Prior Action Research Articles

Judicial Preclusion in International Arbitration: Comparative Analysis of UK, Australia, and Malaysia’s Practices

This paper examines the issue of judicial preclusion in international arbitration, focusing on whether an award-debtor’s failure to challenge a foreign award at the supervisory court precludes them from contesting the enforcement of an award in another jurisdiction. Through a comparative analysis of judicial practices in the United Kingdom, Australia, and Malaysia, the study evaluates the extent of harmonisation in the application of Article V of the Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards 1958 (NYC 1958). The findings reveal divergences: while UK and Australian courts adopt a flexible approach, allowing enforcement-stage challenges irrespective of prior actions at the supervisory court, Malaysian courts demonstrate a strong pro-enforcement bias, often deferring to the decisions of the supervisory court and restricting opportunities for re-litigation. This paper engages with the theories of res judicata and finality, exploring their interplay with judicial discretion and highlighting the tension between fairness and the finality of arbitration awards. It concludes with critical recommendations for enhancing harmonisation under the NYC 1958, including clearer guidelines on judicial preclusion, the integration of international best practices, and reforms to balance enforcement predictability and certainty in international arbitration

An Exploratory Study of Contextual Control Modes in Teamwork.

This study investigated the relationship between human team member contextual control and team performance under time constraints. Contextual control modes, which describe different strategies for action selection in dynamic environments, characterize how humans maintain performance under variable demands. Control modes have not yet been studied in teamwork settings. Modeling of the cross-level interaction between team members' control modes and emerging team behaviors can improve understanding of effective teamwork in dynamic environments. A human-subjects study explored the relationship between individual contextual control and team performance. Questionnaires about contextual control were used to elicit individual control modes. Analysis compared team members' control modes and investigated how control modes changed under varying time pressures. Participant's control modes differed in their look ahead horizon, the extensiveness of prior action evaluation, and their prior experience. Many team members shifted control modes during trials, resulting in both convergence and divergence of paired control modes. No effects on communication rate were found due to changes in team members' control modes, but partially significant findings may suggest that the control mode divergence affects performance. Teams can operate in multiple control mode configurations that change dynamically according to context. Further research with an increased sample size is warranted to analyze how time constraints influence team members' control modes and overall teaming processes and whether divergence of team control mode is favorable under time pressures. Further study of contextual control in teams may help improve team design to better support teams in coping with time constraints in dynamic environments.

Measuring cognitive effort using tabular transformer-based language models of electronic health record-based audit log action sequences.

To develop and validate a novel measure, action entropy, for assessing the cognitive effort associated with electronic health record (EHR)-based work activities. EHR-based audit logs of attending physicians and advanced practice providers (APPs) from four surgical intensive care units in 2019 were included. Neural language models (LMs) were trained and validated separately for attendings' and APPs' action sequences. Action entropy was calculated as the cross-entropy associated with the predicted probability of the next action, based on prior actions. To validate the measure, a matched pairs study was conducted to assess the difference in action entropy during known high cognitive effort scenarios, namely, attention switching between patients and to or from the EHR inbox. Sixty-five clinicians performing 5904429 EHR-based audit log actions on 8956 unique patients were included. All attention switching scenarios were associated with a higher action entropy compared to non-switching scenarios (P < .001), except for the from-inbox switching scenario among APPs. The highest difference among attendings was for the from-inbox attention switching: Action entropy was 1.288 (95% CI, 1.256-1.320) standard deviations (SDs) higher for switching compared to non-switching scenarios. For APPs, the highest difference was for the to-inbox switching, where action entropy was 2.354 (95% CI, 2.311-2.397) SDs higher for switching compared to non-switching scenarios. We developed a LM-based metric, action entropy, for assessing cognitive burden associated with EHR-based actions. The metric showed discriminant validity and statistical significance when evaluated against known situations of high cognitive effort (ie, attention switching). With additional validation, this metric can potentially be used as a screening tool for assessing behavioral action phenotypes that are associated with higher cognitive burden. An LM-based action entropy metric-relying on sequences of EHR actions-offers opportunities for assessing cognitive effort in EHR-based workflows.

Osteoclast-derived coupling factors: origins and state-of-play Louis V Avioli lecture, ASBMR 2023.

Coupling, the mechanism that controls the sequence of events in bone remodeling, is a fundamental theory for understanding the way the skeleton changes throughout life. This review is an adapted version of the Louis V Avioli lecture, delivered at the Annual Scientific Meeting of the American Society of Bone and Mineral Research in 2023. It outlines the history of the coupling concept, details how coupling is thought to occur within trabecular and cortical bone, and describes its multiple contexts and the many mechanisms suggested to couple bone-forming osteoblasts to the prior action of osteoclasts on the same bone surface. These mechanisms include signals produced at each stage of the remodeling sequence (resorption, reversal, and formation), such as factors released by osteoclasts through their resorptive action and through protein synthesis, molecules deposited in the cement line during the reversal phase, and potential signals from osteocytes within the local bone environment. The review highlights two examples of coupling factors (Cardiotrophin 1 and EphrinB2:EphB4) to illustrate the limited data available, the need to integrate the many functions of these factors within the basic multicellular unit (BMU), and the multiple origins of these factors, including the other cell types present during the remodeling sequence (such as osteocytes, macrophages, endothelial cells, and T-cells).

The K346T mutant of GnT-III bearing weak in vitro and potent intracellular activity

BackgroundN-Acetylglucosaminyltransferase-III (GnT-III, also designated MGAT3) catalyzes the formation of a specific N-glycan branch, bisecting GlcNAc, in the Golgi apparatus. Bisecting GlcNAc is a key residue that suppresses N-glycan maturation and is associated with the pathogenesis of cancer and Alzheimer's disease. However, it remains unclear how GnT-III recognizes its substrates and how GnT-III activity is regulated in cells. MethodsUsing AlphaFold2 and structural comparisons, we predicted the key amino acid residues in GnT-III that interact with substrates in the catalytic pocket. We also performed in vitro activity assay, lectin blotting analysis and N-glycomic analysis using point mutants to assess their activity. ResultsOur data suggested that E320 of human GnT-III is the catalytic center. More interestingly, we found a unique mutant, K346T, that exhibited lower in vitro activity and higher intracellular activity than wild-type GnT-III. The enzyme assays using various substrates showed that the substrate specificity of K346T was unchanged, whereas cycloheximide chase experiments revealed that the K346T mutant has a slightly shorter half-life, suggesting that the mutant is unstable possibly due to a partial misfolding. Furthermore, TurboID-based proximity labeling showed that the localization of the K346T mutant is shifted slightly to the cis side of the Golgi, probably allowing for prior action to competing galactosyltransferases. ConclusionsThe slight difference in K346T localization may be responsible for the higher biosynthetic activity despite the reduced activity. General significanceOur findings underscore the importance of fine intra-Golgi localization and reaction orders of glycosyltransferases for the biosynthesis of complex glycan structures in cells.

The development of intent-based trust in moral testimony

Research has shown that by age 5–6 years, children fully integrate information about agents’ mental states into their verbal moral judgments: When asked to say whether an agent is morally good or bad, they rely on the agent’s intentions more than on its action’s outcomes. Research has also shown that from an early age, children use a plethora of social and moral cues when deciding whom to trust in learning and testimony situations. Here, for the first time, we asked if and how children’s trust in informants who relay information about the moral character of a novel agent is influenced by the valence of the intentions underlying the informants’ prior actions. Italian children aged 6 to 10 years (n = 219, 112 female) were first presented with two puppets and asked to judge them. One puppet accidentally caused harm (neutral intention, negative outcome), the other attempted but failed to do so (negative intention, neutral outcome). Next, the puppets gave contrasting testimonies about whether a novel agent was good or bad. Findings revealed that the tendency to trust the assessment of the well-intentioned puppet concerning the novel agent emerged at age 8, whereas younger children simply showed to believe that the novel agent was good, regardless of the testimonies they received. These results suggest that despite the ability to generate intent-based moral judgments emerges at age 5–6, the tendency to rely on intentions underlying past actions of informants when assessing informants’ testimonies about the moral character of a third party undergoes significant change in childhood.

Doing More than Confirming: Expanded Responses to Requests for Confirmation in German Talk-in-Interaction

Abstract While requests for confirmation (RfCs) make a yes/no-response relevant, recipients often produce more than a mere confirmation. Our paper explores expanded responses to RfCs in German talk-in-interaction. We focus on responses consisting of a confirmation and an additional TCU/action. Drawing on video data from mundane and institutional settings, we demonstrate how expanded responses are designed and fit the sequential environments in which they occur. We show four different functions fulfilled with expanded responses: (i) specifying and elaborating on the topic introduced in the RfC, (ii) accounting for the intelligibility of the speaker’s prior actions, (iii) resisting the terms of the RfC, and (iv) challenging a RfC by referring to the recipient’s pre-existing knowledge. Finally, we summarize interactional features relevant for the occurrence of expanded responses in our data. In addition, we discuss the implications of our results for future cross-linguistic research.

Adapting a selective parent-focused child sexual abuse prevention curriculum for a universal audience: A pilot study.

Parents are an obvious, but underutilized player in the prevention of child sexual abuse (CSA). A handful of universal parent-focused prevention programs have emerged, however, the evidence for these programs is mixed and the programs suffer ubiquitously from barriers to implementation (e.g., poor engagement, low participation) thereby limiting public health impact. To combat these barriers and improve evidence, researchers previously developed and tested a selective parent-focused CSA prevention program. While promising, the selective approach still leaves a gap in the prevention landscape-parents from the universal audience. However, there appear to be no standardized methods to inform this type of adaptation-interventions designed as universal or selective have primarily been delivered as such. This study sought to adapt the selective curriculum for a universal audience and examined the acceptability and feasibility of the program for evaluation in a future trial. Using mixed methods, N = 31 parents (i.e., primary caregiver for a child under 13) completed pre- and post-workshop surveys followed by a brief individual interview conducted via Zoom. Interviews, coded using content analysis methods, focused on three themes: parents as agents of prevention (e.g., prior action, confidence), curriculum (e.g., content, design), and engagement (e.g., future marketing and promotion). Overall participants' mean score on CSA-related awareness and intention to use protective behavioral strategies increased. The participants found the curriculum highly acceptable noting strengths in the content and design. All told, the results of this pilot study suggest the acceptability and feasibility of examining the efficacy of the universal parent-focused curriculum in a larger trial. Procedural challenges, such as bots in recruitment, identify areas of caution in design of the larger trial and a roadmap for others seeking to adapt selective programs for universal audiences.

An empirical study of continuous knowledge contribution of doctors in online medical communities

PurposeContinuous knowledge contribution behaviors (CKCB) are critical for the healthy development of online medical communities (OMCs). However, it is unclear that if and how contributors' prior actions and the responses they received from the community influence the nature of their future contributions. Drawing upon the Information Systems Continuance theory and Service Feedback theory, the purpose of the study is to examine the impact of knowledge contribution performance (KCP) on doctors' CKCB. Evaluation of social motivation, financial incentive and the moderating influence of expertise level (EL) provided further insight into the pathways that motivate various forms of CKCB.Design/methodology/approachIn order to better understand the CKCB of physicians in OMCs, the authors divided it into two categories: A_CKCB (active CKCB) and P_CKCB (passive CKCB). Information Systems Continuance theory and Service Feedback theory are adapted and integrated with empirical findings from previous research on OMCs to develop a model of CKCB. This study used ordinary least squares (OLS) regression to test hypotheses in the preexisting research model based on data collected from a Chinese OMC platform.FindingsThe results show that KCP helps develop several facets of CKCB. According to the findings, doctors' CKCB improved dramatically after receiving feedback from A_CKCB and P_CKCB, but feedback from peers did not promote CKCB. This study found that financial rewards only have a significant positive effect on P_CKCB, and that the level of expertise has a negative effect on the effect. The findings also demonstrated that doctors' level of expertise moderates the relationship between fA_CKCB (a comprehensive evaluation of doctors' A_CKCB) and A_CKCB.Research limitations/implicationsFuture studies should look at the role of self-efficacy as a mediator and attitudes as a moderator in the link between KCP and various forms of CKCB. This will help authors figure out how important KCP is for physicians' CKCB. And future research should use more than one way to gather data to prove the above roles.Practical implicationsThis study makes a significant contribution to understanding the association between CKCB and KCP by highlighting the significance of distinguishing between the various forms of CKCB and their underlying causes.Originality/valueThis research has advanced both the theory and practice of OMCs' user management by illuminating the central role of KCP in this context.

Reciprocity in Dyads and Triads: Female Rats Alter Their Prosocial Behavior According to the Social Context

Recognizing and appropriately responding to others' helpful actions are critical components of social cognition and reciprocity. This ability has been well-documented in various species where animals differentiate between experimenters who are “unwilling” versus “unable” to provide help, but it is unclear if this ability extends to rats. The present studies investigate the prosocial decision-making behavior of female rats in response to the prior actions of another rat in both triadic and dyadic social contexts. In Experiment One, an "actor" rat repeatedly pressed a lever to open a restrainer door, enabling a trapped conspecific to access food. Consistent with reciprocity, when the roles were reversed, the previously trapped conspecific helped the actor. In Experiments Two and Three, the actor rat's ability to open the door was manipulated, with some trials where the door was blocked and the actor was unable to open it and some trials where the actor was able to, but rarely opened the door. In the triadic context, the previously trapped rat then had the opportunity to help the actor, a neutral control, both, or neither (Experiment Two). In the dyadic context, the previously trapped rat could then help the actor (Experiment Three). Reciprocity was not observed in the triadic context. However, unexpectedly, relative to a neutral control conspecific, rats showed a stronger preference for the less helpful actor compared to the helpful or unable actor. In contrast, in the dyadic context, rats did show reciprocity and displayed a higher propensity to help the helpful or unable actor compared to the less helpful actor. These findings shed light on rats' complex social behavior and highlight the context-dependent nature of their helping behavior.

On the Question of the Adoption of the Epiclesis ‘Euergetes’ by Ptolemy III

In 2020, I published the monograph From Basileis-Pharaohs to Pharaohs-Basileis: The First 100 Years of the Ptolemaic Monarchy. In that book, I proposed to move the date of the famine that occurred during the reign of Ptolemy III from 245/244 BC to the period between 243 and 238 BC, drawing on the evidence of the Alexandrian ‘synodal’ decree of 3 December 243 BC. If my hypothesis is correct, it becomes necessary to reconsider the background of Ptolemy’s adoption of the Greek form of the sacred epiclesis ‘Euergetes’ (Benefactor), which earlier I associated with the help that the population of Egypt received from the king during that famine. In modern historiography, there are a number of alternative suggestions regarding the prior actions of Ptolemy III, supposedly consistent with the Hellenistic ideas about euergetism. Among them are the victorious end of the Asian military campaign (246–245 BC); suppression of unrest in Egypt; return to Egypt of the statues of local gods and cult objects that had been removed by the Persian conquerors; and deeds for the benefit of Egyptian temples and sacred animals. But these actions of Ptolemy III either did not meet the definition of a ‘beneficent act’ or concerned only ethnic Egyptians. Traces of the Greek semantic content of the epiclesis ‘Euergetes’ should be sought in the Alexandrian ‘synodal’ decree produced by the Egyptian priesthood. It contains a list of the king’s merciful acts during the first years of his reign, including the easing of fiscal policy and proclamation of a mass amnesty. Such actions were understood as euergetism in the Egyptian and Greek (especially Hellenistic) traditions. Either of them could become the reason for the official deification of the Hellenistic ruler. Responding with an apotheosis to a large-scale act of economic euergetism became everyday reality in the Hellenistic world. Amnesty for prisoners also directly brought the benefactor closer to the Olympian gods, led by Zeus himself.

Stochastic Contextual Bandits with Long Horizon Rewards

The growing interest in complex decision-making and language modeling problems highlights the importance of sample-efficient learning over very long horizons. This work takes a step in this direction by investigating contextual linear bandits where the current reward depends on at most s prior actions and contexts (not necessarily consecutive), up to a time horizon of h. In order to avoid polynomial dependence on h, we propose new algorithms that leverage sparsity to discover the dependence pattern and arm parameters jointly. We consider both the data-poor (T= h) regimes and derive respective regret upper bounds O(d square-root(sT) +min(q, T) and O( square-root(sdT) ), with sparsity s, feature dimension d, total time horizon T, and q that is adaptive to the reward dependence pattern. Complementing upper bounds, we also show that learning over a single trajectory brings inherent challenges: While the dependence pattern and arm parameters form a rank-1 matrix, circulant matrices are not isometric over rank-1 manifolds and sample complexity indeed benefits from the sparse reward dependence structure. Our results necessitate a new analysis to address long-range temporal dependencies across data and avoid polynomial dependence on the reward horizon h. Specifically, we utilize connections to the restricted isometry property of circulant matrices formed by dependent sub-Gaussian vectors and establish new guarantees that are also of independent interest.

Peningkatan Hasil Belajar IPA Melalui Model Pembelajaran Kooperatif Tipe Send-A-Problem di Sekolah Dasar

This research is motivated by the low learning result of science at the four year students of state elementary school 41 Pekanbaru. One of solution to solve this problem by implementation of cooperative learning model the type of Send-A- Problem. The objective of study to know increase learning result of science at the IV year students of state elementary school 41 Pekanbaru by implementation of cooperative learning model the type of Send-A-Problem. This research is a kind of Classroom Action Research executed in two cycles. Every cycles consisted of bay one meeting and four phase, thas is planning, action, observation, and reflection. the subjects in this research is the teachers, fourth grade students of 41 Pekanbaru the number of students of 36 people, consisting of 12 men and 13 women. Data collection techniques used in this study is the observation, testing, and documentation. Having conducted research note an increase in student learning outcomes of prior actions, the first cycle and second cycle. In the pre-action mastery students only reached 47.22% or 17 students who completed, the students who pass the first cycle increased to 24 people or completeness only reached 66,67%. In the second cycle turns completeness students at 32 students or the percentage of 88,89%. Thereby that is the implementation of cooperative learning model the type of Send-A-Problem to increase learning result of science at the four year students of state elementary school 41 Pekanbaru

Influence of (Non) Observance of Maxims on Evasion in Malaysian Parliamentary Question Time

This content-analytic study examines the influence of (non) observance of maxims in the production of evasive responses in Malaysian Parliamentary Question Time. The analysis was based on the theories of Cooperative Principle (Grice, 1975) and Clayman’s Framework of Resistance (2001; 2012). Two strategies of (non) observance of maxims were found to produce evasive responses namely, violating and opting out. Ministers and deputy ministers were found to frequently shift tasks required by providing assurances to the questioners and audience. They also acknowledged the issues raised without addressing them. Further, they talked about prior actions taken to address current issues and made a reference to another party to relieve themselves from bearing the responsibility alone which led to the violation of maxims that subsequently produced evasive responses. Evasive responses also occurred when ministers and deputy ministers disregarded the questions altogether, thus opting out of the Cooperative Principle. Despite being evasive, equivocal responses were deemed cooperative as no instances of follow-up questions were recorded.

Peningkatan Hasil Belajar IPA Dengan Penerapan Pendekatan Saintifik Siswa Sekolah Dasar

This research is motivated by the low learning result of science at the five year students of state elementary school 011 Koto Tuo Distric of XIII Koto Kampar. One of solution to overcome this problem by implementation of scientific approach. The objective of study to know increase learning result of science material the animal's respiratory organs at the five year students of state elementary school 011 Koto Tuo Distric of XIII Koto Kampar by implementation of scientific approach. This research is a kind of Classroom Action Research (CAR) executed in two cycles. Every cycles consisted of bay one meeting and four phase, thas is planning, action, observation, and reflection. the subjects in this study is five grade students of 011 Koto Tuo Distric of XIII Koto Kampar 2017-2018 school year the number of students of 31 people, consisting of 14 men and 17 women. Data collection techniques used in this study is the observation, testing, and documentation. Having conducted research note an increase in student learning outcomes of prior actions, the first cycle and second cycle. In the pre-action mastery students only reached 45,46% or 14 students who completed, the students who pass the first cycle increased to 18 people or completeness only reached 58,06%. In the second cycle turns completeness students at 27 students or the percentage of 87,10%. Thereby that is the implementation of scientific approach to increase learning result of science material the animal's respiratory organs at the five year students of state elementary school 011 Koto Tuo Distric of XIII Koto Kampar.

Constructing therapeutic support and negotiating competing agendas: A discourse analysis of vocational advice provided to individuals who are absent from work due to ill-health.

Work participation is known to benefit people's overall health and wellbeing, but accessing vocational support during periods of sickness absence to facilitate return-to-work can be challenging for many people. In this study, we explored how vocational advice was delivered by trained vocational support workers (VSWs) to people who had been signed-off from work by their General Practitioner (GP), as part of a feasibility study testing a vocational advice intervention. We investigated the discursive and interactional strategies employed by VSWs and people absent from work, to pursue their joint and respective goals. Theme-oriented discourse analysis was carried out on eight VSW consultations. These consultations were shown to be complex interactions, during which VSWs utilised a range of strategies to provide therapeutic support in discussions about work. These included; signalling empathy with the person's perspective; positively evaluating their personal qualities and prior actions; reflecting individuals' views back to them to show they had been heard and understood; fostering a collaborative approach to action-planning; and attempting to reassure individuals about their return-to-work concerns. Some individuals were reluctant to engage in return-to-work planning, resulting in back-and-forth interactional negotiations between theirs and the VSW's individual goals and agendas. This led to VSWs putting in considerable interactional 'work' to subtly shift the discussion towards return-to-work planning. The discursive strategies we have identified have implications for training health professionals to facilitate work-orientated conversations with their patients, and will also inform training provided to VSWs ahead of a randomised controlled trial.

A Novel Approach to Service Design within the Tourism Industry: Creating a Travel Package with AHP-TRIZ Integration

Creating a suitable travel package has become increasingly difficult for businesses within the tourism industry because of various factors affecting tourists’ decision-making behavior and businesses’ desire to make profits. This paper proposes a novel approach to service design within the tourism industry by integrating the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and the theory of inventive problem solving (TRIZ) to design a suitable travel package while taking into account both consumer and business perspectives. Through a case study application, we identify the most important consumer and business factors with AHP and the Delphi method and then solve the existing contradiction with TRIZ. We collect both qualitative and quantitative data from experts and visitors through a survey approach consisting of 56 fully completed responses for a target of only 35 responses as required by AHP. We analyze these data using Super Decisions software to obtain the necessary results. AHP helps weigh and rank the 4 criteria and 16 sub-criteria, whereas TRIZ provides recommendations to resolve the contradiction, based on the 40 inventive principles, to create a cost-effective travel package to Belize in Central America. The main contradiction was feasibility versus cost, and the most applicable corresponding principles were dynamization, self-service, local quality, and prior action. Overall, this paper gives vital insights into the tourism sector to anyone interested in this topic and provides a precise AHP-TRIZ application framework with clear procedures. The results and methodologies could also help scholars and academics with future AHP-TRIZ applications in other research fields or possible expansions of this new approach.

Deciding While Acting-Mid-Movement Decisions Are More Strongly Affected by Action Probability than Reward Amount.

When deciding while acting, such as sequentially selecting targets during naturalistic foraging, movement trajectories reveal the dynamics of the unfolding decision process. Ongoing and planned actions may impact decisions in these situations in addition to expected reward outcomes. Here, we test how strongly humans weigh and how fast they integrate individual constituents of expected value, namely the prior probability (PROB) of an action and the prior expected reward amount (AMNT) associated with an action, when deciding based on the combination of both together during an ongoing movement. Unlike other decision-making studies, we focus on PROB and AMNT priors, and not final evidence, in that correct actions were either instructed or could be chosen freely. This means, there was no decision-making under risk. We show that both priors gradually influence movement trajectories already before mid-movement instructions of the correct target and bias free-choice behavior. These effects were consistently stronger for PROB compared with AMNT priors. Participants biased their movements toward a high-PROB target, committed to it faster when instructed or freely chosen, and chose it more frequently even when it was associated with a lower AMNT prior than the alternative option. Despite these differences in effect magnitude, the time course of the effect of both priors on movement direction was highly similar. We conclude that prior action probability, and hence the associated possibility to plan actions accordingly, has higher behavioral relevance than prior action value for decisions that are expressed by adjusting already ongoing movements.

Peningkatan Hasil Belajar IPA Dengan Penerapan Model Bertukar Pasangan Pada Siswa Sekolah Dasar

This research is motivated by the low learning result of science at the four year students of state elementary school 020 Pangkalan Baru District of Siak Hulu Regency of Kampar. One of solution to overcome this problem by implementation of exchange partners models. The objective of study to know increase learning result of science material part of the plant by implementation of exchange partners models at the four year students of state elementary school school 020 Pangkalan Baru District of Siak Hulu Regency of Kampar. This research is a kind of Classroom Action Research (CAR) executed in two cycles. Every cycles consisted of bay one meeting and four phase, thas is planning, action, observation, and reflection. Research time executed to August s/d September 2017. For the subjects in this study is the fourth grade students of 020 Pangkalan Baru District of Siak Hulu Regency of Kampar 2017-2018 school year the number of students of 20 people, consisting of 9 men and 11 women. Data collection techniques used in this study is the observation, testing, and documentation. Having conducted research note an increase in student learning outcomes of prior actions, the first cycle and second cycle. In the pre-action mastery students only reached 45,83% or 11 students who completed, the students who pass the first cycle increased to 14 people or completeness only reached 70,00%. In the second cycle turns completeness students at 19 students or the percentage of 95,00%. Thereby that is the implementation of exchange partners models to increase learning result of science material part of the plant at the four year students of state elementary school 020 Pangkalan Baru District of Siak Hulu Regency of Kampar.

Sequence-initial pointing: Spotlighting what just happened as a cause of a new sequence

Drawing on microanalysis of interaction, this study examines the practice a pointing gesture accomplishes in initiating a new sequence in relation to what just happened when another line of interaction is still developing. Specifically, it is an investigation of the cases in which a participant points at a current or adjacent prior speaker with their index finger, comments on their current or adjacent prior action, and laughs. Such pointing spotlights what the target is currently doing or just did and locates them as a cause of the laughter. The pointing participant then invites laughter from others by shifting their gaze toward others while continuing to point. The analysis shows that such practice presents new participation statuses of the recipients and enables the producer of the pointing to initiate a teasing sequence; the gaze shift can invite laughter from others while the pointing indicates the target of the teasing. The study thus reveals interactional tasks of pointing gestures beyond their referential function.