Printing Characteristics Research Articles

Publication Dating through Observations of Differences in Woodblock Printing Characteristics among Various Versions of Wanpanbon Editions of Honggildongjeon (Tale of Hong Gil Dong)

To understand the process of publication and distribution of ancient Korean novels under the Joseon dynasty and Japanese occupation, collecting information on the publication of various printed materials and estimating their publication date through various methods is extremely important. In this study, the characteristics and differences that appeared in the woodblock printing process were investigated using image comparison among editions of the Honggildongjeon (Tale of Honggildong) of Wanpanbon (完板本) (published in the Jeonju region) with other commercial editions of the ancient Korean novels. Additionally, the publication year of each edition was estimated. Printed images of different versions were compared with those of a recently discovered original series version and the changes in the process of carving replacement woodblocks were investigated and summarized. Various phenomena, such as differences in fonts, borderline shapes and integrity of printed characters, appearing in woodblock prints provided useful information for determining chronological relationships between the prints and estimating the approximate publication year for each edition. The various characteristics of woodblock printing obtained through this study are expected to serve as a reference for estimating the relationship between the printing method and the approximate publication date of old books and paper-based printed historical records.

Effect of printing characteristics for the incorporation of hexagonal-shaped lattice structure on the PLA polymeric material

Additive manufacturing is an emerging technique for manufacturing 3-D objects from the design of the component. Lattice structures are incorporated in metal and polymeric materials and find various applications in aerospace, marine, and other engineering fields. The present research work concentrates on incorporating hexagonal-shaped lattice structures through the fused deposition modeling (FDM) technique. The optimization was carried out by varying the printing process parameters such as infill density (80%, 90%, and 100%), layer thickness (0.1 mm, 0.2 mm, and 0.3 mm), and printing temperature (195°C, 205°C, and 215°C). The impact of printing parameters with respect to the quality characteristics responses such as tensile strength/density and dimensional area error can be considered for the optimization process. The samples are prepared using an L9 orthogonal array, and the process condition was optimized using the Taguchi optimization technique. The tensile strength/density is observed to be higher at a lower infill density of about 80%, a minimum layer height of 0.1 mm, and a maximum extrusion temperature of 215°C. From the ANOVA analysis results, the influential parameters sequence for the tensile strength/density was infill density > layer thickness > printing temperature. And the sequence of effective parameters for obtaining the lowest dimensional area error was infill density > printing temperature > layer thickness. Therefore, this research has found the application for incorporating hexagonal-shaped lattice structure in the PLA material. The material is capable of structural applications in automotive and marine applications, etc.

Fabricating High-Resolution and High-Dimensional Microneedle Mold through the Resolution Improvement of Stereolithography 3D Printing

Microneedles are transdermal drug delivery tools that can be fabricated simply, economically, and rapidly using SLA 3D printing. However, SLA 3D printing has a limitation in that the resolution is slightly lowered when the microneedle is precisely printed. To solve this issue, we optimized the SLA 3D printing conditions such as printing angle, needle height, aspect ratio, and spacing between the microneedles for high-resolution microneedle fabrication. The sharpest microneedle tip was obtained when the printing angle was adjusted to 60° in both the x and y axes. The aspect ratio and the spacing between the microneedles did not affect the output of the sharp tip. Under optimal conditions, the microneedles with 1180 ± 20 µm height, 490 ± 20 µm base, and 30.2 ± 3.4 µm tip diameter were obtained. The dissolving microneedle patch, prepared using the 3D printed microneedle as a mold, penetrated the porcine skin ex vivo. When the printing angle was 60° in the x and y axes, the area of the single stacking layer, including the microneedle tip, increased, and thus the sharp tip could be printed. A high-dimensional, side-notched arrowhead (SNA) microneedle was fabricated by applying the SLA 3D printing condition. Moreover, a letter-type microneedle patch was fabricated using the customized characteristics of 3D printing. Consequently, high-resolution and high-dimensional microneedles were successfully fabricated by adjusting the printing angle using a general SLA 3D printer, and this technology will be applied to the manufacture of drug delivery tools and various microstructures.

Making Polyol Gummies by 3D Printing: Effect of Polyols on 3D Printing Characteristics.

With growth of confectionery industry, there is a great demand for candy shape, and 3D printing technology is way to achieve it. The printing properties of gummy, which is formed of gelatin and low acyl gellan as gel, maltol, erythritol, sorbitol, and xylitol as sweeteners, were tested in this study. Gummies’ rheological properties, 3D printing properties, and textural qualities were measured using a rheometer, FTIR, and SEM in this study. The strength of the hydrogen bonds will be affected by the addition of polyol, after which the excluded volume effect of polyol and viscosity will become the most important aspect. Polyols increased the gelation temperature (Tgelation), improved the gel network, and improved hydrogen bonding in the gel, according to the findings. Yield stress, shear recovery performance, and gel strength were initially increased, then decreased, when polyol concentration was increased. It had a 40.59 °C gelation temperature, an 82.99% recovery rate, noticeable shear thinning features, high self-supporting performance, and textural qualities when ink with 35 g maltitol and 30 g erythritol gave the best printing performance. This research serves as a foundation for the development of individualized, bespoke 3D printed gummies in the future.

Affordable Biocidal Ultraviolet Cured Cuprous Oxide Filled Vat Photopolymerization Resin Nanocomposites with Enhanced Mechanical Properties.

In this study, Cuprous Oxide (Cu2O), known for its mechanism against bacteria, was used as filler to induce biocidal properties on a common commercial resin stereolithography (SLA) 3D printing resin. The aim was to develop nanocomposites suitable for the SLA process with a low-cost process that mimic host defense peptides (HDPs). Such materials have a huge economic and societal influence on the global technological war on illness and exploiting 3D printing characteristics is an additional asset for these materials. Their mechanical performance was also investigated with tensile, flexural, Charpy’s impact, and Vickers microhardness tests. Morphological analysis was performed through scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) analysis, while the thermal behavior was studied through Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA). The antibacterial activity of the fabricated nanocomposites was investigated using a screening agar well diffusion method, for a gram-negative and a gram-positive bacterium. Three-dimensional printed nanocomposites exhibited antibacterial performance in all loadings studied, while their mechanical enhancement was approximately 20% even at low filler loadings, revealing a multi-functional performance and a potential of Cuprous Oxide implementation in SLA resin matrices for engineering and medical applications.

A Description Method of In-plane Geometric Deviation of Parts Based on Scanning Toolpath Deviation Coordinate System

Due to the complex physical state changes during Additive Manufacturing processes, geometric deviations of part surface are unavoidable. In order to assist the study of part geometric deviation from the perspective of physical mechanism, according to the characteristics of layer-wise and line-wise printing in additive manufacturing, a method to describe the in-plane geometric deviation is presented in this paper. The geometric deviation coordinate system is established based on the scanning toolpath and its feed wire as well as the orthogonal direction of the baseline and the feed line in this method. The in-plane geometric deviation can be expressed through scanning toolpath mapping function considering the deviation factors. The geometric deviation representation method is preliminarily verified by the case study of Fused Deposition Modeling parts with a cylinder shape.

High-temperature deformation characteristics of 3D printing of nano-ceramic materials

High-temperature deformation characteristics of 3D printing of nano-ceramic materials

A systematic review of fused deposition modeling process parameters

Fused deposition modeling (FDM) is an additive manufacturing technique with significant advantages, including cost effectiveness, applicability for a wide range of materials, user-friendliness and small equipment features. However, its poor resolution represents a hindrance for functional parts for commercial production. In this review, the key process parameters are presented with their factors and effects on the characteristics of FDM-printed polymeric products. Hence, better insights into the relationship between key parameters and three main printing characteristics, namely, surface roughness, mechanical strength and dimensional accuracy, in existing FDM research are provided. A conclusion that addresses the challenges and future research directions in this area is also presented.

Comparative Study on Very Similar Jeungdoga Scripts through Image Analysis - Fundamental Difference between Treasure No. 758-1 and Treasure No. 758-2 -

Photographic images of the Samseong-version (三省本: Korea’s Treasure No. 758-1) and the Gongin-version (空印本: Korea’s Treasure No. 758-2) of Nammyeongcheon Hwasangsong Jeungdoga (南明泉和尙頌證道歌: Nanmingquan Song Zhengdaoge) were compared and analyzed to investigate the differences between the two versions. According to a report in 2012 at the time of the designation of the Gongin-version as Korea’s treasure, both versions were printed from the same woodblocks. The Gongin-version is presumed to be a later print than the Samseong-version. The two versions are very similar in format and shape of border lines and characters. It is difficult to determine the differences with the naked eye, even for experts. In this study, based on the printing characteristics observed from each version through image analysis, useful evidence to determine whether it was printed using the same or different woodblocks and the order of printing was collected. As a result of careful image comparison and analysis, we concluded that the Samseong- and the Gongin-version were printed from different woodblocks, or possibly different typesetting. It was difficult to agree with the content of the report that the Gongin-version was a later print than the Samseong-version. In addition, it was noted that the Gongin-version print has characteristics quite different from the typical characteristics of woodblock printing seen in the Samseong-version. Additional investigations and follow-up studies on the printing technology used for Gongin-version print and the timing of printing are recommended.

FABRICATION CYCLES COMPARISON OF ASSEMBLIES AND MONOLITHIC PARTS MADE BY 3D PRINTING METHOD

The article presents an analysis of the time-consuming, energy-consuming, and cost-consuming nature of 3D printing a three-dimensional polymer components made in two separate approaches: assembly and monolith structure of various materials (automatic filament change required). The introduction includes the definition of 3D printing, its advantages and examples of practical applications, as well as the reason for undertaking the researches described in the article. The justification of the form of 3D sample models was discussed in detail, as well as the methodology adopted by the authors for comparing the print characteristics and the steps of the printing cycles (print preparation, the course of the printing process and post-processing). A comparison of the materials consumption in the phasess of manual and automatic filament change in the mixer were also described. The test printout was made on the Prusa i3 MK3S printer for filament deposition (FDM or FFF methods). For automatic filament mixing, the Palette 2 Pro device was used. The conclusions also include guidelines for the design and production of models made in one continuous printing cycle (using automatic filament feeding devices). Monolithic elements are less accurate, while elements with replaceable filaments are cheaper, less energy-consuming and the material consumption is lower.

Projection printing of scaffolds with shape recovery capacity and simultaneously improved stiffness and toughness using an ultra-fast-curing poly(propylene fumarate)/hyperbranched additive resin

Projection micro-stereolithography (PμSL) is an effective technique to rapidly fabricate porous scaffolds with complex structures of photo-crosslinkable polymer resins, which normally contain a reactive diluent and a photo-initiator. In previous reports on 3D printing of poly(propylene fumarate) (PPF) scaffolds, diethyl fumarate (DEF) was unavoidably used as a reactive diluent in the PPF resin. Here we present a photo-crosslinkable resin composed of PPF and hyperbranched polyester acrylate (HPA), which has multiple carbon-carbon double bonds to participate in photo-crosslinking as a reactive diluent, and PμSL 3D fabrication of tissue-engineering scaffolds using this resin. The structure and viscoelastic behavior of uncrosslinked PPF/HPA, and the gel fraction, thermal and mechanical properties of photo-crosslinked PPF/HPA samples have been investigated, in comparison with those of PPF/DEF. Blending HPA with PPF was found to decrease the viscosity of PPF and to expedite the photo-crosslinking process, both of which are important in formation of PPF networks. In addition, HPA can effectively enhance the stiffness and toughness of the fabricated network simultaneously. In PμSL 3D fabrication, the cure depth (C d ) experiments proved that the PPF/HPA resin had an extremely low critical energy (E c ) of 2.1 mJ/cm 2 , leading to ultra-fast curing when exposed to ultraviolet (UV) light. Our rapid prototyping characteristics are evident under the premise of ensuring high precision. For the PPF/HPA resin, the exposure time per layer was only 0.1–2 s, which at least doubled the printing speed compared with the other 3D fabrication techniques. At high printing resolution of 50 µm, an ultra-fast printing speed of 18 cm/h was achieved by using the PPF/HPA resin, while the value for the PPF/DEF resin was only 3.6 cm/h. Benefited from the better crosslinked networks, the fabricated PPF/HPA scaffolds exhibited a lower shrinkage, higher stiffness and toughness, and better recovery capacity than their PPF/DEF counterparts, indicating their 4D printing characteristics.

3D Printing Characteristics of Yam Gel

In order to explore the effect of different concentrations of yam powder on 3D printing characteristics of yam gel system, the experiment used rheological analysis, color determination, texture testing, scanning electron microscopy, fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and other techniques to determine the influence of yam powder concentrations on the dynamic viscoelasticity, 3D printing characteristics, microstructure and functional groups of the gel system. The results showed that yam powder had significant effects on the viscoelasticity, printability, color, texture, microstructure and functional group of gel system. As the addition of yam powder increased, both storage modulus (G') and loss modulus (G) were increased first and then decreased. Moreover, hardness, adhesiveness, a* and b* values increased, springiness and L* values decreased. As observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), the porous network structure of the 3D printed samples showed a honeycomb-like microstructure with the porosity decreasing with addition of yam powder. When the content of yam powder was 40%, the printability of gel system was the best. The height deviation and diameter deviation of the printed sample were −1.8% and 0.2%, respectively, and the diameter deviation was −2.8% after 1 h. This research provides a theoretical basis for food 3D printing materials, which is very important to the development of functional foods.

DEVELOPMENT OF CHARACTERISTIC MOTIFS ON PRINTING MASKS AS PROMOTIONAL MEDIA FOR VISUAL CAMPAIGN IN PRODUCT DESIGN STUDY PROGRAM, ESA UNGGUL UNIVERSITY

The condition of the covid-19 virus pandemic gave to the term “new normal” lifestyle in society., They must wear a fabric mask who can be produces by digital printing as one of the visual promotional media. Therefore, the product is used as part of the lecture assignments for product design students at Esa Unggul University. It uses the process to development characteristic motifs as a visual material for printing masks. The goal is that they can apply the result of process to include a new visual aesthetic in a product. The applied research method was carried out by involving product design students from Esa Unggul University who were involved in similar course through questionnaire data collection. The result was found that the development creating characteristics motifs to produce new visuals or patterns. It can be used as a promotional media for a visual campaign for a printing mask product. In other words, the development creating process base of human image triangular can be used as experience developing characteristic motifs for designing printing masks. It is suggested to train the sensitive of product design student in visualizing the characteristics of visual campaign printing masks.

Linking Solids Content and Flow Properties of Mortars to their Three-Dimensional Printing Characteristics

Linking Solids Content and Flow Properties of Mortars to their Three-Dimensional Printing Characteristics

An Experimental Reproduction Study on Characteristics of Woodblock Printing on Traditional Korean Paper (Hanji)

The history of printing technology in Korea is studied by investigating existing ancient documents and records and comparing accumulated data and knowledge. Cultural property research requires non-destructive testing and observation with the naked eye or aided by a microscope. Researchers’ experience and knowledge are required even though they cannot guarantee the outcome. For ancient documents and records that are presumed to consist of woodblock printing, wood type printing, metal type printing, or their combinations, each researcher draws various opinions and conclusions. This often causes confusion and divides the opinions of ordinary citizens and field specialists. Among them, the criteria for judging ancient documents or books printed using woodblock and metal movable material are ambiguous. Academic research on the development history of printing technology in ancient Korea has been stagnant, and conflicts among researchers have also erupted. Involvement of national investigative agencies not specialized in cultural properties has exacerbated the situation. In this study, we investigated printing characteristics that are likely to serve as more objective judgment criteria by quantitatively analyzing the experiments of retrieving several sheets of Korean paper (Hanji) using a replicated Hunminjeongeum (訓民正音) woodblock and quantitatively analyzing the images of the printed papers. In addition, the validity and questions for the typical phenomena presented as a method for distinguishing between woodblock and metal print are reviewed. We investigated the possibility of developing new objective judgement criteria through quantitative analysis using image analysis and investigating the printing characteristics of Korean paper through a reproduction experiment of woodblock printing.

Painting and calligraphy identification method based on hyperspectral imaging and convolution neural network

It is of great social value and cultural and technological innovation demonstration value to carry out the research on the scientific identification method of painting and calligraphy works of art, and it is of great effect to the trade, collection, and protection of painting and calligraphy works of art. Spectral imaging, as an information acquisition method of attribute and visual synchronous perception, can be used for painting and calligraphy identification. In particular, through hyperspectral imaging and data analyses, we can identify the pigment ink used in painting, judge the printing characteristics, and find the painting information invisible to human eyes, to comprehensively judge the authenticity and abnormality of painting. However, due to its lack of matching painting and calligraphy identification model and algorithm, as well as special painting and calligraphy atlas database support, it is difficult to be competent for rapid and accurate identification in practice. Because of the above problems, in this paper, it is simulated the expert identification process for artificial intelligence analysis and modeling, adopts the idea of combining hyperspectral imaging and Atlas intelligent learning, proposes a method of atlas feature extraction for calligraphy and painting identification, and designs and studies convolution neural network(CNN) based on atlas feature, traditional image feature, and the mixed feature of atlas and image, to judge the authenticity of calligraphy and painting, the author and so on. The actual test results show that the convolution neural network based on the atlas features is the best, the author classification accuracy and authenticity identification rate in the test sample set are more than 96.5%, and it can also be seen that in the pseudo color image data, adding multivariate spectral features can greatly improve the accuracy significantly.

Customisable Tablet Printing: The Development of Multimaterial Hot Melt Inkjet 3D Printing to Produce Complex and Personalised Dosage Forms.

One of the most striking characteristics of 3D printing is its capability to produce multi-material objects with complex geometry. In pharmaceutics this translates to the possibility of dosage forms with multi-drug loading, tailored dosing and release. We have developed a novel dual material hot-melt inkjet 3D printing system which allows for precisely controlled multi-material solvent free inkjet printing. This reduces the need for time-consuming exchanges of printable inks and expensive post processing steps. With this printer, we show the potential for design of printed dosage forms for tailored drug release, including single and multi-material complex 3D patterns with defined localised drug loading where a drug-free ink is used as a release-retarding barrier. For this, we used Compritol HD5 ATO (matrix material) and Fenofibrate (model drug) to prepare both drug-free and drug-loaded inks with drug concentrations varying between 5% and 30% (w/w). The printed constructs demonstrated the required physical properties and displayed immediate, extended, delayed and pulsatile drug release depending on drug localisation inside of the printed formulations. For the first time, this paper demonstrates that a commonly used pharmaceutical lipid, Compritol HD5 ATO, can be printed via hot-melt inkjet printing as single ink material, or in combination with a drug, without the need for additional solvents. Concurrently, this paper demonstrates the capabilities of dual material hot-melt inkjet 3D printing system to produce multi-material personalised solid dosage forms.

Significant roles of 4D printing using smart materials in the field of manufacturing

For many years, 3D Printing technologies have created significant advancements in the fields of engineering and healthcare. 4D printing is also introduced, which is the advanced version of 3D printing. The process of 4D printing is when a printed 3D object becomes another structure due to the influence of outside energy inputs such as temperature, light, or other environmental stimuli. This technology uses the input of smart materials, which have the excellent capability of shape-changing. The self-assembly and programmable material technology aim to reimagine building, production, assembly of products, and performance. 4D printing is applied in various sectors such as engineering, medicine, and others. 4D printed proteins could be a great application. With this new dimension, 3D printed objects can change their shape by themselves over the influence of external stimuli, such as light, heat, electricity, magnetic field, etc. This paper discussed a brief about 4D printing technology. Various characteristics of 4D Printing for enhancing the manufacturing domain, its development, and applications are discussed diagrammatically. Conceptualised the Work Process Flow for 4D Additive Manufacturing and finally identified ten major roles of 4D printing in the manufacturing field. Although reversible 4D Printing itself is a fantastic development, it is innovative, and it employs durable and accurate reversal material during the shapeshift. It helps us create complicated structures that cannot be accomplished easily by traditional manufacturing technologies. It seems to be a game-changer in different industries by depending on natural factors instead of energy and changes the way to produce, develop, bundle, and ship goods entirely.

3D Printing of Steak-like Foods Based on Textured Soybean Protein.

Due to the lack of a sufficient amount of animal protein and the pursuit of health and reduced environmental impact, the global demand for plant protein is increasing. This study endeavors to using textured soybean protein (TSP) or drawing soy protein (DSP) as raw materials to produce steak-like foods through 3D printing technology. The textural difference between fried 3D printed samples and fried commercial chicken breast (control) was studied. The results show that different ink substrates (TSP and DSP) and hydrocolloids (xanthan gum, konjac gum, sodium alginate, guar gum, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, and hydroxyethyl cellulose) were the keys to successful printing. The ink composed of TSP and xanthan gum had the best printing characteristics and sample integrity after frying. It was found that different infilling patterns and infill rates had a significant effect on the texture properties of the fried samples. When the triangle infilling pattern was used at an infill rate of 60%, the product had had the closest hardness (2585.13 ± 262.55), chewiness (1227.18 ± 133.00), and gumminess (1548.09 ± 157.82) to the control sample. This work proved the feasibility of using 3D printing based on plant protein to produce steak-like food with texture properties similar to chicken breast.

Effect of stearic acid on the microstructural, rheological and 3D printing characteristics of rice starch

The aim of this study was to investigate the changes of the microstructural, rheological and printing properties of rice starch-stearic acid (SA) paste during the hot-extrusion 3D printing (HE-3DP). The results showed that starch chains could complex with SA to form V-type crystalline structure and its molecular kinematic behaviors were changed under shear force, and crystalline structure were then embedded and rearranged to constitute an ordered sea-island structure, thus improving the rigidity and dynamic storage modulus of network structure, leading to the increased layer number. Interestingly, with the increase of SA addition, the network structure became weakened and the viscosity decreased which might due to the destroyed continuity and the breaking of entanglement and hydrogen bonding between starch chains, and finally impairing the printing accuracy of objects. Overall, this study provided important information for the application of lipid in the preparation of starch-based food by HE-3DP.