Printable Files Research Articles

Unified integration approach for bridging BIM model to 3D construction printing and scale prototyping

Purpose This work aims to develop a multi-step approach for the unified integration of 3D construction printing (3DCP) and building information modeling (BIM), allowing users to easily and automatically outline the instructions for 3D printing of buildings starting from BIM model and ensuring the wide spread of this new technology in Civil Engineering sector. Design/methodology/approach The proposed methodology exploits Revit for 3D modeling and BIM, using Dynamo as a programming interface for generating G-code. Findings The paper demonstrates how the proposed methodology can extract information from a BIM model to support building construction using digital fabrication techniques. This code guides the printer’s movements and operations, specifying the path, speed, layers and essential parameters to construct concrete structures layer by layer. It transforms digital designs into precise and efficient physical structures. Practical implications This work allows overcoming some of the current limitations associated with bridging BIM models to 3D construction printing. The proposed approach integrates BIM and 3DCP. If the model undergoes changes in the BIM model, the proposed system allows for automatic updates in the 3D printing files. Furthermore, the possibility offered by the proposed methodology to test the G-code on a scaled model allows for the correction of any errors before printing on a large-scale machine. Originality/value The novelty of the proposed approach is threefold: i) A new unified integration methodology for BIM and 3D construction printing is defined; ii) An example of a 3D printed building unit is modeled with BIM, incorporating various discipline models such as Architecture, Structure, and Mechanical, Electrical, Plumbing (MEP) systems; iii) The proposed approach allows for testing the G-code at scale before printing with a full-scale machine.

Development of a device for assessment of aortic root parameters and positioning of aortic valve cusps during aortic valve-sparing root replacement

Background. A promising method of surgical treatment of aneurysms of the root and ascending aorta (AA) with unchanged aortic valve (AV) cusps is aortic valve-sparing root replacement (VSRR) with AV reimplantation (David procedure). To date, there are no clear indications to make a choice in favor of valve-replacing or valve-sparing intervention. The result of visual evaluation and the choice of treatment method based on the surgeon’s experience remains the main criteria. Objective. In the experiment to develop a prototype and method of application of the device for positioning of AV cusps, which will simplify and standardize aortic valve-sparing root replacement, improve the results and increase the reproducibility of these operations. Design and methods. Three-dimensional (3D) modeling of the device components was performed in the parametric open-source computer-aided design environment FreeCAD 0.20.1. Two-dimensional sketches were converted into three-dimensional models and exported as stl files for 3D printing. Solid components of the model were made of polylactic acid (PLA-plastic), elastic components were made of rubber-like photopolymer (Dropstil F556 10 shore A) also by 3D printing using SLA technology. Results. The device consists of 2 similar ring-sizers of variable diameter connected by three struts of variable length. In the upper part of each of the struts fastenings to the distal ring represents T-shaped cutouts for temporary locking of the suture-holders passed through the commissures of the AV cusps. For proximal locking of the aortic graft and the proximal ring-sizer, 3 U-shaped sutures are used, passed from inside to outside through the AV ring, the proximal part of the graft and taken in the tourniquets. The diameters of the ring-sizers can be varied between 25–40 mm by rotating a worm drive. A graft is placed on the inner side of the device, the suture-holders attached to the tops of the commissures are locked in the T-shaped notches in the upper parts of the struts. The device will allow changing the position of the coaptation point, coaptation square and performing hydraulic tests in different positions of the cusps, as well as variable diameters at the level of the AV ring and sinotubular junction (25–40 mm). When the target position of the coaptation point, coaptation area and satisfactory hydraulic test result are achieved, the cusps with commissures are locked inside the graft and the device is removed. Conclusion. A new device has been developed to facilitate, reproduce, and standardize VSRR. The results obtained will facilitate and accelerate the performance of VSRR, increase the reproducibility of the technique, and reduce the risks of complications.

A 3D-Printable smartphone accessory for plant leaf chlorophyll measurement

Plant health and nutrition are universally inferred from leaf chlorophyll content. This research developed a 3D-printed accessory which attaches to the ambient light sensor in a smartphone to estimate leaf chlorophyll content in five tropical plant species. It unveils 3D printing files and assembling details to freely built the accessory anywhere. It is made from a 3D-printed body, a lighting circuit and common spare parts to measure a 663 nm LED band transmission through intact plant leaves. This chlorophyll absorbing light band allows to measure its concentration. The device was tested by comparing its readings to the universal spectrophotometric test or by leaf parallel measurements with a standard SPAD 502™ meter, and it performed as well as these universal standard methods. Due to well-studied relationships between chlorophyll concentration and nutritional status of plants, and the ubiquitous presence of other sensors in smartphones today, the independent improvement and adoption of this smartphone-connected system would ease the spread of precision farming and digital agronomy practices throughout the different scales of agriculture.

3D-printed one-piece versus two-piece orthodontic clear aligner attachments bonded with provisional crowns: A proof of concept

ObjectivesThis study aimed to introduce a novel technique for fabricating provisional crowns integrated as a single unit with aligner attachments. MethodsA total of 60 crowns with attachments were prepared: 20 conventional (Protemp) and 40 3D-printed (20 bonded with attachments; 20 integrated with composite attachments as a single unit) using NextDent resin. Two central incisors were scanned (once without attachments and once with attachments) to create STL files for specimen printing. Half of the specimens (30, n = 10 per group) underwent thermal cycling (5000 cycles). Shear bond strengths (MPa) were evaluated using a universal testing machine. The debonded areas and attachment failures were analyzed to determine the fracture type. Data analyses were performed using ANOVA and post hoc Tukey tests (α = 0.05). ResultsThe 3D-printed specimens showed higher strength values than the bonded attachments per group (P < 0.001). The 3D-printed crowns with attachments demonstrated the highest strength (12.39 ± 1.92 MPa). Thermal cycling significantly decreased the bond strength of the attachments (P < 0.001), except in the 3D-printed crowns with composite attachments as a single unit, which showed no significant change after thermal cycling (P = 0.643). In the bonded attachment groups, the adhesive type was the predominant failure mode, while in the 3D-printed groups, attachment fractures were the primary cause of failure. ConclusionThe 3D-printed provisional crowns with attachments have high strength and is clinically appropriate for orthodontic treatment when temporization of teeth is indicated. Clinical SignificanceThe developed technique for fabricating 3D-printed provisional restorations with orthodontics attachments as a single unit is a promising approach. The technique may be incorporated into the digital orthodontic treatment workflow when temporization is indicated.

A Deep Learning-Based Method for Rapid 3D Whole-Heart Modeling in Congenital Heart Disease

Introduction: This study aimed to develop a deep learning-based method for generating three-dimensional heart mesh models for patients with congenital heart disease by integrating medical imaging and clinical diagnostic information. Methods: A deep learning model was trained using CT and cardiac MRI, along with clinical data from 110 patients. The Web-based platform automatically outputs STL files for 3D printing and Unity 3D OBJ files for virtual reality (VR) applications upon uploading the medical images and diagnostic information. The models were tested on three congenital heart disease cases, with corresponding 3D-printed and VR heart models generated. Results: The 3D-printed and VR heart models received high praise from professional doctors for their anatomical accuracy and clarity. Evaluations indicated that the proposed method effectively and rapidly reconstructs complex congenital heart disease structures, proving useful for preoperative planning and diagnostic support. Conclusion: The 3D modeling approach has the potential to enhance the precision of surgical planning and diagnosis for congenital heart disease. Future studies should explore larger datasets and training models for different types of congenital heart disease to validate the model’s broad applicability.

ERCAD: A Parametric Reactor Design Tool That Enables Rapid Prototyping and Optimization of Electrochemical Reactors through 3D Printing.

The reactors are an essential component of electrosynthetic reactions. As the electron transfer processes are heterogeneous, the reactors have a significant impact on reaction outcomes. This has resulted in reaction reproducibility being problematic, which commercial reactors alleviate somewhat but are expensive and cannot be optimized or iterated upon. Using 3D printing, rapid prototyping of bespoke reactors should facilitate investigation of the sensitivity of key reactor parameters, enable reactor optimization, and improved reproducibility through sharing of the print files. However, the bottleneck to this approach is the Computer Aided Design (CAD) of the reactors, which typically requires specialist knowledge and training to do. This has resulted in 3D printing not being typically used in the field of electrosynthesis. Herein, we showcase the development and application of a user-friendly, open-source software tool that can be used to produce Electrochemical Reactor CAD (ERCAD) designs simply and easily by nonexperts. We demonstrate its use to design and print reactors for the analysis, optimization, screening, and scaleup of electrosynthetic reactions. Using this parametric design tool, chemists with no design experience or skills can now easily create, print, test, and share their reactors.

Innovative 3D printing and molding process for secondary-skin-collimator fabrication

Purpose. Secondary skin collimation (SSC) is essential for shielding normal tissues near tumors during electron and orthovoltage radiation treatments. Traditional SSC fabrication methods, such as crafting in-house lead sheets, are labor-intensive and produce SSCs with low geometric accuracy. This study introduces a workflow that integrated 3D scanning and 3D printing technologies with an in-house mold process, enabling the production of patient-specific SSCs within six hours. Methods. An anthropomorphic head phantom was scanned with a handheld 3D scanner. The resulting scan data was imported into 3D modeling software for design. The completed model was exported to a 3D printer as a printable file. Subsequently, molten Cerrobend was poured into the mold and allowed to set, completing the SSC production. Geometric accuracy was assessed using CT images, and the shielding effectiveness was evaluated through film dosimetry. Results. The 3D printed mold achieved submillimeter accuracy (0.5 mm) and exhibited high conformity to the phantom surface. It successfully endured the weight and heat of the Cerrobend during pouring and curing. Dosimetric analysis conducted with radiochromic film demonstrated good agreement between the measured and expected attenuation values of the SSC slab, within ±3%. Conclusions. This study presents a proof of concept for novel mold room workflows that produce patient-specific SSCs within six hours, a significant improvement over the traditional SSC fabrication process, which takes 2–3 days. The submillimeter accuracy and versatility of 3D scanning and printing technologies afford greater design freedom and enhanced delivery accuracy for cases involving irregular geometries.

Graphical Interface in MATLAB for design and analysis of reflectors for lighting systems or solar collectors on parabolic surfaces

This project introduces the successful development of a MATLAB graphical interface for the design and analysis of reflectors and solar concentrators on parabolic surfaces. The integration of spline techniques for precise modeling of these surfaces has been implemented, along with the capability to generate STL files for 3D printing. The interface not only enables detailed and adaptable design of reflectors but also includes an advanced simulator for projecting incident rays and analyzing their reflection on the parabolic surface, focusing specifically on the focal point location. This has led to a significant increase in the efficiency of solar concentrators and lighting systems by enabling the precise placement of absorbers to maximize energy transfer. The obtained results confirm the initial hypothesis, demonstrating that the interface enhances the precision and efficiency in the design of these systems, thereby offering a valuable tool in both educational and professional realms in the fields of solar energy and lighting.

Cost-effective, open-source light shutters with Arduino control

In optical experiments, shutters are devices that open or close a path of light. They are often used to limit the duration of light exposure onto a target or onto a detector to reduce possible light-induced damage. Many commercial shutters are available for different applications – some provide very fast opening and closing times, some can handle large optical powers, and others allow for fail-safe operation. Many of these devices are costly and offer limited control options. Here we provide an open-source design for a low-cost, general purpose shutter system based on ubiquitous actuators (servo motors or solenoids) that are connected to an Arduino-based controller. Several shutters can be controlled by one controller, further reducing system cost. The state of the shutters can be controlled via a display built into the controller, by serial commands via USB, or by electrical control lines. The use of a microcontroller makes the shutter controller adaptable – only control options that are used need to be included, and the design accommodates a selection of display and actuator options. We provide designs for all required components, including 3D print files for the actuator holders and cases, the Arduino code, libraries for serial communication (C and python), and example graphical user interfaces for testing.

WingSegment: A Computer Vision‐Based Hybrid Approach for Insect Wing Image Segmentation and 3D Printing

This article introduces WingSegment, a MATLAB app‐designed tool employing a hybrid approach of computer vision and graph theory for precise insect wing image segmentation. WingSegment detects cells, junctions, Pterostigma, and venation patterns, measuring geometric features and generating Voronoi patterns. The tool utilizes region‐growing, thinning, and Dijkstra's algorithms for boundary detection, junction identification, and vein path extraction. It provides histograms and box plots of geometric features, facilitating comprehensive wing analysis. WingSegment's efficiency is validated through comparisons with established tools and manual measurements, demonstrating accurate results. The tool further enables exporting detected boundaries as FreeCAD macro files for 3D modeling and printing, supporting finite element analysis. Beyond advancing insect wing morphology understanding, WingSegment holds broader implications for diverse planar structures, including leaves and geocells. This tool not only enhances automated geometric analysis and 3D model generation in insect wing studies but also contributes to the broader advancement of analysis, 3D printing, and modeling technologies across various planar structures.

Dimensional accuracy and simulation-based optimization of polyolefins and biocopolyesters for extrusion-based additive manufacturing and steam sterilization.

Polyolefins exhibit robust mechanical and chemical properties and can be applied in the medical field, e.g. for the manufacturing of dentures. Despite their wide range of applications, they are rarely used in extrusion-based printing due to their warpage tendency. The aim of this study was to investigate and reduce the warpage of polyolefins compared to commonly used filaments after additive manufacturing (AM) and sterilization using finite element simulation. Three types of filaments were investigated: a medical-grade polypropylene (PP), a glass-fiber reinforced polypropylene (PP-GF), and a biocopolyester (BE) filament, and they were compared to an acrylic resin (AR) for material jetting. Square specimens, standardized samples prone to warpage, and denture bases (n = 10 of each group), as clinically relevant and anatomically shaped reference, were digitized after AM and steam sterilization (134 °C). To determine warpage, the volume underneath the square specimens was calculated, while the deviations of the denture bases from the printing file were measured using root mean square (RMS) values. To reduce the warpage of the PP denture base, a simulation of the printing file based on thermomechanical calculations was performed. Statistical analysis was conducted using the Kruskal-Wallis test, followed by Dunn's test for multiple comparisons. The results showed that PP exhibited the greatest warpage of the square specimens after AM, while PP-GF, BE, and AR showed minimal warpage before sterilization. However, warpage increased for PP-GF, BE and AR during sterilization, whereas PP remained more stable. After AM, denture bases made of PP showed the highest warpage. Through simulation-based optimization, warpage of the PP denture base was successfully reduced by 25%. In contrast to the reference materials, PP demonstrated greater dimensional stability during sterilization, making it a potential alternative for medical applications. Nevertheless, reducing warpage during the cooling process after AM remains necessary, and simulation-based optimization holds promise in addressing this issue.

3D/4D printed versatile fibre‐based wearables for embroidery, AIE‐chemosensing, and unidirectional draining

AbstractFibre‐based wearables for embroidery, chemosensing, and biofluid's unidirectional draining with good flexibility, tunability, and designability drive technological advance. However, synthetic polymer fibres are non‐degradable, threatening the environment and human health. Herein, we have developed versatile microfibre‐based wearables by combining many advantages in one platform of biodegradable polylactic acid (PLA) and melt electrowriting strategy. Diverse potential applications of PLA wearables are achieved by flexibly designing their printing files, components and structures. Three‐dimensional printing files are generated from two‐dimensional images to fabricate ‘embroidery‐like’ patterns. PLA/aggregation‐induced emission fluorogens (AIE) chemosensors exhibit colorimetric and fluorescent colour changes upon exposure to amine vapours. Janus PLA‐cotton textiles with a hydrophobic/hydrophilic structure could facilitate unidirectional draining of sweats which is favourable for the management of temperature and humidity on the surface of skin. The proposed platform can not only broaden the design possibilities in 3D/4D printing but also offer wide potential applications for functional wearables.

A 3D printed plant model for accurate and reliable 3D plant phenotyping.

This study addresses the importance of precise referencing in 3-dimensional (3D) plant phenotyping, which is crucial for advancing plant breeding and improving crop production. Traditionally, reference data in plant phenotyping rely on invasive methods. Recent advancements in 3D sensing technologies offer the possibility to collect parameters that cannot be referenced by manual measurements. This work focuses on evaluating a 3D printed sugar beet plant model as a referencing tool. Fused deposition modeling has turned out to be a suitable 3D printing technique for creating reference objects in 3D plant phenotyping. Production deviations of the created reference model were in a low and acceptable range. We were able to achieve deviations ranging from -10 mm to +5 mm. In parallel, we demonstrated a high-dimensional stability of the reference model, reaching only ±4 mm deformation over the course of 1 year. Detailed print files, assembly descriptions, and benchmark parameters are provided, facilitating replication and benefiting the research community. Consumer-grade 3D printing was utilized to create a stable and reproducible 3D reference model of a sugar beet plant, addressing challenges in referencing morphological parameters in 3D plant phenotyping. The reference model is applicable in 3 demonstrated use cases: evaluating and comparing 3D sensor systems, investigating the potential accuracy of parameter extraction algorithms, and continuously monitoring these algorithms in practical experiments in greenhouse and field experiments. Using this approach, it is possible to monitor the extraction of a nonverifiable parameter and create reference data. The process serves as a model for developing reference models for other agricultural crops.

Quality of 3D Printed Objects Using Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) Technology in Terms of Dimensional Accuracy

3D printers are known for providing parts with relatively good accuracy. However, the level of accuracy in the dimensions of printed objects may not matter if they do not have a mechanical purpose. When multiple 3D-printed parts are intended to be integrated with each other to create a larger system, even a fraction of a millimeter can have a significant impact on the entire system. This study aims to investigate the variation in dimension when a single print file is replicated using the same slicing settings. The findings are then analyzed using quality control tools and compared to the designed measurements. Fused deposition modeling (FDM) technology or fused filament fabrication (FFF) technology was chosen for this study due to its availability to the common user, its relatively low cost, and its increasing popularity in different applications and industries. The material used in this study is polylactic acid (PLA) which is a thermoplastic and the most widely used plastic filament in 3D printing. It has a low melting point, high strength, low thermal expansion, and is relatively cheap. The dimensional accuracy of FDM-produced parts was evaluated by comparing the dimensions of the fabricated specimens with their computer-aided design (CAD) models. Statistical analysis revealed that the mean dimensional deviations were within the specified tolerance limits for most of the tested parts. This suggests that FDM technology is reliable in terms of achieving dimensional accuracy.

Flexible camera detector box design using 3D printers

In the early days of electronic neutron imaging, the best available and most expensive components were used to build detectors. Experience has shown that only few parameters are truly important, so we have built a whole new line of specialized neutron imaging detectors based on astronomy cameras and 3D printed housings with external shielding. As an additional benefit, 3D printed housings produce no gammas on neutron capture, and provide nearly spot-free images. Plans and print files for 3D printed detectors are available for free on request.

A freely distributable professional computed tomography system using NICOS

Based on the control system of the ANTARES neutron imaging system at FRM II, we have designed a portable, but professional neutron computed tomography system using the same TANGO device servers and the instrument control system NICOS. We have created a minimalistic setup to control a computed tomography setup using a single control computer that directly connects to a camera detector and interfaces a Raspberry Pi computer with motor control board via a local network. The setup has the full capability of a large instrument controller and can control arbitrary hardware (like professional motor controllers) for which hundreds of free drivers are available. Full schematics for the controller as well as print files for 3D printers for the detector housing and disk or virtual machine images are available for free to allow for the quick implementation of a low-cost, but professional neutron CT system even at very low power research reactors.

Patterned keyhole porosity formation in laser powder bed fusion caused by local disturbances in the shielding gas flow

Porosity is a major challenge in laser powder bed fusion systems (PBF) and a crucial contributor to fatigue life. The current approach to remedy this challenge is thermal management, which involves optimizing process parameters to minimize porosity formation from repeated stacking of layers to produce a fully dense part. However, auxiliary mechanisms other than laser power, scan speed, and hatch spacing simultaneously affect the repeatability of the process. For example, the irregular flow of shielding gas over a powder bed disrupts the melt’s pool convective heat transfer resulting in keyhole porosity. This study aims to explain the defect formation associated with the print process caused by local disturbances of the shielding gas flow pattern and the interaction of adjacent rasters. Additively manufactured 316 stainless steel cuboids were investigated by x-ray computed tomography. Results indicated that pores were spatially aligned in a pattern and uniformly distributed. A comparison of the CT scans and the print file showed that the pore pattern aligned with the layout of print cells during the melting of odd layers. During odd layers, the position of the recoater disrupted the shielding gas flow. The disrupted flow created regions with low gas velocity, which led to heat retention at the boundary of the print cells. The heat retained generated a concentrated occurrence of keyhole defects since the melt pools were deeper.

3D modeling of bolus for producing by prototyping and use in radiation therapy

Due to its vast number of occurrences, cancer has caused an economic impact on the public and supplementary health care sectors. It is estimated that more than 50% of patients diagnosed with malignant neoplasms need radiotherapy at some stage of their treatment, most of them treated with photon and/or electron beams. Due to the build-up effect (increase in dose in the matter from deposition on the surface to a point of maximum dose) caused by the interaction of photon beams with the irradiated tissue, bolus is often used in routine radiotherapy sectors to superficialize the point of maximum dose in the treatment region. The human body has complex surfaces that are often treatment regions in radiotherapy, but commercial bolus with a standard shape and length do not adapt perfectly to these surfaces. When this happens, air gaps may appear in the region, causing differences between the dose defined in radiotherapy planning and the dose delivered during treatment. In order to eliminate these air gaps and possible dose distribution errors, two methodologies for individualized bolus construction were proposed. In both cases, computed tomography images of the Alderson Rando male anthropomorphic phantom were used as a reference of the anatomy of a human body. From these images, one bolus model was constructed in the 3D modeling software 3ds Max by creating a polygonal mesh, while the other bolus model was constructed in the image computing software 3D Slicer, using segmentation tools. The software Creality Slicer 1.2.3. prepared the files for 3D printing. The prints of the files were made on polylactic acid filament on the Tevo Tarantula Pro printer. The bolus construction methodology using the software 3ds Max showed better results, as a greater contact area between the bolus and the phantom was observed when testing the fit of the printed bolus to the physical phantom. The 3D files of the virtual bolus will be available for future computer simulations. The printed bolus could be used in dosimetry with linear accelerators.

Simulation device for shoulder reductions: overview of prototyping, testing, and design instructions

BackgroundShoulder dislocations are common occurrences, yet there are few simulation devices to train medical personnel on how to reduce these dislocations. Reductions require a familiarity with the shoulder and a nuanced motion against strong muscle tension. The goal of this work is to describe the design of an easily replicated, low-cost simulator for training shoulder reductions.Materials and methodsAn iterative, stepwise engineering design process was used to design and implement ReducTrain. A needs analysis with clinical experts led to the selection of the traction-countertraction and external rotation methods as educationally relevant techniques to include. A set of design requirements and acceptance criteria was established that considered durability, assembly time, and cost. An iterative prototyping development process was used to meet the acceptance criteria. Testing protocols for each design requirement are also presented. Step-by-step instructions are provided to allow the replication of ReducTrain from easily sourced materials, including plywood, resistance bands, dowels, and various fasteners, as well as a 3D-printed shoulder model, whose printable file is included at a link in the Additional file 1: Appendix.ResultsA description of the final model is given. The total cost for all materials for one ReducTrain model is under US $200, and it takes about 3 h and 20 min to assemble. Based on repetitive testing, the device should not see any noticeable changes in durability after 1000 uses but may exhibit some changes in resistance band strength after 2000 uses.DiscussionThe ReducTrain device fills a gap in emergency medicine and orthopedic simulation. Its wide variety of uses points to its utility in several instructional formats. With the rise of makerspaces and public workshops, the construction of the device can be easily completed. While the device has some limitations, its robust design allows for simple upkeep and a customizable training experience.ConclusionA simplified anatomical design allows for the ReducTrain model to serve as a viable training device for shoulder reductions.

A Direct Toolpath Constructive Design Method for Controllable Porous Structure Configuration with a TSP-based Sequence Planning Determination

The inherent capabilities of additive manufacturing (AM) to fabricate porous lattice structures with controllable structural and functional properties have raised interest in the design methods for the production of extremely intricate internal geometries. Current popular methods of porous lattice structure design still follow the traditional flow, which mainly consists of computer-aided design (CAD) model construction, STereoLithography (STL) model conversion, slicing model acquisition, and toolpath configuration, which causes a loss of accuracy and manufacturability uncertainty in AM preparation stages. Moreover, toolpath configuration relies on a knowledge-based approach summarized by expert systems. In this process, geometrical construction information is always ignored when a CAD model is created or constructed. To fully use this geometrical information, avoid accuracy loss and ensure qualified manufacturability of porous lattice structures, this paper proposes a novel toolpath-based constructive design method to directly generate toolpath printing file of parametric and controllable porous lattice structures to facilitate model data exchange during the AM preparation stages. To optimize the laser jumping route between lattice cells, we use a hybrid travelling salesman problem (TSP) solver to determine the laser jumping points on contour scans. Four kinds of laser jumping orders are calculated and compared to select a minimal laser jumping route for sequence planning inside lattice cells. Hence, the proposed method can achieve high-precision lattice printing and avoid computational consumption in model conversion stages from a geometrical view. The optical metallographic images show that the shape accuracy of lattice patterns can be guaranteed. The existence of “grain boundaries” brought about by the multi-contour scanning strategy may lead to different mechanical properties.