Prior Notice Research Articles

Control (Supervisory) Powers of the Eurasian Economic Commission and the European Commission: Comparative Legal Aspect

Introduction. The article examines the powers of the Eurasian Economic Commission (hereinafter referred to as the EEC) and the European Commission (hereinafter referred to as the EC) in the field of control (supervision) over the implementation of integration legal orders by member states and business entities, their scope, limits of competence, and impact on the development of integration processes in the Eurasian Economic Union (hereinafter referred to as the EAEU) and the European Union (hereinafter referred to as the EU), as well as the role of the courts of the relevant integration associations in the implementation of the function under consideration by the Commissions. In addition, the author reviewed and analyzed the relevant law enforcement practice of the EEC and the EC, as well as the legal positions of the courts of the integration associations in question.Materials and methods. This study uses the works of both Russian and foreign experts in the field of European law and the law of the EAEU, as well as analyzes the legal acts of the EU and the EAEU. The research used general scientific methods of cognition – analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction. Special legal methods were also used in the work – formal legal, technical legal, the method of legal analogy, as well as the comparative legal method.Results of the study. As a result of the conducted research, it was revealed that despite the functioning of the EAEU for more than 10 years, there are certain problems in the activities of the EEC for the control (supervision) of the implementation by member States and economic entities of the EAEU law. In particular: the inability to apply to the EAEU Court with an application to bring to justice a member state that violated the norms of the EAEU law; the absence of a procedure in the law of the EAEU for prior notification of the EEC on acts adopted by the member States; the presence of fragmentation in the legal regulation of the EEC's control (supervisory) function over the implementation of the EAEU law by economic entities. The identified problems make it difficult for the EEC to effectively perform its duties in the part under consideration, and therefore they can be resolved through, inter alia, using the positive experience of the European Commission in exercising control (supervisory) powers over the implementation of European Union law.Discussion and conclusion. The presence of the problems indicated in the article in the field of the EEC's control (supervisory) powers necessitates the introduction of comprehensive amendments to the EAEU Treaty, acts of the EAEU bodies, as well as the issuance of new acts that will regulate issues that have not been regulated by the EAEU law to date. Thus, based on the results of a comparative legal analysis of the powers, the author identified problems and formulated conclusions on the similarities and differences in the legal status of the EEC and the EC in terms of their exercise of control (supervisory) powers. The trends in the development of the law enforcement practice of the Commissions in terms of the fulfillment by member States and business entities of obligations within the framework of relevant integration associations are determined. The ways of improving the implementation of the control (supervisory) function by the Eurasian Economic Commission on the basis of the identified positive experience of the European Union are presented.

Legal Protection for Homebuyers in Cases of Developer Default on Guarantees Issued Without Prior Notification (A Case Study of Bekasi District Court Decision Number: 239/Pdt.G/2020/PN Bks)

With the progression of time, the demand for housing has significantly increased, motivating various parties to develop businesses in the property sector, particularly in housing. However, in pursuing this business, developers sometimes fail to fulfill their obligations, as illustrated in the Bekasi District Court Decision Number 239/Pdt.G/2020/PN Bks. The purpose of this scientific article is to examine the legal protection available to home buyers against breach of contract by developers and to identify possible courses of action buyers can take to secure ownership rights from non-compliant developers. This article utilizes a normative juridical research method through legislative and case-based approaches. The issues addressed are the legal protections available for home buyers in cases of developer breach of contract and the remedies available to buyers for securing their ownership rights when developers fail to meet contractual obligations. The findings indicate that legal protection for home buyers can be based on the Consumer Protection Law and the Indonesian Civil Code. Buyers have several possible actions, such as demanding that developers fulfill their obligations as per the court ruling, seeking compensation for damages incurred, and reporting the issue to the Ministry of Public Works and Public Housing (PUPR), which has the authority to impose administrative sanctions on developers.

The Effect of Communication, Organizational Culture, and Conflict on Employee Performance at A Manufacturing Company in Denpasar

This research was carried out at PT Astra Honda Motor in Denpasar since there was a lack of coordination between superiors and employees. It can be seen from the fact that there is often overtime without prior notification from superiors so employees feel unprepared and often complain to their superiors. The purpose of this research is to determine and analyze the influence of communication, organizational culture, and conflict on employee performance at PT Astra Honda Motor in Denpasar. The number of samples taken was 92 employees. The analysis techniques used are validity and reliability tests, multiple linear regression analysis, classical assumption test, multiple correlation analysis, coefficient of determination, F test, and t-test. Data processing in this thesis uses the SPSS 30.0 for Windows program. The results of this research show that communication and organizational culture have a positive and significant effect on employee performance at PT Astra Honda Motor in Denpasar. Conflict has a negative and significant effect on employee performance at PT Astra Honda Motor in Denpasar. The implication is that communication and organizational culture have a positive and significant effect on employee performance, while conflict has a negative effect on employee performance at PT Astra Honda Motor in Denpasar

Procedural politicking for what? Bureaucratic reputation and democratic governance

Abstract As the bureaucratic policymaking process has frequently deviated from conventional procedures contemplated by administrative law statutes, recent research suggests that bureaucrats strategically use rulemaking procedures to pursue their own goals and circumvent political interventions. However, the literature has often neglected implementation issues that bureaucrats confront in the policymaking process. Building on a bureaucratic reputation perspective that explicitly recognizes bureaucrats’ concern for implementation failure and reputational damage, this study examines when and why U.S. federal agencies issue rules without prior notice and comment instead of proposing rules through the conventional notice-and-comment process. Using logistic regressions with fixed effects, based on over 16,000 rules published between 2000 and 2020, we find that agencies are more likely to solicit prior public comment when making more complex and stringent rules. However, they tend to bypass it when making new rules and joint rules with other agencies. This study also shows that the positive effect of rule stringency on agencies’ use of the conventional notice-and-comment process tends to be more pronounced in agencies with higher proportions of professional bureaucrats. Overall, our findings indicate that bureaucrats’ choices of rulemaking procedures might be shaped by their incentives to prevent implementation failure and preserve agency reputation, which can be compatible with the norms of democratic governance.

A Prospective Clinical Audit of Sterile Surgical Glove-Donning Practices Among Young Surgeons at a Tertiary Care Hospital in Sudan.

Background Adherence to aseptic protocols and proper sterilization is critical for optimal patient recovery post-surgery. The standard procedure for donning sterile surgical gloves helps manage infection risk and maintain surgical site cleanliness by following aseptic principles. This study evaluates adherence to these protocols among young surgeons at a tertiary care hospital in Sudan. Methods This prospective audit included 42 young residents and house officers at a tertiary care hospital in Sudan, following ethical clearance. Compliance with sterile surgical glove-donning practices was assessed using the World Health Organization (WHO) pre- and post-intervention criteria. Participants were observed in the operating room without prior notice. The intervention comprised a video presentation and a live demonstration. Results Pre-intervention adherence to standard criteria for donning sterile surgical gloves was 73.4% (n= 31). This rate increased significantly to 91.4% (n= 38) following the intervention and showed marked improvement. Conclusion The audit demonstrated a significant improvement in adherence to donning sterile surgical gloves practices after the intervention. Implementing WHO guidelines effectively enhances compliance, reduces infection risks, and increases awareness of aseptic practices.

Kajian Hukum Terhadap Proses Pemberhentian dan Pengangkatan Perangkat Desa di Kawasan Sumba Barat Daya

The decisions of the State Administrative Court play a crucial role in upholding the law and ensuring justice. The implementation of these decisions is also a critical part of ensuring justice. Efforts to ensure the execution of decisions, such as coercive measures and administrative sanctions, need to be taken to ensure that court decisions are truly enforced. This way, the principle of justice can be more effectively realized at all stages of the legal process, from hearings to the implementation of decisions. The research questions in this study are: (1) Whether the dismissal and appointment of village officials in Weepangali Village comply with Law Number 6 of 2014 concerning Villages; (2) How is the implementation of the procedures for the dismissal and appointment of village officials in Weepangali Village after Decision Number 39/G/2022/PTUN? The research found that the process of appointing the new Village Apparatus was carried out by dismissing the old Village Apparatus without any prior notification letter and without any clear reason. The conclusion is that the process of appointing and dismissing Village Apparatus is not in accordance with statutory provisions.

Mode of Transport and Patient Status Upon Arrival at a Tertiary Pediatric Emergency Department in a Developing Country: A Prospective Observational Study.

Introduction In children with acute illness or injury, timely access to healthcare is crucial for optimal outcomes, including early identification, prompt stabilization, and appropriate referral. Prehospital transport practices often represent a weak link in the system and are frequently underreported. Enhancing these practices could greatly benefit pediatric care. This study aims to analyze the mode of transport and condition upon arrival of children at our hospital's pediatric emergency department. Methods This hospital-based prospective observational study was conducted from August 2019 to March 2020. Data on referral status, mode of transport, vital parameters at admission, and final outcomes in terms of survival were collected prospectively from patient admission records. Results Out of 1,658 children, 1,326 (80%) were referred from another health facility. Among these, only 10.8% received prior notification about their arrival. The most common mode of transport was a bus (39.3%), followed by locally available ambulances (24.4%), two-wheelers (15.6%), and cars (10.9%). In terms of medical conditions, 47.5% of the children had respiratory infections, 15.8% had renal ailments, and 14.1% had neurological complaints. Upon arrival, 1,214 (73.2%) were in stable condition, while 444 (26.8%) were unstable. Common alterations in vital parameters included hypothermia (16.6%), SpO2 <92% (9.9%), abnormal heart rate (32.5%), and abnormal respiratory rate (56%). Additionally, 111 (6.6%) children required CPR upon arrival. Conclusions The data highlights the need for improvements in our referral systems and the modes of transport for sick children within our population.

Menggadaikan Kembali Tanah Gadai

This research discusses the practice of re-mortgaging pawned land according to Islamic law and positive law in Simpang Tiga District. This study is a type of qualitative research using field research and library research methods. The results of the research show that the practice of re-mortgaging land in Simpang Tiga District is common, especially when the land owner needs money urgently, but the land owner has not been able to pay off the loan, so the pawner pawns the land to another party without prior notification. first to the land owner because the agreement mechanism tends to be done verbally, which can cause risk and confusion. According to Islamic law, it is largely in accordance with the principles of Islamic law, especially because it is carried out on the basis of mutual assistance in society and in urgent situations. However, there are some issues to be aware of. One of them is re-mortgaging land without the land owner's permission, which may violate the principle of the validity of pawn transactions. The principles of Islamic law, such as agreements, rights and obligations, and collateral management, should be taken into account in implementing pawning practices. And positive law is permissible (legal), the pawn right can be transferred by the pledgor to another party with or without the land owner's consent, based on the regulations on the transfer of land use rights with reference to Article 37 paragraph (1) of Government Regulation no. 24 since 1997.

Study Conducts Mechanical Evaluation of Nonmetallic Tubulars

_ This article, written by JPT Technology Editor Chris Carpenter, contains highlights of paper SPE 214488, “Mechanical Evaluation and Intervention in Nonmetallic Tubulars Using Current Technologies,” by Mohamed Larbi Zeghlache, SPE, and Khaled Al-Muhammadi, Saudi Aramco, and Iqbal Pervaiz, SPE, Baker Hughes, et al. The paper has not been peer reviewed. _ With increasing interest in nonmetallic products, such as fiberglass tubing, for downhole applications, ensuring well integrity in a similar way as is achieved for standard carbon steel completions is essential. One important aspect of well integrity is the ability to routinely access the downhole condition of the tubing and perform basic interventions. The complete paper demonstrates testing and validation of different mechanical evaluations of the integrity of fiberglass tubing using logging and intervention tools. Introduction Fiber-reinforced polymer composites have been used efficiently for various structural applications, including primary structures for which safety is a major design requirement. Fiber-reinforced laminate is very sensitive to out-of-plane loading, however, because it exhibits relatively low transverse properties. The resulting impact damage in fiber-reinforced polymer composite usually reduces its postimpact mechanical properties. The damage phenomenology in fiber-reinforced polymer composites involves many different mechanisms of degradation. Contrary to metallic materials, fiber-reinforced polymer composites can experience damage evolution followed by a catastrophic failure without prior notice. The inspection and monitoring of such damage during a structure’s lifetime are very challenging. Moreover, classical nondestructive testing techniques are difficult to implement for real-time structural health monitoring (SHM). It is, therefore, important to develop a reliable SHM technique that can both increase safety and reduce operational costs by optimizing inspection and repair. Well-Integrity Evaluation Of common barrier-inspection technologies, cement evaluation using sonic and ultrasonic measurements is very challenging across coated or nonmetallic casing. In the case of nonmetallic pipes such as fiberglass and composite pipes, this measurement is yet to be investigated for proper transducer design and signal processing. Magnetic and electromagnetic technologies cannot be used for casing inspection because the pipe material is an insulator and prevents any current flow. The simplest and most straightforward technologies remaining are mechanical tools for inner wall inspection. For this reason, testing was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of multifinger caliper (MFC) logging in fiberglass casing and to simulate intervention operation through puncher and cutter services. MFC Log in Steel Casing An MFC is a mechanical tool that provides, through its fingers, high-resolution accurate radial measurements of internal diameter of tubing or casing string. MFCs are used to detect very small changes to the internal surface condition of the tubing or casing with a high degree of accuracy. The tool may be run with extended fingers to increase the measurement range. An MFC tool works in any type of fluid present within the wellbore. MFC detects the scale, wax, or solid buildup on the inner surface of the pipe and any deformation or ovality in the pipe.

Acceptability of adding a non-contrast abdominal CT scan to screen for kidney cancer and other abdominal pathology within a community-based CT screening programme for lung cancer: A qualitative study.

The Yorkshire Kidney Screening Trial (YKST) is a feasibility study of adding non-contrast abdominal CT scanning to screen for kidney cancer and other abdominal malignancies to community-based CT screening for lung cancer within the Yorkshire Lung Screening Trial (YLST). This study explored the acceptability of the combined screening approach to participants and healthcare professionals (HCPs) involved in the trial. We conducted semi-structured interviews with eight HCPs and 25 participants returning for the second round of scanning within YLST, 20 who had taken up the offer of the additional abdominal CT scan and five who had declined. Transcripts were analysed using thematic analysis, guided by the Theoretical Framework of Acceptability. Overall, combining the offer of a non-contrast abdominal CT scan alongside the low-dose thoracic CT was considered acceptable to participants, including those who had declined the abdominal scan. The offer of the additional scan made sense and fitted well within the process, and participants could see benefits in terms of efficiency, cost and convenience both for themselves as individuals and also more widely for the NHS. Almost all participants made an instant decision at the point of initial invitation based more on trust and emotions than the information provided. Despite this, there was a clear desire for more time to decide whether to accept the scan or not. HCPs also raised concerns about the burden on the study team and wider healthcare system arising from additional workload both within the screening process and downstream following findings on the abdominal CT scan. Adding a non-contrast abdominal CT scan to community-based CT screening for lung cancer is acceptable to both participants and healthcare professionals. Giving potential participants prior notice and having clear pathways for downstream management of findings will be important if it is to be offered more widely.

Implementing an Internal Audit: Evaluating Hand Scrub Compliance in a Tertiary Care Hospital.

Background Aseptic protocol adherence and sterilization are the most important factors in a patient's satisfactory recovery after surgery. The standard hand scrubbing procedure helps control infection and keeps the surgical site clean by adhering to aseptic principles. Methods Thirty-six young residents and house officers participated in this prospective audit after ethical clearance was obtained. The World Health Organization (WHO) standard criteria were adhered to both before and after the intervention. Participants were observed in the surgical operation theatre (OT) without prior notice to ensure hand hygiene compliance before surgical procedures. The intervention included a video presentation as well as a live demonstration. Results Only 64.41% (n=23) of residents and house officers followed the recommended standard hand hygiene procedures before the intervention. This percentage rose to 93.92% (n=33) following the intervention, suggesting a noteworthy improvement. Conclusion Significant changes in the acceptance rates for the essential requirements of hand hygiene were observed after the evaluation in the second cycle. Adhering to WHO guidelines for procedures will help reduce the risk of infections and promote awareness of asepsis in practice.

Etika Interaksi Sosial dalam Pola Meminta Izin Memasuki Rumah Perspektif Hadis

The moral decline that has occurred in the current era of globalization has caused concern in the community. The absence of etiquette when entering other people's homes, the absence of asking permission to enter the house, the absence of prior notification is often found in this day and age. This is contrary to the teachings of Shari'ah, which principle is that Adab is above knowledge. It is better for someone to be civilized but have little knowledge than someone who has a lot of knowledge but is not civilized. Basically, there cannot be any Shari'a demands unless there must be something bad behind it all that must be abandoned. Islam does not only demand knowledge, but must instill Adab first. Surely this is a problem of the people that must be addressed immediately. The purpose of this study is to provide a detailed description of the Prophet's explanation of what procedures / ethics must be considered in entering someone else's house in order to avoid disputes or protect the disgrace of the homeowner. This research collects data through a qualitative approach in the form of a literature review which includes articles, journals, theses, and books. The result of this research is to provide an understanding and emphasis on the importance of the ethics of asking permission in terms of visiting other people's homes. The conclusion of this study also implies that parents should instill good manners from an early age to children, especially the manners of visiting other people's homes.

Implementation of An Integrated Referral System (SISRUTE) At Bumi Panua Pohuwato Hospital

advanced level but the monitoring and evaluation system of these services is the data needed in planning future health development. This research aims to look at the implementation of an integrated referral system at Bumi Panua Regional Hospital. This research uses a qualitative descriptive design. The sample in this study was the service sector at Bumi Panua Regional Hospital, the Head of the Sisrute Team as the person in charge as the Key Informant and the Ordinary Informant, the doctor in charge, the Head of the medical services sector and members of the Sisrute team. The research results show that the Standard Operating Procedures (SOP) are running well, but several obstacles cause the SOP to go off the predetermined path. The referral process via SISRUTE is not yet supported by a clear and detailed SOP and flow. The application of SISRUTE has been running according to the flow set by the Ministry of Health, but there is a lack of human resources for SISRUTE operators or users at the Puskesmas, unfamiliarity with SISRUTE, accumulation of patients in the ER and errors in entering codes. In-application references cause SISRUTE flows to overlap. Conclusion: The SISRUTE application often experiences problems, routine maintenance that was suddenly carried out by the center without prior notification, server downtime, and hardware that had not been updated, which hampered referral services on the SISRUTE application and required offline or manual referrals.

Completeness and calibration of the Italian Seismological Instrumental and Parametric Database (ISIDe) before 16 April 2005

AbstractThe Italian Seismological Instrumental and Parametric Database (ISIDe) is the recipient of earthquake data collected in real-time by the Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV), and used by the studies of earthquake forecasting and seismic hazard assessment in Italy in the last decade. When it went online, following a significant improvement of the seismic acquisition system of INGV, it was including only data since the second fortnight of April 2005. About ten years later, the data since the beginning of 1985 suddenly appeared without any prior notice than the updating of the starting date of the dataset. However, the characteristics of the added data appeared clearly different from the following period both in terms of the numbers of located earthquakes and of types of magnitudes provided. After having analyzed the numerical consistency and the calibration of magnitudes of ISIDe as a function of time from 1985 to 15 April 2005, we can say that such a dataset is incomplete and poorly calibrated compared to other catalogs of Italian seismicity (CSTI, CSI, and HORUS) available for the same period. Hence, we suggest not using it as is for statistical analyses of Italian seismicity. However, it provides some magnitudes that are missed by other catalogs and thus might be used for improving such catalogs.

Pertussis epidemiology in adults: Retrospective analysis of pertussis incidence and association with comorbidities among adult populations in Aotearoa New Zealand, using national administrative datasets

BackgroundIn New Zealand, approximately half reported pertussis cases are adult. Studies indicate underestimated pertussis burden in this population and probable reservoir for childhood pertussis. Pertussis is linked to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) development and increased risk with pre-existing COPD. While acellular pertussis vaccines are available for adults, data on pertussis disease burden in adults and association with COPD remain limited. AimTo estimate pertussis incidence in New Zealand adult health service user (HSU) population aged ≥ 18 between 2008–2019 and inform adult pertussis vaccination strategies by assessing disease burden and risk factors in different adult populations. MethodsRetrospective observational cohort study using an HSU cohort, formed by linking administrative health data using unique National Health Index identifier. For primary analysis, annual incidence rates were calculated using pertussis hospitalisations and notifications. In secondary analysis, Cox proportional hazards survival analyses explored association between pertussis in adults and chronic comorbidities. ResultsThe cohort had 2,907,258 participants in 2008 and grew to 3,513,327 by 2019, with 11,139 pertussis cases reported. Highest annual incidence rate of 84.77 per 100,000 PYRS in 2012, notably affecting females, those aged 30–49 years, and European or Māori ethnicity. Adjusting for sociodemographic variables found no significant risk of prior pertussis notification leading to comorbidity diagnosis (Adjusted-HR: 0.972). However, individuals with prior comorbidity diagnosis had 16 % greater risk of receiving pertussis notification or diagnosis (Adjusted-HR: 1.162). ConclusionsStudy found significant pertussis burden among the HSU adult cohort and highlighted higher risk of pertussis for those with recent comorbidity diagnoses. Vaccination for pertussis should be recommended for individuals with comorbidities to reduce infection risk and disease severity. GPs must have capability to test for pertussis, given it is notifiable disease with implications for individuals, their families, and broader population. High-quality disease surveillance is crucial for informing policy decisions.

Restrictions applied by WTO countries in international trade in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic

Abstract Objective The present article discusses changes in tariff and non-tariff restrictions applied in World Trade Organization (WTO) countries during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods The employed research tools were a review and analysis of literature along with source statistical data of WTO, UNCTAD, OECD, and ITC. Findings During the pandemic, the average level of tariffs in the WTO countries did not change significantly. From 2019 to 2021, the standard level of duties amounted to less than 15% in more than 90% of the member states. In contrast, 2020 saw an unprecedented increase since 1995 in the number of new non-tariff measures introduced without prior notification. As a result, the restrictions applied as a whole covered the most significant part of world trade since 2009 (13.6%). The newly introduced restrictive measures affected trade worth US$68.8 billion in 2020, i.e., over half as much as in 2019 (US$46.2 billion). Originality A noneconomic factor (pandemic) caused the WTO countries to introduce restrictions that were permitted but eluded normal procedures. This calls into question the effectiveness of liberalization measures within the WTO.

제3자 소지·보관 정보증거의 압수·수색과 참여권자 문제

Recently, the Supreme Court has emphasized the importance of 'the right to participate of the confiscated person' in the search and seizure process as a procedural tool to prevent illegal excessive seizure of electronic stored information(ESI), and related precedents have emerged one after another. The mainstream of precedents, such as the Supreme Court's decision on May 26, 2011, 2009 Mo110 and July 16, 2015, 2011 Mo1839 en banc decision, regarded the subject of the right to participate in the search and seizure of ESI as the confiscated person. However, in a situation where an investigative agency arbitrarily submits or confiscates an information storage device containing the suspect's ESI from a third party, if the right to participate is just formally guaranteed, the suspect, who is the information owner, is excluded from the procedure and there has been a problem that the legal system cannot effectively prevent illegal excessive seizure. Accordingly, the Supreme Court recently formed the legal principle of the right to participate in the “actual confiscated person” to guarantee the right to participate in the suspect. However, it is said that the right to participate at this time should not be recognized in the position of the suspect, but should have the “exclusive management and disposition of electronic information.” These “exclusive management and disposition” must be held at the time of seizure or near the time. According to the recent Supreme Court's decision on September 18, 2023, the principal offender and the owner of the information storage device who instigated the concealment of evidence do not constitute a “actual confiscated person” who becomes the subject of the right to participate by transferring the “exclusive management and disposition” to the evidence concealment offender.&#x0D; The Supreme Court cites Articles 121 and 123 of the Criminal Procedure Act as the legal basis for the confiscated person's right to participate. However, those regulations differ in purpose and content, and the attitude of the precedent presented as the basis for the confiscated person's right to participate is not valid without a clear distinction. In particular, the case law on the right to participate of the “actual confiscated person” has a problem of impairing procedural stability because the legal basis is not clear. It is desirable to clearly distinguish the legal principles of the right to participate in the search and seizure of electronic information, which have been led and accumulated by the Supreme Court, according to the purpose and nature of each participant's right to participate, and the basis under the current law, and form a legal principles on the scope of the participant when confiscating information on such legal and logical premises.&#x0D; Since Article 121 of the Criminal Procedure Act stipulates the defendant's right to participate in the search and seizure, and Article 219 applies mutatis mutandis to the search and seizure of investigative agencies, the suspect is the subject of the right to participate. However, since investigative activities are essentially required to be covert, an exception to prior notice of execution is granted if they fall under the 'case of rapid demand' in the clues of Article 122, such as concerns about destruction of evidence. This does not deny or limit the suspect's right to participate. However, it is not necessary to notify the suspect of the execution at the stage of search and seizure outside the field as long as the execution is initiated without prior notice.&#x0D; On the other hand, although there is no clear ground rule under the Criminal Procedure Act, the right to participate of the confiscated person is naturally recognized in the overall legal system, or the basis can be found in the regulation of the right to participate in Article 123. The meaning of the confiscated person can be interpreted as being the actual confiscated among the owner o

행정절차법상 ‘위반사실 등의 공표’에 관한 소고

Under the ｢Administrative Procedure Act｣, the “publication of violations, etc.” was enacted in 2022. Many individual laws stipulate the publication of violations, and each individual law has inconsistent party protection regulations, and there are even individual laws that do not have party protection regulations. Administrative law academia has consistently pointed out these problems, and such efforts have resulted in the publication of violations under the ｢Administrative Procedure Act｣. However, it would be reasonable to admit only when the public's public interest in preventing the spread of damage to important interests such as public health and safety is recognized because the announcement of the violation can cause significant damage to the party and even if the party's protection regulations are established. On the other hand, it is questionable whether it is reasonable to utilize the public announcement of violations for the public interest of managing the national treasury through voluntary redemption of subsidies. Therefore, it is thought that in the future, research on the publication of violations under the ｢Administrative Procedure Act｣ and existing individual laws should be conducted together. In addition, if you analyze the provisions of the publication of violations under the ｢Administrative Procedure Act｣, administrative power may be abused, and the procedural regulations are not yet complete in the enforcement decree and enforcement regulations for the protection of the parties. In particular, unlike the announcement of violations, preliminary measures such as the initiation of investigation of ingredients do not have the opportunity to give prior notice and submit opinions that can be received in the disposal process as a pre-disposal step, and such measures are reported to the media to guarantee the people's right to know, causing irreparable damage to the parties. Therefore, external experts should be involved in each publication stage to prevent abuse of administrative power, and the protection of the parties should be strengthened by quickly supplementing specific procedures for publication. In addition, the announcement of violations under the ｢Administrative Procedure Act｣ should be revised to include pre-disposal measures, and it is necessary to consider the introduction of a preliminary relief system as well as strengthening post-mortem remedies for damages.

Factors Associated with Increased Knowledge about Breast Density in South Australian Women Undergoing Breast Cancer Screening.

Background: There is growing awareness of breast density in women attending breast cancer screening; however, it is unclear whether this awareness is associated with increased knowledge. This study aims to evaluate breast density knowledge among Australian women attending breast cancer screening. Method: This cross-sectional study was conducted on women undergoing breast cancer screening at The Queen Elizabeth Hospital Breast/Endocrine outpatient department. Participants were provided with a questionnaire to assess knowledge, awareness, and desire to know their own breast density. Result: Of the 350 women who participated, 61% were familiar with 'breast density' and 57% had 'some knowledge'. Prior breast density notification (OR = 4.99, 95% CI = 2.76, 9.03; p = 0.004), awareness (OR = 4.05, 95% CI = 2.57, 6.39; p = 0.004), younger age (OR = 0.97, 95% CI = 0.96, 0.99; p = 0.02), and English as the language spoken at home (OR = 3.29, 95% CI = 1.23, 8.77; p = 0.02) were independent predictors of 'some knowledge' of breast density. A significant proportion of participants (82%) expressed desire to ascertain their individual breast density. Conclusions: While knowledge of breast density in this Australian cohort is generally quite low, we have identified factors associated with increased knowledge. Further research is required to determine optimal interventions to increase breast density knowledge.

The Scourge of Job Deceit: Teenager’s Prostitution and Baby Factories in Nigeria

Could ignorance on the part of parents and economic hardship be the reasons they fall prey to job deceit, which might have led to teenager prostitution and baby factories, or could the parents be aware of the practice and just want to use their child as a survival wage? It was against these backdrops that this study examined ‘the Scourge of Job Deceit: Teenagers' Prostitution and Baby Factories in Nigeria’. The research design is explorative in nature. The sample size for the study was 35 residents in cities and towns who identified as having experienced this act. A questionnaire was developed, titled Job Deceit: Teenagers' Prostitution and Baby Factories in Nigeria, which has a reliability coefficient of 0.75. In scoring the instrument, the study adopted the measure of central tendency (the mean score). The highest possible mean average was 4.00, while the least was 1.00; the mid-point mean was 2.50 (since it was a four-point scale). Content analysis was used for the newspaper review. Findings from the study revealed that people complain that most jobs' posters or banners with phone numbers promising huge pay are deceitful. On this note, the study concluded that teenagers are lured into prostitution and babymaking in baby factories on the premise of employment and financial liberation from poverty for their struggling families. A recommendation was made that parents should desist from the act of giving their teenage children to people who promise to help get them jobs in the city without prior notice.