Printed Monopole Antenna Research Articles

A Printed Reconfigurable Monopole Antenna Based on a Novel Metamaterial Structures for 5G Applications

A novel antenna structure is constructed from cascading multi-stage metamaterial (MTM) unit cells-based printed monopole antenna for 5G mobile communication networks. The proposed antenna is constructed from a printed conductive trace that fetches four MTM unit cells through four T-Resonators (TR) structures. Such a combination is introduced to enhance the antenna gain-bandwidth products at sub-6GHz bands after exiting the antenna with a coplanar waveguide (CPW) feed. The antenna circuitry is fabricated by etching a copper layer that is mounted on Taconic RF-43 substrate. Therefore, the proposed antenna occupies an effective area of 51 × 24 mm2. The proposed antenna provides an acceptable matching impedance with S11 ≤ -10 dB at 3.7 GHz, 4.6 GHz, 5.2 GHz, and 5.9 GHz. The antenna radiation patterns are evaluated at the frequency bands of interest with a gain average of 9.1-11.6 dBi. Later, to control the antenna performance, four optical switches based on LDR resistors are applied to control the antenna gain at 5.85 GHz, which is found to vary from 2 dBi to 11.6 dBi after varying the value of the LDR resistance from 700 Ω to 0 Ω, in descending manner. It is found that the proposed antenna provides an acceptable bit error rate (BER) with varying the antenna gain in a very acceptable manner in comparison to the ideal performance. Finally, the proposed antenna is fabricated to be tested experimentally in in free space and in close to the human body for portable applications.

Design and Experimental Evaluation of a Printed Monopole Antenna for GPR Applications

In this paper, a printed monopole antenna is designed and experimentally evaluated for Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) applications. The antenna resonates at two narrow frequency bands centered at 0.5 GHz and 2 GHz. Four stages are used to achieve the final model, which is based on a rectangular patch, a simple microstrip feed line, and a reduced ground plane. The proposed antenna consists of a simple patch with notches and a quarter-wavelength feed line. The introduced notches help to reduce the conductor losses and decrease the weight of the design. The antenna prototype is fabricated on a low-cost FR-4 epoxy substrate with dimensions of 17.55 cm3, using the LPKF S103 laser printer, and then measured with the R&S®ZNB Vector Network Analyzer. The experimental results demonstrate that the operating bands range between 0.48–0.52 GHz (8%) and 1.94–2.04 GHz (5.02%). The antenna exhibits good radiation patterns with a reasonable gain of 1.5/2.6 dBi and a high radiation efficiency of 97/78% at the two resonating frequencies 0.5/2 GHz, respectively. To validate the usefulness of the designed antenna for GPR applications, a penetrability test is conducted through a concrete separator wall. The electric field probe HZ551 is used to receive the electromagnetic waves behind the obstacle, and the power received by the probe is measured with the GSP-730 spectrum analyzer. The obtained results confirm that the proposed model performs well in the UHF band at 0.5 GHz and 2 GHz, with a high level of penetrability.

External Partial Discharge Detection of Gas-Insulated Switchgears Using a Low-Noise and Enhanced-Sensitivity UHF Sensor Module

Ultra-high frequency (UHF) partial discharge (PD) detection is essential for routine maintenance of gas-insulated switchgear (GIS). Realizing low-noise detection with cost-effectiveness and ease of installation is promising but challenging. This paper presents a novel broadband noise-shaping network (BNSN) integrated with a printed monopole antenna (PMA) sensor to realize sufficient noise rejection and good impedance matching. Moreover, by analyzing the equivalent noise circuit and codesigning a high-speed preamplifier circuit with the proposed sensor, the detection sensitivity and anti-interference of the proposed sensor module are improved. The effectiveness and superiority of the proposed sensor are first verified in accordance with IEC 62478, followed by validations using a PD simulator and a real 24-kV GIS. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed sensor module has the capability to identify different PD types even in noisy environments.

A novel design of ultra-wideband CPW-fed printed monopole antenna for Wi-MAX, WLAN and X-band rejection characteristics

A novel design of ultra-wideband CPW-fed printed monopole antenna for Wi-MAX, WLAN and X-band rejection characteristics

A Printed Monopole Antenna for Next Generation Internet of Things: Narrow Band Internet of Things (NB-IoT)

A Printed Monopole Antenna for Next Generation Internet of Things: Narrow Band Internet of Things (NB-IoT)

An Energy-Efficient and High-Data-Rate IR-UWB Transmitter for Intracortical Neural Sensing Interfaces.

This paper presents an implantable impulse-radio ultra-wideband (IR-UWB) wireless telemetry system for intracortical neural sensing interfaces. A 3-dimensional (3-D) hybrid impulse modulation that comprises phase shift keying (PSK), pulse position modulation (PPM) and pulse amplitude modulation (PAM) is proposed to increase modulation order without significantly increasing the demodulation requirement, thus leading to a high data rate of 1.66 Gbps and an increased air-transmission range. Operating in 6 - 9 GHz UWB band, the presented transmitter (TX) supports the proposed hybrid modulation with a high energy efficiency of 5.8 pJ/bit and modulation quality (EVM< -21 dB). A low-noise injection-locked ring oscillator supports 8-PSK with a phase error of 2.6°. A calibration free delay generator realizes a 4-PPM with only 115 μW and avoids potential cross-modulation between PPM and PSK. A switch-cap power amplifier with an asynchronous pulse-shaping performs 4-PAM with high energy efficiency and linearity. The TX is implemented in 28 nm CMOS technology, occupying 0.155mm2 core area. The wireless module including a printed monopole antenna has a module area of only 1.05 cm2. The transmitter consumes in total 9.7 mW when transmitting -41.3 dBm/MHz output power. The wireless telemetry module has been validated ex-vivo with a 15-mm multi-layer porcine tissue, and achieves a communication (air) distance up to 15 cm, leading to at least 16× improvement in distance-moralized energy efficiency of 45 pJ/bit/meter compared to state-of-the-art.

Monopole Antenna with Enhanced Bandwidth and Stable Radiation Patterns Using Metasurface and Cross-Ground Structure.

In this paper, a printed monopole antenna with stable omnidirectional radiation patterns is presented for applications in ocean buoy and the marine Internet of Things (IoT). The antenna is composed of a rectangular patch, a cross-ground structure, and two frequency-selective surface (FSS) unit cells. The cross-ground structure is incorporated into the antenna design to maintain consistent monopole-like radiation patterns over the antenna's operating band, and the FSS unit cells are placed at the backside of the antenna to improve the antenna gain aiming at the L-band. In addition, the FSS unit cells exhibit resonance characteristics that, when incorporated with the cross-ground structure, result in a broader impedance bandwidth compared to the conventional monopole antenna. To validate the structure, a prototype is fabricated and measured. Good agreement between the simulated and measured results show that the proposed antenna exhibits an impedance bandwidth of 83.2% from 1.65 to 4 GHz, compared to the conventional printed monopole antenna. The proposed antenna realizes a peak gain of 4.57 dBi and a total efficiency of 97% at 1.8 GHz.

Design of a Tri-Band Wearable Antenna for Millimeter-Wave 5G Applications

A printed monopole antenna for millimeter-wave applications in the 5G frequency region is described in this research. As a result, the proposed antenna resonates in three frequency bands that are designated for 5G communication systems, including 28 GHz, 38 GHz, and 60 GHz (V band). For the sake of compactness, the coplanar waveguide (CPW) method is used. The overall size of the proposed tri-band antenna is 4 mm × 3 mm × 0.25 mm. Using a watch strap and human tissue, such as skin, the proposed antenna gives steady results. At 28 GHz, 38 GHz, and 60 GHz, the antenna’s gain is found to be 5.29 dB, 7.47 dB, and 9 dB, respectively. The overall simulated radiation efficiency is found to be 85% over the watch strap. Wearable devices are a great fit for the proposed tri-band antenna. The antenna prototype was built and tested in order to verify its performance. It can be observed that the simulated and measured results are in close contact. According to our comparative research, the proposed antenna is a good choice for smart 5G devices because of its small size and simple structure, as well as its high gain and radiation efficiency.

A single‐surface wideband printed monopole antenna with high‐order mode compression by bending line loading

AbstractA wideband coplanar waveguide‐fed printed monopole antenna is proposed. The wideband performance of the monopole is achieved by compressing the third‐ and fifth‐order modes. By loading the bending line at the zero point of the third‐order mode of the monopole current distribution, the fifth‐order mode resonant frequency decreases significantly, while the third‐order mode resonant frequency remains almost constant. Therefore, a wideband impedance match is achieved. A fully functional prototype was fabricated and characterized. The measured results are in good agreement with the simulated results. A wideband from 2.92 to 3.66 GHz (22.5%) was achieved in a thin structure of 85 × 33 mm2, exhibiting a measured omnidirectional radiation pattern with 2.4–4.9 dBi gain.

Design of Compact Monopole Antenna with U-Shaped Defected Ground Structure (DGS) for UWB Application

This paper described the design of a compact printed monopole antenna with U-shaped Defected Ground Structure (DGS) for ultrawideband (UWB) application. The implementation of DGS facilitates in reduction of size and increases in antenna performance. The DGS and antenna design parameters are simulated using CST Microwave Studio 2020, and the measurement is carried out using R&amp;S Vector Network Analyzer (VNA). The optimized design of the proposed UWB antenna with U-shaped DGS presented smaller in size (23.88mm x 29.10mm x 0.813mm) with a reduction of 32% compared to the conventional design, which fabricated on Rogers RO4003C substrate with a relative permittivity, εr = 3.38. Simulation results show that the proposed antenna provided a very wide range of frequency (3.2 - 20GHz), 144.8% of BW. The simulated and measurement results show good agreement.

A single-layered metasurface inspired broadband polarization reconfigurable printed monopole antenna for hybrid wireless applications

A single-layered metasurface-loaded high-gain & broadband polarization reconfigurable λo/4 printed monopole antenna is investigated in this article. The proposed antenna configuration comprises of Y-shaped radiating monopole over partial ground plane with the extended twin parasitic conducting strips (PCS), is loaded with a single-layered metasurface (MS) reflector. To attain circular polarization (CP) characteristics, a BAR 50-02 V PIN Diode from Infineon is used to short the partial ground plane and one of the twin parasitic conducting strips (PCS-L). By utilizing the grid-slotted sub patches on the rectangular reflecting surfaces of MS layer with a volumetric dimension of 2λo × 1.65λo × 0.02λo, is placed just below Y-shaped monopole radiator (PYMA) at a height of 0.33λo, in which broadened impedance (IBW) and 3-dB axial ratio bandwidth (ARBW) with the enhanced CP antenna gain are achieved. Finally, proposed prototype of 1.33λo × 0.9λo × 0.02λ o, where λo = 5 GHz is fabricated and measured. It offers an measured IBW of 48.45 % (3.57–5.85 GHz), ARBW of 25.96 % (4.19–5.44 GHz) and the CP antenna gain of >8.35 dBic with antenna efficiency of >75 % in the desired operating bands. From the above results, the performance of single-layered metasurface-inspired polarization reconfigurable antenna confirms its suitability for hybrid wireless applications and also, it can be extended towards the scope of designing efficient RF energy harvesting system.

A frequency reconfigurable high‐order mode monopole antenna with two independently controlled band

A dual-band printed monopole antenna with frequency-independent reconfiguration is proposed. Two varactor diodes are placed at the zero point of the current distribution in the third- and fifth-order modes of the traditional monopole radiator. By separately regulating the reverse bias voltage of the two varactor diodes, the corresponding two frequency bands can be controlled independently. A fully functional prototype is fabricated and characterized, which exhibits a continuously dual frequency-tunable characteristic. The designed antenna has a simple structure and compact size of 98 × 40 mm2. The antenna can be used in multi radio wireless systems, which has a good potential for use in cognitive radio.

A Super‐Formula‐based compact ultra‐wideband antenna and its application to indoor real‐time positioning systems

AbstractA Super‐Formula‐based compact ultra‐wideband (UWB) printed monopole antenna is proposed in this paper. The presented design is implemented by using inexpensive FR‐4 laminates, and is optimized so as to enable excellent radio frequency performance in terms of impedance matching, realized gain, total efficiency, radiation pattern characteristics, maximal group delay variation, and system fidelity factor (SFF), while covering the Federal Communications Commission UWB channel 5, from 6.24 to 6.74 GHz, and channel 9, from 7.74 to 8.24 GHz. The proposed antenna solution has been characterized both passively and actively using a commercially available indoor real‐time positioning system, which relies on the phase‐difference‐of‐arrival algorithm. The collected measurement results demonstrate the high accuracy in real‐time positioning achieved with the developed antenna both in terms of distance and angle.

Dual‐polarized metasurface‐based monopole antenna design using characteristics mode theory for UHF RFID applications

In this research article, a printed dual-polarized metasurface (MTS) inspired printed monopole antenna using characteristics modes theory (CMT) is investigated for UHF RFID applications. A T-shaped monopole with U-shaped asymmetric stubs is designed to generate circular polarization (CP) radiation traits. The grounded MTS layer is constructed with array of unit cells and fixed at air-gap of λo/4 with reference to the monopole radiator (λo is free-space wavelength at CP frequency band, 945 MHz), offering good impedance bandwidth (IBW), stable CP boresight radiation gain, and high radiation efficiency. By using CMT, interpretation of CP characteristics is highlighted, that is, the resonating modes exhibit asymptotic nature at the designated CP band with symptotic nature above and beyond the designated operating bands. Dual-polarized characteristics are observed in both principal planes, due to the effect of grounded MTS loading. The prototype antenna of 0.315λo × 0.315λo is designed and validated. It operates from 836 to 1066 MHz with 24.18% IBW, 5.23% 3-dB axial ratio bandwidth (ARBW) from 905.1 to 950 MHz and attains >6.8 dBic as a CP peak gain with the total efficiency of >83%. Prior to the attainment of good CP attributes in UHF RFID bands, it can be used for RF energy harvesting and wireless power transmission.

Broadband Circular Polarised Printed Antennas for Indoor Wireless Communication Systems: A Comprehensive Review.

With the rapid changes in wireless communication systems, indoor wireless communication (IWC) technology has undergone tremendous development. Antennas are crucial components of IWC systems that transmit and receive signals within indoor environments. Thus, the development of indoor technology is highly dependent on the development of indoor antennas. However, indoor environments with limited space require the fewest indoor antenna units and the smallest indoor antenna sizes possible. Hence, indoor antennas with compact size and broad applications have become widely preferred. In an IWC system, circularly polarised (CP) antennas are generally important, especially in dense indoor environments, because compared with linearly polarised (LP) antennas, CP antennas reduce polarisation mismatch and multipath losses. This paper combs through the existing studies related to three-dimensional (3D) geometry (nonplanar) or waveguide indoor antennas and the two common approaches to two-dimensional (2D) geometry (planar) indoor antennas, namely, broadband CP printed monopole antennas (BCPPMAs) and broadband CP printed slot antennas (BCPPSAs). The advantages, disadvantages and limitations of previous works are highlighted as well. These research works are summarised, compared and analysed to understand the recent specifications of BCPPMAs and BCPPSAs to generate the most appropriate design structure suitable for current IWC systems.

A Broadband Dual Circularly Polarized Compact Printed Monopole Antenna

A novel broadband microstrip line feed dual circular polarized, two port printed monopole antenna is presented. The proposed antenna comprises of a partial ground plane with arrow shaped stub at the corner which is capable to generate wide axial ratio bandwidth and a pair of inverted L-shaped feed lines for radiating left hand circular polarized wave when the port 1 is excited and right hand circularly polarized wave when the signal is applied at port 2 with in the same axial ratio bandwidth. The 3 dB axial ratio bandwidth of the antenna is about 58% (1.7 GHz–3.1 GHz) in which the return loss and isolation are better than 10 dB and 12 dB respectively. A parametric study of proposed antenna’s parameters is given for understanding of the antenna performance. The gain, S11 and S21 are higher than 1, 10 and 12 dB respectively within the axial ratio and impedance band.

Modeling and Performance Optimization of a Compact Three-Petalled Flower-Like Microstrip Patch Antenna for IoT Applications

The article is aimed at proposing the design and investigating the performance of a three-petalled flower-shaped wideband microstrip patch antenna for IoT and next-generation wireless applications. The proposed printed monopole antenna is provided with a microstrip feed line for excitation with a defected ground plane. The antenna is designed and analyzed using a finite-element-based simulator HFSS (version 15.0). The Optimetrics feature in the simulator is used for the performance optimization of the designed antenna that results in wide impedance bandwidth between 2.5 and 5.5 GHz, with add-on benefits such as less human efforts along with fast optimum results. The designed antenna holds an advantage of being low profile and reduced in size as overall diminutive dimensions of the proposed patch antenna are 0.54 λ o × 0.43 λ o × 0.021 λ o m m 3 , making it suitable for use in Wi-Max- and WLAN-enabled IoT applications. The paper is aimed at proposing an innovative optimal design aiming at the concerns about the risks in the growth of IoT and mobile computing, particularly in wireless and mobile networks. The anticipated antenna, owing to its simple and compact design, can be easily integrated into portable mobile devices, and thus, it is considered suitable for 4G and 5G and other next-generation communication applications of IoT devices.

An Ultrawideband Printed Monopole Antenna Analyzed with the Theory of Characteristic Modes

In this paper, the analysis of an UWB monopole antenna using the Theory of Characteristic Modes is presented. It starts from the modal study of an asymmetric dipole (structure 1), and then complements and compares it with a broadband monopole (structure 2), aiming to understand the operation principle of the proposed antenna. To achieve this, the electromagnetic properties of the structures are analyzed through the generation of its characteristic angles, modal radiation patterns, characteristic currents, and the power contribution percentage of each mode to the total radiated power, providing a vision on how the superposition of individual characteristic modes enables UWB operation. The prototype model is fabricated, and the measured results agree very well with the full-wave simulations results. The proposed prototype has a very low profile and operates in the frequency band from 2.8 GHz to exceed 10 GHz for a reflection coefficient S11 less than -10dB.

Printed Monopole Antenna with Tree-Like Radiating Patch and Flower Vase-Shaped Modified Ground Plane Useful for Wideband Applications

A novel design for the planar monopole antenna presented in this article consists of a patch resembling a tree and a modified ground plane resembling a flower vase. The proposed antenna is planned, designed, and made by utilizing FR4 substrate. The proposed antenna contributes to a computer simulation and tested S11 bandwidth of 9.4 GHz (144.62%) and 9.3 GHz (136.76%), respectively. A peak tested gain of 6.5 dBi and peak efficiency of 77.51% have been achieved. The measured results of the fabricated antenna are compared with the simulated results and are found to be in good agreement. The proposed antenna has a low general volume of 38 × 20 × 1.6 mm&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; . The antenna can be used in C-band and X-band application.

Metasurface-loaded printed monopole antenna: tailoring impedance for wideband radiation

In this paper, we propose a method of designing a wideband printed monopole antenna (PMA) by loading metasurface on its back. The metasurface-loaded PMA prototype is a double-sided structure, with the printed monopole on the front side and the metasurface etched on the back side, respectively. Driven by the printed monopole structure in the near-field zone, the metasurface can behave inductively or capacitively. By adjusting the geometrical parameters, the impedance of the metasurface can be tailored so as to compensate the mismatched impedance of the original printed monopole in a wide band, leading to a wideband omnidirectional radiation. To verify this method, a light-weight PMA is designed, fabricated and measured. Analyses of the impedance and the surface current distributions are employed in the design process. The height of the proposed PMA is 20.0 mm, about 16% of the wavelength corresponding to the lowest operating frequency. Both the simulated and measured results show that the antenna can achieve highly efficient omnidirectional radiation in 2.50–4.75 GHz and the relative bandwidth achieves up to 62%. This work provides an effective alternative of designing wideband PMA, and may find wide applications in modern wireless communications.