Prior Commitment Research Articles

Justificatory Moral Pluralism: A Novel Form of Environmental Pragmatism

Moral reasoning typically informs environmental decision-making by measuring the possible outcomes of policies or actions in light of a preferred ethical theory. This method is subject to many problems. Environmental pragmatism tries to overcome them, but it suffers also from some pitfalls. This paper proposes a new method of environmental pragmatism that avoids the problems of both the traditional method of environmental moral reasoning and of the general versions of environmental pragmatism. We call it ‘justificatory moral pluralism’ – it develops the intuition that normative ethical theories need not be mutually exclusive. This leaves room for important forms of pluralist environmental ethics that do not require a once-and-for-all prior commitment to an ethical theory when deciding about policies or courses of action related to the protection of the environment. Justificatory moral pluralism offers a viable solution to the recurrent conflicts between efficient environmental decisions and the need for moral reasoning.

Predictors of physical activity among women in Bojnourd, north east of Iran: Pender\u2019s health promotion model

BackgroundThis study examined how socio-demographic characteristics constructs derived from the health promotion model (HPM) influence the level of physical activity (PA) women in Bojnourd, North East of Iran.MethodThis cross-sectional study has been carried out through multi-stage sampling design on 356 women aged 18–60 years living in Iran. Data was collected through reliable and valid questionnaire survey women who were selected from their homes.ResultsMost of participants (53.40%) had a low level of physical activity behaviors with minimal physical activity (PA) scores. Using regression analysis showed that 23.22% of the total variance in PA behaviors was predicted by socio-demographic variables, whilst 40.81% of the variance in PA behaviors was predicted by constructs from the HPM. The results from Path modeling indicated that prior behavior, interpersonal influences, perceived self-efficacy, perceived barriers and commitment to PA, were significant predictors for PA behaviors with 86.93% of total effects on PA, whereas, activity-related affect and situational influences had no significant effect on the PA behaviors.ConclusionsWe found that constructs derived from the HPM are determinants of PA among Iranian women and may be important in developing educational intervention programs to facilitate a physically active lifestyle in this population.

Who Supplies PPP Loans (and Does It Matter)? Banks, Relationships, and the COVID Crisis

AbstractWe analyze the bank supply of credit under the Paycheck Protection Program (PPP). The literature emphasizes relationships as a means to improve lender information, which helps banks manage credit risk. Despite imposing no risk, however, the PPP supply reflects traditional measures of relationship lending: decreasing in bank size and increasing in prior experience, commitment lending, and core deposits. Our results suggest a new benefit of bank relationships: They help firms access government-subsidized lending. Consistent with this benefit, we show that the bank PPP supply, based on the structure of the local banking sector, alleviates increases in unemployment.

Advocating for The Sustainability of Semai Indigenous Music Through The Collaborative Creation of New Traditional Music: A Participatory Action Research (PAR) Methodology

This article provides a critical reflection on the participatory approach methodology and the collaborative creation approach used in an advocacy project to sustain the musical heritage of the indigenous Semai community in Malaysia. These approaches were examined through the medium of an advocacy project that aimed to stimulate the interest of Semai youth in traditional music through relevance, engagement, and connection with their current musical interest and skills. The intention of the project was to also co-create new traditional music with the Semai youth through live musical interaction, improvisation and jam sessions with the research team. This article explored the research team’s use of the “Participatory Action Research” (PAR) method, which involved planning, action, observation, reflection, and revision during the initial stages of our advocacy project. Our findings suggest a narrative style in discussing advocacy processes because they occur in a lateral than the linear or cyclical format used in current action research models. Findings also reveal that any attempts to advocate change in the community would firstly require an established relationship of trust, respect, and belief in the research team. The research team would have to have had prior involvement, commitment, and dedication to the community before members of the team could influence change among the community. A self-review of the research team’s effort to co-create new traditional music with Semai youth led to the conclusion that co-creation between musicians of different musical training would require a “new” compositional method that negotiates Western musical composition techniques with the oral tradition of creating music.

Reconciling the effects of positive and negative electronic word of mouth: roles of confirmation bias and involvement

PurposeThe study explored users' tendency of confirmation bias when processing congenial vs. uncongenial electronic-word-of-mouth (e-WOM) about mystery fictions, a hedonic product category with strong experience and hedonic characters.Design/methodology/approachA two-stage judgment approach was employed where the participants were asked to judge a set of mystery novels twice: one before, and another after they were exposed to positive and negative e-WOM. The first-stage judgment established two favored and two disfavored titles by each participant. They were then asked to read six consumer reviews – three positive and three negative – for each of the four titles. The procedures created four review evaluation situations: two congruent and two incongruent, which allowed the authors to assess the participants' perceptions of congenial and uncongenial reviews and their rating adjustments of the titles. Participants' involvement in mystery novels was also measured to test its moderating effect on confirmation bias.FindingsConfirmation bias in the evaluation of e-WOM was observed and reinforced by the user's involvement in the genre. Congenial reviews were perceived to be significantly more credible, better reflect the intrinsic value of a title and less subjectively motivated than uncongenial reviews. Furthermore, after exposure to equal amount of positive and negative e-WOM, an asymmetrical adjustment of final rating of the titles was observed. A significantly greater downward adjustment was observed for disfavored than favored titles. Stronger positive confirmation bias was also observed in the evaluation of WOM.Research limitations/implicationsPrevious studies on e-WOM have shown conflicting findings on the relative efficacy of positive vs. negative reviews. By introducing the factor of prior attitudes, the study demonstrated that whether WOM is consistent with an individual's prior attitude, rather than the valences of WOM in itself, determines its persuasiveness. Thus, it established the confirmation bias in users' processing of e-WOM. The finding highlights the importance for marketers to establish a positive initial impression, which, as the findings demonstrated, helps alleviate the damages caused by negative WOM.Originality/valueThis is the first study that has ever attempted to study the effect of confirmation bias during the users' processing of e-WOM in an experimental setting. By having the participants judge the books before and after exposure to congenial and uncongenial e-WOM, the authors were able to establish the link between the users' prior commitment to a book and their subsequent judgment of both the titles and the e-WOM.Peer reviewThe peer review history for this article is available at: https://publons.com/publon/10.1108/OIR-01-2020-0026

Evolution of coordination in pairwise and multi-player interactions via prior commitments

Upon starting a collective endeavour, it is important to understand your partners’ preferences and how strongly they commit to a common goal. Establishing a prior commitment or agreement in terms of posterior benefits and consequences from those engaging in it provides an important mechanism for securing cooperation. Resorting to methods from Evolutionary Game Theory (EGT), here we analyse how prior commitments can also be adopted as a tool for enhancing coordination when its outcomes exhibit an asymmetric payoff structure, in both pairwise and multi-party interactions. Arguably, coordination is more complex to achieve than cooperation since there might be several desirable collective outcomes in a coordination problem (compared to mutual cooperation, the only desirable collective outcome in cooperation dilemmas). Our analysis, both analytically and via numerical simulations, shows that whether prior commitment would be a viable evolutionary mechanism for enhancing coordination and the overall population social welfare strongly depends on the collective benefit and severity of competition, and more importantly, how asymmetric benefits are resolved in a commitment deal. Moreover, in multi-party interactions, prior commitments prove to be crucial when a high level of group diversity is required for optimal coordination. The results are robust for different selection intensities. Overall, our analysis provides new insights into the complexity and beauty of behavioural evolution driven by humans’ capacity for commitment, as well as for the design of self-organised and distributed multi-agent systems for ensuring coordination among autonomous agents.

Democratizing the Dramatic Text: Wannous’s Late Aesthetics and Individual Freedom

Sadallah Wannous (1941-1997), the Arab World’s most celebrated dramatist, gave up on the didactic art of the ‘theater of politicization’, in the middle of his career, in favor of a freer introspection of human psyche and passions. He spent his most prolific late years searching for new aesthetics and promoting a culture of free thinking. Abandoning his prior commitment to achieving the modern state, Arabic unity, the liberation of Palestine and the triumph of communism, he started creating individuals who are caught up in conflicting passions, loyalties and choices. However, his new themes will still betray a will to reform the many ailments in Arabic culture and politics, such as politico-religious coalitions and colonialism. This article will study the artistic and ideological transformation in Wannous’s later drama. It will also explore the later pro-democracy trends through analyzing the emerging individualism in characterization and the plurality of discourses in the plays of the later period 1989-1997, namely The Rape (1989), Historical Miniatures (1993), Miserable Dreams (1994), Rituals of Signs and Transformations (1994), and Drunken Days (1997).

Examination of Applicants for Home Purchase Subsidy for Families in Terms of Prior Commitment to Having Children and Extent of Property Acquisition, Based on the Data of a Credit Institution

By examining a credit institution’s database for the period 2016–2020, the authors aimed to discover the extent to which Home Purchase Subsidy (HPS) for families applicants use the subsidy received in return for committing to having children in Hungary. The current study also examines which social groups the HPS provides essential assistance to with home purchasing, and at which income level and property value the subsidy motivates the purchase of a second home. Using cluster analysis, the authors found that groups with modest incomes and housing are the most likely to commit to having children in advance. Though the subsidy assists this group the most with housing, the amount received from the subsidy is small. Moreover, the current study revealed that 8 per cent of applicants used the subsidy to purchase a second property.

Life after Social Death: Leaving the Jehovah\u2019s Witnesses, Identity Transition and Recovery

It is well documented that religiosity is linked with positive indicators of well-being, but less research has examined the psychosocial impacts of leaving “high-control” religions. Theoretically situated in recovery and desistance literature underpinned by the social identity approach, the current study examined cross-sectionally the extent to which ‘disfellowshipped’ former Jehovah’s Witnesses’ experiences of ostracism and post-exit identification with others are associated with diminished psychological well-being and identity transition success. It also examined the extent to which the type of exit (forced vs. voluntary) and prior religious commitment shaped these outcomes. The authors recruited 554 adults (62% female; M age = 37.26, SD age = 12.82) via online social support networks for former Jehovah’s Witnesses. Path analysis tested the mediating and moderating functions of exit method (forced vs. voluntary), commitment level during membership, and post-exit group identification with groups on outcomes of identity transition, recovery identity, self-esteem, and well-being. Results indicate that individuals who voluntarily left the Jehovah’s Witnesses reported more ostracism than those who were disfellowshipped (forced out) and that a higher level of prior religious commitment was associated with post-religious identity transition success and diminished self-esteem. Findings further suggest that distinct aspects of respondents’ social identity were related differentially to outcomes in partial support of the theoretical framework. Future research and theory development efforts are deemed necessary to better understand the etiology of how exiting high-control religions impacts psychosocial outcomes.

Manifestaciones gastrointestinales por COVID-19 en pacientes geriátricos del hospital general de Manta

Los coronavirus, familias de virus ARN con capacidad de infectar humanos y animales. Están asociados al síndrome respiratorio agudo (SARS-CoV-2), desató una pandemia, de inicio en la ciudad de Wuhan, China. Este virus es capaz de infectar células mediante la unión de su proteína espícula al receptor enzima convertidora de angiotensina II (ACE-II). Esta, no se expresa exclusivamente en tracto respiratorio, también se ha encontrado en el epitelio gastrointestinal, entre otros tejidos. El objetivo del estudio fue identificar manifestaciones gastrointestinales más frecuentes, causadas por la enfermedad COVID-19, en pacientes geriátricos del Hospital General Manta periodo de marzo - agosto 2020. Se trabajó un estudio cuantitativo, descriptivo de corte trasversal en 154 pacientes geriátricos que padecieron COVID-19. Los datos fueron recolectados a través de la base de datos e historias clínicas proporcionadas en el Hospital General de Manta previo compromiso de confidencialidad. Los principales resultados destacan que la frecuencia de los síntomas gastrointestinales varió del 2 % al 34 %, siendo náuseas y vómitos los síntomas más reportados, seguido de diarrea y dolor abdominal. El uso combinado de Azitromicina combinada con cloroquina, indica 46% de síntomas en el aparato digestivo; y con uso exclusivo de Azitromicina 45% de la población manifestó síntomas gastrointestinales. Es importante y urgente reconocer los síntomas gastrointestinales que presenta esta enfermedad para definir las medidas preventivas, atención clínica y tratamiento, por ende los médicos deberían estar alertas a esta sintomatología en los pacientes enfermedad de covid-19, especialmente ahora en la pandemia.

Psychosocial Determinants of Changes in Dietary Behaviors Among Iranian Women: An Application of the Pender's Health Promotion Model.

Data on how the complex cognitive processes, personal, and social factors influence health promoting behaviors of women are very limited and the results have been inconsistent. Here, we examine how prior behaviors, behavior-specific cognition (perceived benefits/barriers, self efficacy, and activity-related affect), situational and interpersonal factors (social support, modeling, and norms) associated with the level of dietary behaviors in Iranian women. A cross sectional survey of 356 women aged 18-60 years from health care centers in Iran was undertaken from October 2015 to September 2016. Multiple analytical models and Pender's health promotion model (HPM) were implemented to examine the effectiveness of HPM and its potential constructs on PA behaviors. The instruments used were designed using Pender's HPM as a basis. The path model fitted data and accounted for 51% of the variance in dietary behaviors; and prior behavior, perceived self-efficacy, interpersonal influences, and commitment to plan were significantly associated with dietary behavior. We found that constructs from the HPM are empirically improved dietary behavior among the women population. This result provides a suitable source for designing strategies of a nutrition education intervention for improving the frequency and nutrient intake of breakfast consumption among female students.

Knowledge and Voluntary Injustice in the Hippias Minor

Abstract Plato’s Hippias Minor proposes a thesis that I call the Superiority of the Voluntary Wrongdoer (SVW), which states that the person doing something wrong voluntarily is better than the person doing it wrong involuntarily. This claim has long unsettled scholars, who have tried to determine whether Socrates is serious about SVW or disavows it. The primary strategy among interpreters is to appeal to Socrates’ prior commitment to the “Socratic paradox” that no one does injustice voluntarily; with the Socratic paradox in the background, it is argued, we can better understand how Socrates treats SVW. In this paper, I aim to show that the Hippias Minor points us towards a different understanding of SVW and the Socratic paradox, with implications for their role both in the dialogue and in Plato’s philosophy as a whole. My first step towards this understanding is to consider the distinctive methodology of the Hippias Minor. Socrates’ attitude towards his and Hippias’ arguments is characterized by πλάνη, or wavering; I argue that this wavering shows that Socrates wants to determine how he might accommodate what is compelling about both his and Hippias’ positions, rather than choosing one over the other. To that end, I look more closely at what each interlocutor proposes in the dialogue, concluding that many of their primary commitments are shared by both interlocutors and do not contradict. We do not, then, need to throw out SVW, and we can grasp the true role of the Socratic paradox: it is not axiomatic but a conditional conclusion of the dialogue, and Socrates’ attempt to reconcile SVW with Hippias’ arguments provides reasons and motivation for accepting it. Accordingly, we cannot assume that the Socratic paradox will be in place, and we should look for some indication in the Hippias Minor as to why it could hold. I argue that the dialogue provides a framework for doing so, by taking steps towards a new understanding of knowledge (epistēmē) that can support the Socratic paradox. These moves put the Hippias Minor in the position of beginning to examine and develop key ideas in Plato’s ethics and epistemology.

Willpower with and without effort

Most authors who discuss willpower assume that everyone knows what it is, but our assumptions differ to such an extent that we talk past each other. We agree that willpower is the psychological function that resists temptations - variously known as impulses, addictions, or bad habits; that it operates simultaneously with temptations, without prior commitment; and that use of it is limited by its cost, commonly called effort, as well as by the person's skill at executive functioning. However, accounts are usually not clear about how motivation functions during the application of willpower, or how motivation is related to effort. Some accounts depict willpower as the perceiving or formation of motivational contingencies that outweigh the temptation, and some depict it as a continuous use of mechanisms that interfere with re-weighing the temptation. Some others now suggest that impulse control can bypass motivation altogether, although they refer to this route as habit rather than willpower.It is argued here that willpower should be recognized as either or both of two distinct functions, which can be called resolve and suppression. Resolve is based on interpretation of a current choice as a test case for a broader set of future choices, which puts at stake more than the outcome of the current choice. Suppression is inhibiting valuation of (modulating) and/or keeping attention from (filtering) immediate alternatives to a current intention. Perception of current choices as test cases for broader outcomes may result in reliable preference for these outcomes, which is experienced as an effortless habit - a successful result of resolve, not an alternative method of self-control. Some possible brain imaging correlates are reviewed.

Price-quality trade-off in procurement auctions with an uncertain quality threshold

Procuring high-quality goods at reasonable prices is a critical public sector concern. Yet, procurers often do not advertise clear weighting rules for price and quality but set a flexible quality threshold upon participation. This paper studies endogenous entry and bidding behavior in such procurement auctions. Using unique data on pharmaceutical procurement in Guangdong, China, we find that a high-quality index acts as a signal of high production costs. We also observe that high-quality bidders are more likely to withdraw from bidding because of their prior commitment to quality. The procurers who use quality indicators in price auctions need a carefully considered quality threshold. Our results have important implications for price-quality trade-offs in procurements that have uncertain quality thresholds.

A quantitative theory of time-consistent unemployment insurance

During recessions, the U.S. government substantially increases the duration of unemployment insurance (UI) benefits through multiple extensions. Benefit extensions increase UI coverage and lead to higher average consumption of unemployed workers, but the expectation of an extension may reduce unemployed worker’s job search incentives and lead to higher future unemployment. We show that benefit extensions in recessions arise naturally when the government forgoes prior commitment and makes discretionary UI policies. We endogenize a time-consistent non-commitment UI policy in a stochastic equilibrium search model, and use the model to quantitatively evaluate the benefit extensions implemented during the Great Recession. Switching to the (Ramsey) commitment policy would reduce the unemployment by 2.9 percentage points with small welfare gains.

Resist or Give in to an Alternative: Post-Decisional Evaluations of Cost, Value and Regret in the Choice

This study presents a comparative analysis of post-decisional evaluations with reference to a choice made by the subject between an option with an antecedent that had a pleasurable finality while the alternative option was orientated respectively to the undertaking something useful, to fulfilling an obligation, or to the respect of a prior commitment with others. The study focalizes on a particular condition of the subject’s awareness; that is to say that the decision was made with a will to resist to the alternative option, or the knowledge that he has substantially chosen to succumb to the pressure exercised by the alternative option. The study showed such an awareness condition had a significant effect on fundamental judgments that accompany and follow the decisional act, i.e. the rating of the cost of the choice, the value attributed to the choice, the regret associated to the option renounced by the subject.

Exploring the implementation of the Community for Successful Ageing (ComSA)program in Singapore: lessons learnt on program delivery for improving BioPsychoSocial health

BackgroundThe Community for Successful Ageing (ComSA) program has implemented overlapping BioPsychoSocial (BPS) components as part of a Community Development (CD) grassroots and volunteer-led initiative. Implementation of such multi-component programming is influenced by known program characteristics including novelty, complexity and observability as well as related organizational factors. As such, we explored ComSA CD’s implementation from the organizational perspective, seeking to inform program improvements.MethodsWe conducted four focus groups with program staff, partners and trainers (total N = 21 participants). Findings were analysed using an interpretative approach and synthesized into a line of argument informing lessons learnt.ResultsAn implementation framework was identified. It is guided by considering the influence of known program characteristics across major themes, representing three core implementation stages. These and supporting sub-themes are elaborated in turn:Creating commitment toward the program was challenged by novelty and at times a lack of shared understanding of ComSA CD, particularly relating to the S component. Overall, cohesion within organizational contexts and having a strong rapport with the community (ability to engage) were needed to persuade volunteers and participants to commit to the program.Coordination and resource allocation were influenced by the complexity of interconnecting BPS components - requiring aligning communication between partners and adapting the BPS sequence, given the separated management structure of program trainers. Efficiency of resource utilization was constrained by the ability to pool and match resources given the limited manpower and community partners who worked-in-silo due to a KPI-centric culture.Collaborative program monitoring and appraisal increased observability of the program’s benefits, but depended on partners’ prior commitment. Despite appreciating its holistic BPS programming, dropout rate was used as a way to gauge program success, which has limited interpretability. Occasional uncertainty about the program value contributed to concerns about duplicating existing ageing programs, particularly those related to the B component.ConclusionLessons learnt for improving BPS programming include (1) eliciting better participants’ buy-in and shared program vision, (2) increasing adaptability of BPS sequence and building a culture of shared values for working together (3) and developing comprehensive monitoring systems for program appraisal.

Determinants of corporate compliance with modern slavery reporting

PurposeThis paper aims to investigate the determinants of corporate compliance with the transparency in supply chains provision of the UK Modern Slavery Act. While recent scholarship has described what firms are doing to comply with this Act, no attempt has been made to explain their behaviour.Design/methodology/approachA predictive model of corporate compliance with modern slavery reporting is tested using secondary data from Financial Times Stock Exchange 350 firms. The model is informed by institutional theory and, in particular, by Oliver’s (1991) insights into the conditions under, which firms respond to institutional pressures.FindingsCompliance with modern slavery reporting is found to be significantly related to firm size, prior social responsibility commitment, network involvement, industry and headquarter base (UK versus non-UK). Other predictors such as media exposure, shareholder concentration and profitability are found to be non-significant.Research limitations/implicationsThe focus is on the 350 largest publicly listed companies in the UK. The stances that firms outside of this cohort are taking on modern slavery reporting still need to be investigated.Practical implicationsCompliance with the UK Modern Slavery Act varies by industry. Regulators should consider this as a part of risk profiling strategies and follow-up inspection of firms.Originality/valueThis paper provides the first theoretically grounded examination of the organisational and environmental factors that determine corporate compliance with modern slavery reporting.

YI03.02 How to Apply for International Fellowship?

International fellowship to pursue further training is an important part of career development for junior clinicians and investigators. International fellowship will not only increase the clinical and/or research skill of the fellow, it also offers an important opportunity to establish interaction network with senior investigators and peer young investigators across the world. When applying for international fellowship, several aspects should be considered: (1) choosing the field for further training, (2) application procedure, and (3) funding availability. The choice of field for further training will largely determine the future career of the candidate and should be in line with one’s scientific or career passion and clinical/research interest. Prior experience with a role model and mentorship during earlier formative years usually has great influence on one’s decision to pursue career choice. Fellowship training can be limited to clinical only, research only or combined clinical and research training; the latter for a candidate who wishes to pursue clinician-scientist career. Once a decision to pursue further training is made, the candidate should look for fellowship opportunities. This is often through discussion with local mentors or colleagues with prior international fellowship experience, or via familiarity with potential mentors who have published extensively in the area of candidate’s interest or have lectured at international meetings. On-line searches for institutions with established fellowship program may also be useful, but many training programs may not be openly advertised, thus personal approaches and recommendations are often more fruitful. Writing an application letter that demonstrates strong background, qualification, prior track record, commitment and clear post-fellowship career pathway are key elements to win an opportunity for further interview. Availability of secured partial/full funding from local Institution or independent funding agency is a great asset for an application. While one year fellowship that involves only clinical training may be sufficient, training that involves laboratory research will usually require a minimum of 2 years tenure, as the latter usually requires more time to accomplish specific research projects. In such case, preliminary data obtained during first fellowship year may greatly contribute to applications for fellowship offered by international societies (e.g., IASLC, ASCO, AACR) or funding agencies. Training, career development, fellowship fund

240 Assisted Decision Making (Capacity) Act 2015: Embracing the Paradigm Shift

Abstract Background In a conference 2018, Senator Kelleher said she concurred with the statement describing ADMA “…. as a paradigm shift…a major, major culture shift which has yet to work through our societal systems….”(1) In 2016, a senior and manager speech and language therapist (SLT) won the Dementia Elevator Innovation Award with the project “Empowering Persons with Dementia to Become More Active Participants in Decision Making Related to Their Present and Future Needs”. The IASLT Position Statement on the role of the speech and language therapist (SLT) in assessing Capacity and Facilitating Understanding to Support Decision Making for Adults with Communication Disabilities 2017 names training others in assisted decision making as a key SLT role. Talking Mats (TM) (2) may help address some training issues outlined. TM is discussed in NICE-Capacity Guidelines 2018. The Phase 1 project outlined recommends progression to Phase 2. Methods In 2018, the senior SLT trained SLTs working professionally with people with dementia across different service settings. They made a prior commitment to attend and complete the course and to trial TM with people with dementia. Results The Phase 1 report Dec 18 contains 16 brief case studies. Some initial findings: Facilitates strengths rather than deficits.Helpful for assisted decision-making when listeners are trained.Pictures help maintain attention and aid comprehension.Pictorial record of photographed TM viewed very positively, particularly for meetings.Video recording sessions, with consent, greatly enhances reflective practice.It helped address the unmet needs of one person with dementia who presented with responsive behaviour. Conclusion Talking Mats was strongly endorsed by all participants. Recommendations in Phase 1 report 2018 included progressing to Phase 2 i.e. training the six SLTs to become TM trainers and commence cascading through the system. We are currently awaiting funding approval.