage per employee. Over this time, the real average wage rose from Kes 726,178 to Kes 2,330,778. By 2021, the real average annual wage per employee had decreased to Kes 1,861,550. The purpose of this study was to identify the factors that influence union wages. With time series data for the years 1968 to 2021, a wage model was fitted, and the estimated outcomes showed that gross profit before tax, labour productivity, and the prior period wage of unionisable personnel were key factors in negotiated wages. The other factors, such as the minimum pay set by law, the number of unionised employees, the unemployment rate, the inflation rate, and the union density, had no statistically significant impact on negotiated wages. The study supports the need for developing a labour productivity measurement system that is acceptable to all participants in the banking industry. The fact that the union's strength had little bearing on determining salaries also made it clear that the union needed to find new strategies for luring members.

Social connectedness and mental health before and during the COVID-19 pandemic in a community sample in Korea.

This study compared social connectedness patterns and examined the relationships between objective or subjective social connectedness and mental health before and during the COVID-19 pandemic among community dwelling adults in South Korea. An identical online survey was administered at two time points, in 2019 prior to the onset and again in 2021. Objective (network diversity and network size) and subjective (thwarted belongingness and perceived burdensomeness) social connectedness were measured along with positive and negative indices of mental health (depression, suicidal behavior, happiness, and life satisfaction). The results indicated that among social connectedness indices perceived burdensomeness were significantly higher during the COVID-19 pandemic compared to the prior period, while network size was smaller. Subjective social connectedness was associated with all aspects of mental health consequences, either positive or negative. Among objective social connectedness, only network diversity was significantly associated with increased happiness and life satisfaction, and objective social connectedness was not associated with depression and suicidal behavior. These associations did not differ across the two time periods. The findings, both before and during the pandemic, indicated that network diversity is an important factor for positive indices of mental health and that efforts to increase subjective social connectedness are needed to decrease the risk of depression and suicidal behavior.

Real-World Impact of Modern Reperfusion Therapy for Acute Ischemic Stroke : A Nationwide Population-Based Data Study in Korea.

The treatment paradigm for acute ischemic stroke has undergone several major changes in the past decade, contributing to improved patient prognosis in clinical practice. However, the extent to which these changes have affected patient prognosis in the real-world is yet to be clarified. This study aimed to evaluate the real-world impact of modern reperfusion therapy for acute ischemic stroke using data from the National Health Insurance Service in Korea. This study included patients aged 18-80 years who were admitted via the emergency room with an I63 code between 2011 and 2020. The rates of intravenous thrombolysis use and endovascular treatment according to the year of admission were investigated. Furthermore, the rates of decompressive craniectomy and 3-month mortality were also analyzed. The 10-year observational period was divided into three periods based on the 2015 guideline change as follows : prior, 2011-2014; transitional, 2015-2016; and modern, 2017-2020. A total of 307117 patients (mean age, 65.7±10.9 years) were included, and most patients were male (59.7%). The rate of endovascular treatment gradually increased during the study period from 0.71% in the prior period to 1.32% in the transitional period and finally to 1.85% in the modern period. Meanwhile, the 3-month mortality rate gradually decreased from 4.78% in the prior period to 4.03% in the transitional period and to 3.71% in the modern period. In Korea, the mortality rate decreased as the rate of modern reperfusion therapy increased in patients with acute ischemic stroke. Overall, technical and scientific advances in reperfusion therapy have improved the outcome of patients with acute ischemic stroke in Korea.

Reporting misstatements as revisions: An evaluation of managers' use of materiality discretion

AbstractIn recent years, firms reporting revisions of prior financial statements outnumber those reporting restatements. Misstatements that are material to prior periods are required to be reported as restatements, whereas immaterial errors can be reported as revisions. Based on SEC guidance and widely used materiality benchmarks, I find a significant percentage (29%) of revisions are suspect in that they meet at least one materiality criterion. These suspect revisions are 15% to 29% more likely to be reported when managers have a strong incentive to avoid restatements—when they face the threat of a compensation clawback for reporting a restatement. This result is especially salient when the clawback policy does not require misconduct for recoupment and when the error correction significantly reduces prior period net income. Overall, this evidence suggests that some managers use materiality discretion opportunistically to report misstatements as revisions instead of restatements.

Use of interactive texting is associated with higher odds of continued WIC participation during the COVID-19 pandemic.

In Los Angeles County (LAC), California, the demand for Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) services increased during the COVID-19 pandemic, concurrent with the shift to fully remote WIC service delivery in March, 2020. Technologies for facilitating remote services were critical for accommodating increases in participation during the COVID-19 pandemic. The objective of this study was to quantify patterns of remote-service utilization, and to determine whether use of remote services (phone, interactive texting, email, online education, video appointments) was associated with higher rates of recertification among WIC participants early in the COVID-19 pandemic. Cross-sectional survey with administrative data for follow-up. This study used data from the 2020 LAC WIC Survey and WIC administrative data to evaluate remote service utilization across LAC WIC agencies (unweighted n=3,510, weighted n=3,540). Recertification on WIC, determined by the issuance of a food package in the first two months following the end-date of the prior certification period. Survey data were merged to WIC administrative data to determine whether participants completed a recertification; the association of utilization of each remote service with the odds of recertification among WIC-participating children 0-3 years of age was assessed with multivariable logistic regression. Most survey respondents reported using phone appointments (95.5%), interactive texting (77.3%), email (60.1%), and online education (71.2%) to access WIC services during 2020, and over 82% of children successfully recertified. Interactive texting utilization was associated with 27% higher recertification odds (95% confidence interval 1% to 59%); associations between all other remote services and odds of recertification were not statistically significant. These results suggest that WIC investment in interactive texting technological infrastructure, and appropriate staff training, can help local WIC agencies successfully reach and provide high quality services to WIC participants.

Patterns of drinking behavior around a treatment episode for alcohol use disorder: Predictions from pre-treatment measures.

Alcohol use disorder (AUD) has been described as a chronic disease given the high rates that affected individuals have in returning to drinking after a change attempt. Many studies have characterized predictors of aggregated alcohol use (e.g., percent heavy drinking days) following treatment for AUD. However, to inform future research on predicting drinking as an AUD outcome measure, a better understanding is needed of the patterns of drinking that surround a treatment episode and which clinical measures predict patterns of drinking. We analyzed data from the Project MATCH and COMBINE studies (MATCH: n = 1726; 24.3% female, 20.0% non-White; COMBINE: n = 1383; 30.9% female, 23.2% non-White). Daily drinking was measured in the 90 days prior to treatment, 90 days (MATCH) and 120 days (COMBINE) during treatment, and 365 days following treatment. Gradient boosting machine learning methods were used to explore baseline predictors of drinking patterns. Drinking patterns during a prior time period were the most consistent predictors of future drinking patterns. Social network drinking, AUD severity, mental health symptoms, and constructs based on the addiction cycle (incentive salience, negative emotionality, and executive function) were associated with patterns of drinking prior to treatment. Addiction cycle constructs, AUD severity, purpose in life, social network, legal history, craving, and motivation were associated with drinking during the treatment period and following treatment. There is heterogeneity in drinking patterns around an AUD treatment episode. This study provides novel information about variables that may be important to measure to improve the prediction of drinking patterns during and following treatment. Future research should consider which patterns of drinking they aim to predict and which period of drinking is most important to predict. The current findings could guide the selection of predictor variables and generate hypotheses for those predictors.

Use of finer needles for venipuncture increases in vitro haemolysis despite reducing persistent pain and nerve injury: A retrospective study.

Although venipuncture is minimally invasive, and is the most frequently performed medical procedure, it carries the small risk of causing persistent pain, including nerve damage. Recently, our hospital stopped using 22-gauge needles for venipuncture in outpatients and switched to using only 23- and 25-gauge needles. We investigated the impact of using only the finer needles on the incidence of persistent or neuropathic pain and the prevalence of haemolysis, as well as the impact of haemolysis associated with the needle change on other laboratory data. We retrospectively collected and analysed data on venipuncture-associated pain complaints made during the 1-year period prior and 1-year period after the change in needles, as well as the frequency of haemolysis before and after the change. We also focused on 90 cases that showed significant haemolysis after the needle change and compared the serum aspartate aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase, and potassium levels before and after the needle change. The incidence of persistent pain was significantly reduced from 1 in 10,825 venipunctures before the change to 1 in 29,747 venipunctures after the change. Notably, no patients experienced neuropathic pain after the change. However, the prevalence of haemolysis was significantly increased. Additionally, the serum aspartate aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase, and potassium levels were significantly elevated in the cases that showed moderate to gross haemolysis after the needle change. Using finer needles involves both advantages and disadvantages, and careful consideration is needed to determine which type of needle is in the best interests of the patient.

Prescribed stimulant medications: Trends in the last decade, pre and post COVID-19 response

BackgroundRecent studies indicate that COVID-19 has had a significant impact on access and continuity to opioid and benzodiazepine medications; little is known about its effect on access to and utilization of stimulant medications. ObjectiveTo investigate trends of dispensed stimulant medications in relation to the COVID-19 pandemic response. MethodsStimulant prescriptions dispensed during 2011–2021 were analyzed using the Massachusetts Prescription Drug Monitoring Program (PDMP), the state's data repository for all controlled substance medications dispensed to residents from retail pharmacies and out of state mail-order pharmacies. Statewide trends were estimated by age group, sex, and stimulant-naïve patients (individuals with no stimulant prescription in the prior one-year period). ResultsOverall, stimulant prescriptions increased 70% from 2011 to 2021. Wide differences by sex and age groups were found pre and post COVID response periods. Between 2019 and 2021, stimulant prescriptions for males 12–18 years old decreased 14.6% compared to 0.9% for females. Female stimulant-naïve patients ages 25–34 increased more than males between 2019 and 2021 (11.6% compared to <1%, respectively) and females ages 35–44 increased 4.1% while males decreased by 2.7%. ConclusionsAdministrators, clinicians, and policy makers should closely monitor stimulant prescribing trends, a critical step in improving access to and quality of care.

Simulation of Retrospective Morphological Channel Adjustments Using High-Resolution Differential Digital Elevation Models versus Predicted Sediment Delivery and Stream Power Variations

This work proposes a methodological approach applied to ephemeral gravel-bed streams to verify the change in the magnitude and frequency of hydrological events affecting the morphological dynamics and sediment budget in this type of channel. For the case study, the Azohía Rambla, located in southeastern Spain, was chosen, emphasizing the research on two reference riverbed sections (RCRs): an upper one, with a predominance of erosion, and a middle one, where processes of incision, transport, and deposition were involved. First, this approach focuses on relationships between peak discharges and sediment budgets during the period 2018–2022. For this purpose, water level measurements from pressure sensors, a One-Dimensional Hydrodynamic model, and findings from comparative analyses of high-resolution differential digital elevation models (HRDEM of Difference-HRDoD) based on SfM-MVS and LiDAR datasets were used. In a second phase, the GeoWEPP model was applied to the period 1996–2022 in order to simulate runoff and sediment yield at the event scale for the watersheds draining into both RCRs. During the calibration phase, a sensitivity analysis was carried out to detect the most influential parameters in the model and confirm its capacity to simulate peak flow and sediment delivery in the area described above. Values of NS (Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency) and PBIAS (percent bias) equal to 0.86 and 7.81%, respectively, were found in the calibration period, while these indices were 0.81 and −4.1% in the validation period. Finally, different event class patterns (ECPs) were established for the monitoring period (2018–2022), according to flow stage and morphological channel adjustments (overtopping, bankfull and sub-bankfull, and half-sub-bankfull), and then retrospectively extrapolated to stages of the prior simulated period (1996–2018) from their typical sequences (PECPs). The results revealed a significant increase in the number of events and PECPs leading to lower bed incision rates and higher vertical accretion, which denotes a progressive increase in bed armoring and bank erosion processes.

Female Representation at the Association of Program Directors in Surgery Annual Meeting: Moving Towards Gender Equality

This study aims to evaluate the state and changes over time of female representation in Association of Program Directors in Surgery (APDS) leadership and annual meeting presenters and session leaders. APDS conference programs from 2013 to 2022 were reviewed to identify society leadership and meeting presenters and session leaders. Verified online profiles were used to gather professional role and reported gender. Descriptive statistics and t-tests compared female representation in the first half (2013-2017, prior) and second half of data (2018-2022, current). Leadership of APDS was an average 22% women, increasing from 13% in 2013 to 37% in 2022, and significantly increased from prior to current period (p = 0.0004). Conference presenters and session leaders were 42% women overall, increasing from 30% in 2013 to 52% in 2022. An average 33% staff surgeons, 54% trainees, 64% education scientists, and 51% medical student participants were female. Staff were 44% female in 2022 from 24% in 2013, significantly increased from prior to current period (p = 0.021). Comparing prior and current period cohorts, female presenters for paper sessions increased from 38% to 55% (p = 0.011), moderators from 15% to 39% (p = 0.046), and last author listed on presentation sessions from 18% to 32% (p = 0.010), while panelists, workshop directors, and presenters at all sessions increased without statistical significance. Female poster presenters decreased over time. Female representation at APDS meetings has increased over time. Women are well represented compared to the 2022 member population of 36% women. While positions typically held by more senior members, such as leadership, panelists, moderators, and last authors remain lower than other roles, increases over time are encouraging. APDS female representation compares favorably to many other surgical societies. Translation of successful practices regarding gender representation utilized by APDS to other surgical organizations could expedite progress toward gender parity in the field.

Türkiye'de Alabalık Üretimi, Fiyatı ve Sübvansiyon Arasındaki Nedensel İlişkinin Araştırılması

Although there have been trout subsidies in Türkiye for many years, the fact that trout production has been below expectations, especially in recent years, has led to the need to investigate the effects of the subsidies. Thus, the present study was conducted to estimate the long-run relationship among trout production, producer price, and subsidy in Türkiye. The time-series data covering 1984-2016 regarding trout production, sales prices, and subsidies were used. The Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) and Granger Causality Analysis were utilized to estimate the time-dependent causality relationship among the variables. The VECM results, which estimate the existence of a long-run relationship among the variables, revealed that 46.8% of the long-run deviations in the price and subsidy variables will be corrected in the next period. The analysis results indicated that sales prices affect trout production negatively in the long term. Granger causality analysis indicated that the prior period values of production and price variables were the reason for the changes in the subsidy variable. In the short-term VECM model, it was revealed that changes in production and prices positively affect the subsidy. A percent increase in production and price increased the subsidy amount by 1.79 and 3.14 percent, respectively. To increase trout production, the current subsidy policy should be revised to improve the infrastructure and capacity of aquaculture farms. Subsidies for the fishery sector should also be increased in real terms to achieve their objectives.

Cost decisions of supplier firms: A study based on the customer-supplier link

We examine the association between the cost decisions of suppliers and their key customers. Using a U.S.-based sample of customer-supplier pairs, we document that an increase in the key customer firm’s cost stickiness in the prior period results in a significant increase in their suppliers’ cost stickiness in the current period. This finding suggests that suppliers observe and incorporate the cost decisions of their key customers into their own cost decisions. Further, we find that this relationship is concentrated in the sub-sample where the likelihood of information frictions in the supply chain is high, the customer firms have a positive future demand outlook, and the customer firms’ managers have fewer opportunities to engage in empire-building activities. This paper contributes to the growing literature on cost behavior and supply chains by documenting the role of cost decisions of customers in mitigating the adverse effect of information frictions in supply chains. This paper also provides industry-related implications by suggesting that an increase in the cost stickiness of customer firms could act as a signaling mechanism for the supplier firms allowing them to prepare for a potential change in future demand.

Modelling the ecological footprints, climate change and economic growth nexus

Ecological footprint (EF) is created by human demands for water, infrastructure, energy and food, among other things, resulting in pollution, depletion of resources and ecological disturbance. The sustainability goal in relation to EF is to reduce the impact of climate change on natural resources for long‐term growth. Pakistan is a country facing an ecological deficit and has difficulty striking a balance between economic development and environmental protection worldwide. As a result of its significant role in achieving sustainability, which is essential for human life, EF has become a global phenomenon. The study considered the nexus of economic growth, EF and its subcomponents for the economy of Pakistan. The Johansen co‐integration technique was used to analyse the short‐run (ECM) and long‐run relationship. The results showed that urbanisation, financial development, economic growth and temperature have positive effects on EFs, whereas rainfall and carbon dioxide emissions have a negative effect on EFs. The ECM test demonstrates that studied variables are responsible for 46% of disequilibrium in EF, which is less than the moderate threshold. On the contrary, in the model of EF, the coefficient of temperature in the long‐run speed is negative, indicating that the system is diverging from equilibrium and correcting its prior period disequilibrium at a rate of 663% a year, while that of CO2 emissions is positive, indicating that the system is converging towards equilibrium and correcting its prior period disequilibrium at a rate of 77.2% a year.