Printable Sensors Research Articles

Driving License Management System Using Finger Print Sensors with Seat Belt Monitoring System

The finger print based driving license management is an advanced technology that is designed for security purposes. This system consists of a fingerprint sensor, which is used to identify the status of the driver, whether he/she obtained a license or not. This is a very highly secured system. The driver's fingerprint is already stored in the system for comparison purposes. Nowadays, accidents are increasing day by day. In the recent days minor people are driving the vehicles without the license; this may cause future accidents. In order to conquer this, we proposed this system. This system not only checks the license status, and here a further IR sensor is used to check whether the seat belt wore or not. By using this system, there are tremendous advantages, like accidents will be reduced, high security, and reduced vehicle theft. Keywords: Finger print sensor, microcontroller, and IR sensor.

Wet Spinning/UV Dual-Curing enabled 3D printable fiber for intelligent electronic devices

Conductive fibers are widely used in wearable sensors and implantable devices in real life due to their excellent properties of softness and lightweight. However, most conductive fibers obtained through the simple blending of polymer elastomers and inorganic conductive particles often leads to issues such as uneven conductor distribution and poor mechanical performance. Herein, the composite fiber consists of deep eutectic solvents (composed of choline chloride and 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) and thermoplastic polyurethane was prepared by wet spinning/ ultraviolet dual-curing method. The uniform distribution of deep eutectic solvents and the resilience of thermoplastic polyurethane ensure that the fiber material can maintain stable signal monitoring capability when subject to various strains over the long term. The composite fiber as motion sensor with an ultra-wide operating range (0–710 %), fast response time (186 ms), long lifetime (stable after 5 months), wide temperature range and excellent weather resistance. It is worth mention that the dual curing process combined with 3D printing technology, allows for the fabrication of flexible sensors in a variety of shapes. 3D printing sensors can be produced underwater to achieve different sensitivities, enabling customization to meet the requirements of applications. This innovative study holds tremendous potential for the next generation of flexible electronic products, such as human motion monitoring and information transmission.

Embedded Sensors with 3D Printing Technology: Review.

Embedded sensors (ESs) are used in smart materials to enable continuous and permanent measurements of their structural integrity, while sensing technology involves developing sensors, sensory systems, or smart materials that monitor a wide range of properties of materials. Incorporating 3D-printed sensors into hosting structures has grown in popularity because of improved assembly processes, reduced system complexity, and lower fabrication costs. 3D-printed sensors can be embedded into structures and attached to surfaces through two methods: attaching to surfaces or embedding in 3D-printed sensors. We discussed various additive manufacturing techniques for fabricating sensors in this review. We also discussed the many strategies for manufacturing sensors using additive manufacturing, as well as how sensors are integrated into the manufacturing process. The review also explained the fundamental mechanisms used in sensors and their applications. The study demonstrated that embedded 3D printing sensors facilitate the development of additive sensor materials for smart goods and the Internet of Things.

3D Printable Hydrogel Bioelectronic Interfaces for Healthcare Monitoring and Disease Diagnosis: Materials, Design Strategies, and Applications

AbstractIn recent years, additive manufacturing tools, such as 3D printing, has gained enormous attention in biomedical engineering for developing ionotropic devices, flexible electronics, skin‐electronic interfaces, and wearable sensors with extremely high precision and sensing accuracy. Such printed bioelectronics are innovative and can be used as multi‐stimuli response platforms for human health monitoring and disease diagnosis. This review systematically discusses the past, present, and future of the various printable and stretchable soft bioelectronics for precision medicine. The potential of various naturally and chemically derived conductive biopolymer inks and their nanocomposites with tunable physico‐chemical properties is also highlighted, which is crucial for bioelectronics fabrication. Then, the design strategies of various printable sensors for human body sensing are summarized. In conclusion, the perspectives on the future advanced bioelectronics are described, which will be helpful, particularly in the field of nano/biomedicine. An in‐depth knowledge of materials design to functional aspects of printable bioelectronics is demonstrated, with an aim to accelerate the development of next‐generation wearables.

Fingerprint Door Unlock System

Abstract: Human detection and recognisation field is very significant and has undergone rapid changes with time. An important and very reliable human identification method is fingerprint identification. Fingerprint of every person. is unique. So this helps in identifying a person or in improving security of a system. Finger print of a person is read by a special type of sensor. Finger print sensor can be interfaced with a microcontroller. Through keypad we can add new user and delete the existing user, also identify the user by selecting corresponding option through keypad. In this project we use a fingerprint sensor to read ones identity to automatically operate the door of the car. For this, we use a microcontroller to enable the door opening or closing if the matching between scanned data and the already existing data is correct. Comparison is done inside the fingerprint module itself and its output is given to microcontroller. Result is displayed in a LCD display whether the user is authorized or not.LCD also helps to make troubleshooting easier. Alarming option is provided to warn about an unauthorized usage.

Printed Eddy Current Testing Sensors: Toward Structural Health Monitoring Applications.

Reliable measurements in structural health monitoring mean for the instrumentation to be set in perfect reproducible conditions. The solution described in this study consists of printing the sensors directly on the parts to be controlled. This method solves the reproducibility issue, limits human error, and can be used in confined or hazardous environments. This work was limited to eddy current testing, but the settings and conclusions are transposable to any non-destructive testing methods (ultrasounds, etc.). The first salve of tests was run to establish the best dielectric and conductive ink combination. The Dupont ink combination gave the best performances. Then, the dispenser- and the screen-printing methods were carried out to print flat spiral coils on flexible substrates. The resulting sensors were compared to flex-printed circuit boards (PCB-flex) using copper for the electrical circuit. The conductive ink methods were revealed to be just as efficient. The last stage of this work consisted of printing sensors on solid parts. For this, 20-turn spiral coils were printed on 3 mm thick stainless-steel plates. The permanent sensors showed good sensibility in the same range as the portative ones, demonstrating the method's feasibility.

Biometric based Fingerprint Identification for Bank Locker Security System

tract: This paper presents the human detection and recognition field is very significant and has undergone rapid changes with time. An important and very reliable human identification method is fingerprint identification. Fingerprint of every person is unique. So, this helps in identifying a person or improving security of a system. Finger print of a person is read by a special type of sensor. Finger print sensor can be interfaced with a microcontroller. Through fingerprint we can add new user and delete the existing user. In this project we use a fingerprint sensor to read one’s identity to automatically operate the door of the locker. For this, we use a microcontroller to enable the door opening or closing if the matching between scanned data and the already existing data is correct. Comparison is done inside the fingerprint module itself and its output is given to microcontroller. Result is displayed in an LCD display whether the user is authorized or not. The aim of our project is to design finger print based bank locker security system, which uses candidate’s fingerprint to decide the authenticity of candidate.

IoT and AI Based Student’s Attendance Monitoring System to Mitigate the Dropout in Non-boarding Secondary Schools of Rwanda: A Case Study of Wisdom School Musanze

Purpose: This project aimed to test an IoT and AI based system that monitor students from home to schools, during class hours and from school to home and notify parents and school administrators about the irregularity observed to their respective children.
 Methodology: In this project, secondary data was used and was retrieved from the school’s record of Wisdom School Musanze located in Musanze District. The main data to consider were sex whether male or female. Another important data was orphanage,whether pupil is orphan or not orphan, and school fees payment by checking whether student paid school fees or had not paid. These mentioned data were taken randomly from senior one (S1) to senior six (S6) in academic year 2020-2021.
 Findings: The system is equipped of a finger print sensor to register and verify students and staff attendance, a Passive Infrared (PIR) sensor to detect the presence of human to wake-up the device, a real time clock to synchronize each generated report with the local time. A web application is developed to allow students real-time monitoring for parents and school administrators and the system is be able to generate a daily, monthly and annually report. 
 Unique contribution to theory, practice and policy: Classification machine learning with decision-tree algorithm is used to analyze data and generate a model to evaluate the impact of monitoring attendance on preventing students to dropout. The generated model with accuracy of 91.4% shows that keeping students’ attendance at high percentage would reduce significantly the dropout rate in secondary schools of Rwanda. 

SISTEM KEAMANAN PENYIMPANAN SURAT PENTING BERBASIS FINGER PRINT

Administrative work in an institution is inseparable from correspondence. Correspondence documents will then be stored as archives. Storage of important letters requires a storage area with a secure level of security, one of which is using a safety deposit box. The security system is one of the efforts to prevent theft or loss of an object. The security system on conventional storage cabinet doors is prone to file theft because it is easy to break into. Therefore, it is necessary to implement a safe deposit box security system that is safer and has today's technology in order to minimize the occurrence of security deposit box locks being stolen. One way is to use a fingerprint sensor to open a cupboard door, often known as security with a fingerprint. The fingerprint sensor connected to Arduino uno will record the user's registered fingerprint. Through the fingerprint data endroll process. Fingerprint function to open the safe cabinet door, after the finger is pasted on the Finger print sensor. The specialty of this system is that only fingerprints that have been endrolled can open the safe door. Through this system, it can minimize the crime of breaking into storage cabinets. The method used is a prototype so that the design of this system can be developed according to the size of the safe deposit box for important documents

Medibot for Emergency Vehicle

To create a medical robot that would be installed in an ambulance and use IoT to observe and communicate so that the patient might receive care before being brought to the hospital. In the case of a mishap, installing a finger print sensor will enable the hospital emergency room, police station, and the patient’s guardian to be informed of the unfamiliar patient’s bio-data. There are still significant problems with overpopulation and health-related illiteracy in India, and an accident-related mortality happens every minute. To build a clever smart health system, a MediBoT made up of sensors and microcontrollers is intended. It will assess the body’s condition and send information to the IoT.

Fabrication of Printable Colorimetric Food Sensor Based on Hydrogel for Low-Concentration Detection of Ammonia

With the increasing market share of ready-to-cook foods, accurate determination of the food freshness and thus food safety has emerged as a concern. To commercialize and popularize food sensing technologies, food sensors with diverse functionalities, low cost, and facile use must be developed. This paper proposes printable sensors based on a hydrogel-containing pH indicator to detect ammonia gas. The sensors were composed of biocompatible polymers such as 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) and [2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl] trimethylammonium chloride (MAETC). The p(HEMA-MAETC) hydrogel sensor with bromothymol blue (BTB) demonstrated visible color change as a function of ammonia concentration during food spoilage. Furthermore, polyacrylonitrile (PAN) was added to improve transport speed of ammonium ions as the matrix in the sensors and optimized the viscosity to enable successful printing. The color changed within 3 min at ammonia concentration of 300 ppb and 1 ppm, respectively. The sensor exhibited reproducibility over 10 cycles and selective exposure to various gases generated during the food spoilage process. In an experiment involving pork spoilage, the color change was significant before and after exposure to ammonia gas within 8 h in ambient conditions. The proposed sensor can be integrated in bar codes and QR codes that are easily mass produced.

Printable Graphene-Sustainable Elastomer-Based Cross Talk Free Sensor for Point of Care Diagnostics

Developing sensors for monitoring physiological parameters such as temperature and strain for point of care (POC) diagnostics is critical for better care of the patients. Various commercial sensors are available to get the job done; however, challenges like the structural rigidity of such sensors confine their usage. As an alternative, flexible sensors have been looked upon recently. In most cases, flexible sensors cannot discriminate the signals from different stimuli. While there have been reports on the printable sensors providing cross-talk-free solutions, research related to developing sensors from a sustainable source providing discriminability between signals is not well-explored. Herein, we report the development of a stencil printable composition made of graphene and epoxidized natural rubber. The stencil printability index was vetted using rheological studies. Post usage, the developed sensor was dissolved in an organic solvent at room temperature. This, along with the choice of a sustainable elastomer, warrants the minimization of electronic waste and carbon footprint. The developed material demonstrated good conformability with the skin and could perceive and decouple the signals from temperature and strain without inducing any crosstalks. Using a representative volume element model, a comparison between experimental findings and computation studies was made. The developed sensors demonstrated gauge factors of -506 and 407 in the bending strain regimes of 0-0.04% and 0.04%-0.09%, respectively, while the temperature sensitivity was noted to be -0.96%/°C. The printed sensors demonstrated a multifunctional sensing behavior for monitoring various active physiological parameters ranging from temperature, strain, pulse, and breathing to auditory responses. Using a Bluetooth module, various parameters like temperature and strain could be monitored seamlessly in a smart-phone. The current development would be crucial to open new avenues to fabricate crosstalk-free sensors from sustainable sources for POC diagnostics.

Stretchable and self-healing ionic conductive elastomer for multifunctional 3D printable sensor

Soft ionic conductors (ICs) such as hydrogels and ionogels have attracted extensive attention as they are promising candidates as the key components used in flexible electronic devices. Nonetheless, hydrogels and ionogel-based materials reported by previous studies usually exhibit prominent problems, such as solvent leakage and evaporation, limiting their application in complex environment. In this work, solid-state conductive ionogels (SCIg) composed of long-chain copolymer networks without any volatile liquids were designed and prepared. The dynamic non-covalent bonds ensure its long-term stable signal monitoring as a sensor. The SCIg shows extraordinary comprehensive properties, including admirable tensile strength (0.97 MPa) under large deformations (λ = 26.6 tensile stretch), promising conductivity (56.1 mS m−1) and surprising self-healing efficiency (>95 %). Notably, the SCIgs solved a well-established problem in ionogels, namely the conflict of ionic conductivity versus mechanical properties. Moreover, a series of ionoelastomers based on the SCIg were further exploited as a resistance-type sensor, capacitive-type sensor and multifunctional electronic skins capable of detecting a variety of mechanical signals. The sensors deliver splendid long-term stability with signal responses. Meanwhile, the obtained SCIgs exhibit high efficiency ultraviolet (UV) curable 3D printability, enabling the bulk production of microcircuits with 130 μm diameter in a transitory time. This work shows that the developed SCIg presents great application potential in the fields of electronic skin, physiological signal detection and human–machine interface.

Use of Chipless RFID as a Passive, Printable Sensor Technology for Aerospace Strain and Temperature Monitoring.

This paper was concerned with the current level of progress towards the development of chipless radio frequency identification (RFID) sensors that are capable of sensing strain and temperature. More specifically, it was interested in the possibility that the resulting devices could be used as a passive wireless structural health monitoring (SHM) sensor technology that could be printed in situ. This work contains the development and performance characterization results for both novel strain and novel temperature sensor designs with resulting sensitivities of 9.77 MHz/%ε and 0.88 MHz/°C, respectively. Furthermore, a detailed discussion on the interrogation system required to meet the relevant aerospace sensing requirements was also discussed, and several methods were explored to enhance the multi-sensor support capabilities of this technology.

3D Printed Stretchable Liquid Gallium Battery

AbstractDespite the rapid progress on soft and stretchable batteries, current fabrication techniques involve manual disposition and stencil/screen printing. Here, for the first time, a 3D‐printed Ag–Ga battery is introduced through subsequent printing of four sinter‐free composites: a stretchable Liquid Metal (LM) EGaIn‐Ag‐Styrene‐isoprene block copolymers (SIS), and Carbon‐SIS current collectors; Ag2O‐SIS cathode; and a novel Ga‐C‐SIS anode. Being sinter‐free results in faster printing, and compatibility with heat‐sensitive substrates. Although the Ga‐C‐SIS is solid‐like and nonsmearing after printing, it creates a liquid interface after contacting with the electrolyte. This results in a self‐feeding and self‐aggregation mechanism that brings more gallium to the surface and delays the formation of the dead surface. The record‐breaking areal capacity of ≈19.4 mAh cm−2, along with excellent stretchability (>130% Max. strain), makes the Ag–Ga battery an excellent alternative to Ag–Zn batteries. Surprisingly, digital printing results in 3x higher areal capacity compared to stencil printing, due to greater gallium exposure at the surface. The desired voltage and current output can be customized by printing several battery cells and interconnect them in series/parallel. Also, printing of sensors, electrodes, batteries, and interconnects on a biomonitoring e‐textile for simultaneous monitoring of electrocardiography, body temperature, and respiration is demonstrated.

Development of COVID-19 Detection Smart Doorbell Based on IoT

A unique thermal sensor camera must be utilised to detect a person with covid 19 symptoms. A Coronavirus doorbell has been invented in this research, which can be used to uniquely identify persons using their fingerprints, and they can also be identified for COVID positive. This is an electronic based gadget made with a Raspberry Pi 3, an IR sensor, a Serial 16x2 Serial LCD, a Raspberry Pi camera, and tools for fingerprint scanning. A COVID doorbell has been obtained by combining these tools to detect an infected person based on his temperature. When a person’s temperature exceeds 104 degrees Celsius, it detects it by touching his finger with a finger print sensor, captures an image of the infected person, and alerts the person inside the house with the appropriate message. This system thus has the potential to save human lives from COVID.

Stretchable and Self-Healing Ionic Conductive Elastomer for Multifunctional 3d Printable Sensor

Stretchable and Self-Healing Ionic Conductive Elastomer for Multifunctional 3d Printable Sensor

ПРИМЕНЕНИЕ ФУНКЦИОНАЛЬНЫХ И АДАПТИВНЫХ МАТЕРИАЛОВ, ПОЛУЧЕННЫХ СПОСОБОМ 3D-ПЕЧАТИ (обзор)

Based on a review of scientific and technical literature, the main directions of using functional materials obtained by the FDM printing method in the development of sensors for various purposes and polymer actuators are identified. It is shown that to date, significant progress has been achieved in the field of printing sensors for various purposes: materials have been selected, a conceptual appearance of products has been developed, their characteristics have been investigated. The possibilities of using polymeric materials with shape memory for the manufacture of actuators obtained by the 3D printing method are demonstrated. It is noted that the uniqueness of this method of manufacturing actuators is associated with the ability to lay the stress diagram necessary for the operation of the device during the printing process.

Guest Editorial Special Issue on Papers From the IEEE FLEPS Conference 2020

Printed devices on flexible and disposable substrates are receiving considerable interest for the realization of low-cost electronic and sensing systems. As a result, new methods such as resource-efficient printing and multimaterial additive manufacturing have been explored to develop a wide range of easily deployable systems such as displays, sensors, and smart tags. The technologies developed for silicon-based planar electronics and solid-state sensors are also being re-purposed to meet the demands in the emerging field of flexible and printed sensors. This trend will continue as all market indicators point towards significant growth in this area. At the same time, the rapidly growing e-waste issue and its adverse socioeconomic impact have highlighted the need for sustainable electronics and a circular economy, where naturally degradable electronics, design for sustainability, and recycle and reuse are critical factors. As a result, flexible, printed, and disposable sensor technology, solution-processable nanomaterials, and novel printing techniques are likely to bring about a new wave of green technologies. Considering these developments, it became necessary to provide a forum to discuss the latest developments in the field and to bring together the academic and non-academic sectors to carefully lay the future roadmap. The IEEE International Conference on Flexible, Printable Sensors and Systems (IEEE FLEPS) provides such a forum and aims to be the premier conference in the world. The high standards of the conference are ensured by the directions set by the steering, organizing, and technical committees formed by world-leading experts in the field.

A New Instrument for Determining the Coarse-Mode Sea Salt Aerosol Size Distribution

AbstractSea salt aerosol (SSA) plays a significant role in the atmosphere through aerosol direct and indirect effects, and in atmospheric chemistry as a source of tropospheric bromine. In situ measurements of coarse-mode SSA particles are limited because of their low concentration and relatively large sizes (dry radius rd > 0.5 μm). With this in mind, a new, low-cost, easily usable method for sampling coarse-mode SSA particles in the marine boundary layer was developed. An SSA particle sampler that uses an impaction method was designed and built using 3D printing and Arduino microcontrollers and sensors. It exposes polycarbonate slides to ambient airflow remotely on a kite-based platform to capture coarse-mode SSA particles. Because it is a smaller version of the Giant Nucleus Impactor (GNI), designed for use on aircraft, it is named the miniature Giant Nucleus Impactor (miniGNI). After sample collection, the same optical microscope methodology utilized by the GNI was used to analyze the wetted salt particles that impacted onto the slides. In this proof-of-concept study, multiple miniGNIs were attached serially to a kite string, allowing for sampling at multiple altitudes simultaneously. The robustness of the results from this new instrument and methodology for sampling at ambient RH (~75%) the SSA particle size distribution with rd > 3.3 μm are compared with a similar study. We find that the SSA particle number concentration decreases weakly with altitude and shows no correlation to instantaneous U10 wind speed along the windward coastline of Oʻahu in the Hawaiian Islands.