Printing Characteristics Research Articles

Effects of sodium chloride on the textural attributes, rheological properties, microstructure, and 3D printing performance of rice starch-curdlan composite gel

This study explores the impact of varying concentrations of salt ions (0, 2.5, 5, 7.5, 10, and 12.5 mmol) on the physicochemical properties and 3D-printing performance of rice starch-curdlan composite gel. The relationship between gel structure, properties, printability, and printing accuracy was clarified through the evaluation of each parameter. The inclusion of an appropriate concentration of NaCl positively influenced the properties and printing characteristics of the composite gel. Specifically, a NaCl concentration of 7.5 mmol yielded the highest printing performance, achieving 98.61 % accuracy. Microstructural analysis indicates that the addition of ions promoted the formation of a denser network structure in the composite gel. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy reveals enhanced hydrogen bonding in the rice starch-curdlan gels with the addition of NaCl. Lastly, dysphagia testing demonstrates that the composite gels with 0–5 mmol NaCl concentrations exhibited grade 5 characteristics (clastic and wet) with satisfactory swallowing performance.

3D printing of special shape model: New insight into material properties and correlation of model printing properties

Improving the ability to print complex shapes has been a key focus in the development of 3D food printing. This study evaluated the material properties and printing characteristics of various materials, using the printing data from test models to create a dataset for categorizing, predicting, and validating the special shape printing capabilities of these materials. The primary factors influencing printing performance were the material's mechanical strength, resistance to deformation, and the ‘extrusion expansion’ effect. The print accuracy and support properties of test models of print material can significantly affect its ability to print special shapes. Based on special shape modeling experiments, the printing materials were classified into three categories: gels that could not print either flat or three-dimensional models, gels that could only print flat models, and gels that could print both flat and three-dimensional models. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Fisher Discriminant Analysis (with classification accuracies of 98.33% for the training set and 96.67% for the prediction set) confirmed the validity of these classification results. This study established a correlation between the printing characteristics of test models and those of special shape models, aiding in the evaluation of the printability of complex shapes.

Study on the Rheological Behaviors, Thixotropy, and Printing Characteristics of Screen Printing Slurry for Nd-Fe-B.

The rheological behavior and printing characteristics of the screen-printing slurry for Nd-Fe-B grain boundary diffusion are key factors that determine the quality of printing and magnetic performance. However, few studies have focused on the organic medium, a crucial material for slurry. In this paper, the rheology, thixotropy, and thermal decomposition behavior of the organic vehicle in Nd-Fe-B screen printing slurry were studied. The results show that the organic vehicle formed by terpineol and polyvinyl butyral (PVB) exhibits typical non-Newtonian fluid characteristics, with excellent rheology and thixotropy, ensuring that the slurry prepared from it has excellent static stability and printing consistency. Additionally, the carbon residue of the organic vehicle formed by terpineol and PVB is less than 0.1% at 900 °C, avoiding excessive carbon entering the magnet during the diffusion process. Moreover, studying the rheology and thixotropy of the organic vehicle through a rheometer can quickly screen the slurry system. This work provides valuable guidance for designing an organic vehicle for screen-printing slurry for Nd-Fe-B grain boundary diffusion in future research.

Fabrication and characterization of starch-based bigels under phase control: Structural, physicochemical and 3D printing properties

Edible bigels are being developed to replace plastic fats in the food industry due to their ability to form semi-solids with controllable properties. In this study, biopolymer hydrogels were formed using modified corn starch with chitosan, betaine, and vanillin, whereas oleogels were formed from insect wax in soybean oil. The impact of varying the hydrogel-to-oleogel ratio on the properties of bigels was then examined. The rheological, oil-binding capacity (OBC), water-oil distribution, structural, and 3D printing characteristics of the bigels were evaluated. Higher hydrogel-to-oleogel ratios resulted in improved rheological properties of bigels. Hydrogen bonding, electrostatic interactions, and covalent Schiff base bonds played an important role in the formation and properties of the hydrogels. In contrast, the mechanical strength of the oleogels was mainly attributed to van der Waals attraction between the insect wax crystals. The optimized bigels had good OBC and mechanical strength. Furthermore, increasing the hydrogel-to-oleogel ratio induced a transition from W/O to O/W type structure in the bigels. A study of the potential application of the bigels as edible inks showed that bigels with a high hydrogel-to-oleogel ratio had better 3D printing characteristics. The findings of this study suggest that bigels can be successfully used as solid fat substitutes.

Characterisation of 3D-printed acetabular hip implants.

Three-dimensional printing is a rapidly growing manufacturing method for orthopaedic implants and it is currently thriving in several other engineering industries. It enables the variation of implant design and the construction of complex structures which can be exploited in orthopaedics and other medical sectors. In this review, we develop the vocabulary to characterise 3D printing in orthopaedics from terms defined by industries employing 3D printing, and by fully examining a 3D-printed off-the-shelf acetabular cup (Fig. 1). This is a commonly used 3D-printed implant in orthopaedics, and it exhibits a range of prominent features brought about by 3D printing. The key features and defects of the porous and dense regions of the implant are clarified and discussed in depth to determine reliable definitions and a common understanding of characteristics of 3D printing between engineers and medical experts in orthopaedics. Despite the extensive list of terminology derived here, it is clear significant gaps exist in the knowledge of this field. Therefore, it is necessary for continued investigations of unused implants, but perhaps more significantly, examining those in vivo and retrieved to understand their long-term impact on patients and the effects of certain features (e.g. surface-adhered particles). Analyses of this kind will establish an understanding of 3D printing in orthopaedics and additionally it will help to update the regulatory approach to this new technology.

La nascita del commercio librario in Corea

Abstract Korea boasts a rich history of printing that dates back to at least the mid-8th century AD and can even claim the oldest book printed with movable metal type. However, until the 20th century, the most common typographic technique in book production in Korea was the use of the wooden matrix. Movable wooden or metal characters were only marginally used during that time. Why did Koreans forego movable type from the 13th century onwards in favour of xylography for book production, despite the Europeans adopting the former two centuries later? In attempting to answer this question, the present article addresses the history of book circulation in Korea, which was limited and regulated by the government until the 16th century, and the emergence of the book trade with the panggakpon in the 17th century. Tracing the evolution of publishing in Korea from its inception to the early Chosŏn period, it explores the factors that gave rise to panggakpon and its affordable printing characteristics. It thus identifies the main drivers behind panggakpon, as the destruction of the national book heritage following the period of crisis during foreign invasions of Korea and the increasing demand for books from a progressively growing public of potential readers due to political, economic, social and cultural reasons from the early Chosŏn period onwards. Although government policy towards printing evolved during the middle Chosŏn period in favour of the book trade, the causes behind the emergence of panggakpon lay elsewhere. Without these factors, the State would have maintained its monopoly on book production, and panggakpon would never have materialised.

Cell-Based Meat Scaffold Based on a 3D-Printed Starch-Based Gel.

Starch was mixed with a gel to produce a starch-based gel ink, which exhibited favorable printing characteristics. Through the optimization of infill density, 3D-printed scaffolds with 50% infill density and a highly ordered microstructure were successfully fabricated. The addition of calcium carbonate nanoparticles-glucono delta lactone (CaCO3 NPs-GDL) had notable effects on the swelling degree, in vitro digestion, water stability, and pore distribution of the scaffolds. When the amount of CaCO3 NPs in the starch-based gel was 0.075 g, the resulting 3D-printed gel scaffold with a 50% infill density proved to be the most suitable for cultivating cell-based meat. It featured pore sizes ranging from 80 to 120 μm and a compression modulus of 246.76 Pa. After 7 days of proliferation, the C2C12 mouse skeletal myoblasts exhibited an approximately 2.81-fold increase in cell numbers. The fusion index and maturation index of C2C12 cells on the scaffolds were 57.00 ± 0.45% and 34.56 ± 0.56%, respectively. The starch-based gel scaffolds demonstrated excellent water stability and in vitro degradability. Moreover, C2C12 cells exhibited successful proliferation and differentiation on the starch-based scaffolds, ultimately leading to the production of cell-based meat. This study developed a starch-based composite gel scaffold for the manufacture of cell-based meat.

Parameters of rocket engine chambers, obtained by selective laser fusion

When designing and testing a low-thrust rocket engine (SLME), one of the most important tasks is to ensure the quality of materials, which, in turn, affects the reliability of the product. Currently, additive technologies for manufacturing parts from metals are actively developing. This direction is relevant for rocket and space technology products to reduce weight and increase the reliability of products. The article presents the results of studies of the chemical composition and mechanical characteristics of the material of the low-thrust rocket engine demonstrator chamber, manufactured by selective laser fusion from metal powder. The properties of products made from Inconel 718 metal powder were studied. Samples were made and the chemical, mechanical and structural characteristics of the material were studied. Based on the test results, two RDMT samples were printed. RDMT chambers were tested for vibration loads, strength and tightness. Increased porosity and roughness of the test material of the engine chamber were noted. When analyzing a number of parameters of the selective laser fusion technology, an experimental selection of printing parameters was carried out and the most significant factors affecting the print quality (surface roughness and porosity) were identified. Based on the results of the work carried out, four groups of controlled printing parameters were identified that affect the properties of the resulting material. The work also provides recommendations on printing modes and characteristics to obtain the highest quality parts.

Compressive behavior of thermoplastic polyurethane with an active agent foaming for 3D-printed customized comfort insoles

The primary objective of this study was to investigate the compressive behavior of 3D-printed specimens made of a thermoplastic polyurethane filament, specifically colorFabb varioShore TPU, which incorporates a foaming agent. The foaming technology makes it possible to manipulate 3D prints' properties by adjusting process parameters that affect the level of expansion, such as printing temperature, printing speed or flow ratio. This capability opens new possibilities for 3D-printed personalized foot orthotics or for static comfort-oriented applications by tailoring the stiffness of the print based on the application requirements. Since infill density and infill pattern also affect the compressive characteristics of 3D prints, this research took these two parameters into account as independent variables, alongside the printing temperature. Thus, the specimens with printing temperatures set at 190 °C, 220 °C, and 240 °C, gyroid and honeycomb patterns, and infill variations from 10 % to 35 % in 5 % increments were experimentally investigated in compression testing. The evaluation was conducted to determine the influence of these factors on the stiffness of prints at 10 % and 20 % strains, in accordance with established standard. The findings had an important practical value as they provide data for adjusting the variable stiffness based on peak plantar pressure measurement data when developing tailored foot orthoses (insoles), which was the second objective of the research. The most influential factor affecting the compressive strength was the printing temperature, followed by infill density and pattern type. The difference in compression modulus between 10 % and 20 % strains did not exhibit statistical significance. Moreover, the main effects plots indicated minimal variations in compression modulus effects at 220 °C and 240 °C, whereas an important difference was observed at 190 °C printing temperature, which was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy investigations showing foamed layers at 220 °C and unfoamed layers at 190 °C. Furthermore, interaction plots revealed no significant interaction effect among the studied variables. Additionally, a comparison of samples’ sizes and densities before and two months after testing indicated no observable modifications When applied to custom orthotics (five pairs of insoles were customized and tested), the experimental findings documented variations in the reduction and distribution of peak plantar pressure based on the infill variability.

Analysis of drop-on-demand printing characteristics and stability driven by inertial forces

As the core technology in the field of microdroplet related applications, researchers have been striving to develop new driving methods and improve the stability of inkjet printing technology to meet the diverse needs of various materials and applications. In this study, a novel, simple, and cost-effective droplet printing method based on inertial force driving is proposed, and its printing characteristics and stability are investigated through experimental and numerical simulation studies. A numerical model was developed to explore the effects of operating parameters and fluid properties on the printing process. The results showed that for a given fluid, it is easier to form satellite droplets when driven from a smaller nozzle with higher voltage and pulse width. The hydrophilic nature of the nozzle can suppress the formation of satellite droplets, but it is prone to retain liquid, thereby affecting the next printing effect. Under certain operating conditions, fluids with lower density, higher viscosity, and higher surface tension are difficult to be driven but can suppress the formation of satellite droplets and promote printing stability. Finally, a parameter space composed of dimensionless numbers Op representing operating parameters and Z representing fluid properties (reciprocal of the Oh number) was established to investigate the comprehensive influence on the printing. The correctness of this parameter space in guiding the selection of parameters for stable droplet printing was validated through experiments.

Development of xanthan gum intelligent oil-in-water ink and its application in pork freshness preservation

To optimize the stability of oil-based inks and ensure their wide application in freshness indication, new natural indicator inks were prepared using a stable oil-in-water structure. This study selected natural Lycium ruthenicum anthocyanin as the dye and glucose as the pigment carrier. Soybean oil was introduced as a linker and xanthan gum as a thickener, and an oil-in-water ink with the function of freshness indication was successfully developed. In ensuring the safety of ink labels for use on food packaging, particular attention is paid to the origin and properties of the materials used. All ingredients are of food-grade or bio-friendly provenance, thereby ensuring the safety of the product when in direct contact with food. We measured the viscosity, particle size and fineness of the ink for micro characterization and evaluated its macro printing performance by its printing effect on A4 paper. According to the experimental results, when the water-oil ratio of the ink is 10:5, the average particle size of the emulsion system is 822.83 nm, and the fineness reaches 5 μm. These values are relatively low, which indicates that the stability of the ink system is high at this time, and the ink shows excellent rheological and printing characteristics. With this water-to-oil ratio, the ink can show the best results when printed on A4 paper, clearly displaying image details. In addition, in fresh pork applications, inks with a 10: 5 water-to-oil ratio provide an accurate and highly sensitive indication of the freshness of pork. When the freshness of the pork changes, the ink color responds promptly. This high sensitivity makes the ink ideal for use as a food freshness indication tool, providing consumers with an intuitive and reliable reference for pork freshness. As a further innovation, combining this ink-printed label with a WeChat app not only allows consumers to know the freshness of the food in real-time but also tracks the supply chain information of the food, providing a more comprehensive application prospect for freshness-indicating products.

Effect of superabsorbent polymer on 3D printing characteristics as rheology-modified agent

This study aims to investigate the effects of two superabsorbent polymer (SAP) types, S1 and S2 (with continual absorption and rapid desorption, respectively) as rheology-modified agent on 3D printing characteristics. Three base mixtures were selected with different thixotropic behaviors (i.e., mixtures with high re-flocculation (τfloc), high structuration rate (Athix), and both low τfloc and Athix, respectively). The initial mini-slump flow of 190±10 mm was secured by adjusting superplasticizer (SP) or water demand (increasing w/b by either 0.025 or 0.05). An extrudable region was determined within the range of τfloc (200–890 Pa) and Athix (15–60 Pa/min). The use of the S2 SAP significantly improved extruded performance for mixtures with τfloc higher than 1000 Pa. The use of the S1 SAP without increasing w/b (only with extra SP demand) significantly improved the resistance against plastic collapse for the mixtures with τfloc lower than 300 Pa. The reduction in 28-day compressive strength for printed specimens was correlated with τfloc. A high τfloc value led to inadequate interlayer bond and an increased propensity for surface defects of printed structure. The S2 SAP acted as a rheology-modified agent to reduce τfloc and improved the interlayer bond performance by 10 %-20 %.

Fabrication of 3D printed Si3N4 bioceramics with superior comprehensive performance through ZnO nanowires doping

Silicon nitride (Si3N4) material holds significant potential as a widespread applied biomedical material with high reliability in mechanical properties and biological activity. This study utilized 3D printing techniques to fabricate Si3N4 bioceramics reinforced with zinc oxide (ZnO) nanowires, which overcomes the dilemma faced by traditional Si3N4 materials, which possess excellent mechanical properties but lack sufficient antibacterial performance, or porous Si3N4 materials that exhibit good antibacterial properties yet suffer from poor mechanical characteristics. Compared to Ti-alloy, Al2O3, PEEK, and conventional Si3N4 materials, the Si3N4 bioceramic with an addition of 5 wt percent (wt%) ZnO nanowires retains superior mechanical properties: bending strength of 735 MPa, fracture toughness of 8.25 MPa m1/2, vickers hardness of 14.8 GPa, and compressive strength of 2575 MPa. Furthermore, the material demonstrates commendable biocompatibility and outstanding antibacterial effects. Cellular activity on the surface of this material is also noted to be exceptionally vigorous. Research indicates that the synergistic effects of 3D printing characteristics and the appropriate inclusion of ZnO nanowires, which positively interact with β-Si3N4 crystals, are primarily responsible for the exceptional comprehensive performance of 3D printed Si3N4 bioceramics.

4D printing of lattice structures to test their behavior by repetitive shape processing cycles

This study thoroughly investigated the shape memory effects of 4D printed lattice structures influenced by repetitive shape processing cycles and materials variability. The structures were fabricated by an amorphous and semicrystalline type shape memory material (SMP) and subjected to time-temperature-based thermomechanical memory cycles. Shape programming and recovery characteristics for 4D printing were done inside an environmental chamber at a loading rate of 2 mm. min−1. The shape memory effects driven by SMP’s viscoelastic behavior and performance factors were studied by stress-free strain recovery experiments upon the interaction of thermal stimuli. The stress-free strain recovery analysis expressed, that the influence of repetitive cycles was exceptional and significant for both materials. Extensive investigation on shape memory reactive strain components (i.e., programming strain, residual strain, and thermal strain) reflected, with the increasing number of cycles, the shape recovery ratios of the first to fourth cycles increased from 82 → 100% of amorphous and 79 → 95% of semicrystalline SMP and then tend to stable thereafter. Contrarily, the shape fixity ratios of semicrystalline structures have shown a decreased tendency during the consecutive cycles from 100 → 80%. The successful execution of data-oriented shape processing cycles enhanced the potential of SMP-based lattice structures for their monotonous applications as intelligent devices. The time and temperature-dependent shape memory characteristics of repetitive cycles presented in this study are advantageous to model the viscoelastic behavior of such artful structures.

Optimization design and 3D printing of curvilinear fiber reinforced variable stiffness composites based on polar coordinate sweeping

The 3D printing of curvilinear fiber reinforced variable stiffness structures (CFRVSSs) provides new opportunities for innovative design and fabrication of complex components in response to rising demand for high-performance and lightweight components in aerospace, railway, and other fields. In this paper, we get rid of the limitations of existing research on the structure of open-hole plates and aim to investigate complex structures with large curvature. Considering the characteristics of 3D printing and service load, an optimization design method based on polar coordinate sweeping was proposed for CFRVSSs. The consistency factors between the fiber distribution (direction, content) and stress distribution (direction, magnitude) were established. Through quantitative analysis, the directional consistency factor between the optimized local fibers and stresses was enhanced by a factor of 3.69, and the correspondence factor between the fiber content and the stress magnitude was enhanced by a factor of 3.8. Furthermore, the calculation method for curve spacing and curve arc length based on polar coordinate sweeping were proposed to minimize the forming errors caused by CFRVSSs 3D printing. The design and fabrication of a high-speed rail tie rod structure were carried out using the optimization design method and 3D printing process in current research. As a result, the ultimate tensile strength of the optimized curvilinear fiber reinforced tie rod structure increased by 156 % compared to the unoptimized straight-line fiber reinforced tie rod structure. The method proposed in this study has a wide range of applications for the design and fabrication of complex components with large curvature in the engineering field.

Fingerprint Correlation Between Twins

CODY BARNES, KRISTY HENSON, MARK FLOOD, Department of Natural Sciences, Fairmont State University, Fairmont, WV, 26201 Fingerprint correlation between identical twins When teaching about the uniqueness of fingerprints it is commonly said that identical twin fingerprint characteristics are not identical however, limited research has been conducted to determine if there are any correlations between similar print characteristics. In the recent past unrelated individuals have been misidentified based on fingerprint similarities in forensics cases and this may be more likely among twins. This research case study’s objective is to determine if there are any correlations between fingerprint characteristics of identical twins and the probability of misidentification. Identical twin fingerprints were rolled and collected onto 10 print cards then blindly analyzed using Henry Classification, AFIS, and NCIC techniques. Preliminary results indicate a strong relationship between characteristics, but it is not significant (0.49; p = 0.35); fingerprint characteristics between hands were not significantly different (R: p = 0.75, L: p = 0.24). Results indicate there could be a possibility of misidentification, but more twin fingerprints should be analyzed.

The development of a modular and open-source multi-head 3D bioprinter for fabricating complex structures

Various 3D bioprinting techniques have been introduced and developed to fabricate biomimetic constructs based on biomaterials or cell-laden bioinks to create functionally engineered tissues or organs for tissue engineering applications. However, single-biomaterial printing techniques often fail to replicate the intricate compositions and diversity found in native tissues. Multi-bioinks or multi-biomaterials in bioprinting can be utilized through either a single printhead or multiple separate printheads. However, the cost of commercially available multi-heads for bioprinting is prohibitively high, hindering their application in tissue engineering endeavors. Additionally, each bioink or biomaterial possesses unique printing characteristics that are best suited for specific printing techniques. The current study presents the development of a modular and cost-effective dual-head position bioprinter based on an open-source approach using Marlin firmware. The highlighted features of the 3D bioprinter include the use of various power sources such as compressed air and electricity for the printheads, the integration of a movable printhead mechanism with a wiper arm to prevent collisions with large printed samples during printing, a printhead adapter, as well as nozzle kits designed in a modular form for easy replacement for specific bio-applications. Therefore, despite the presence of two positions to mount the printheads, the custom-designed bioprinter exhibits the capability to flexibly accommodate four distinct printhead modules and three modular nozzle kits to print various biomaterials, such as polycaprolactone (PCL) and its composites with sodium alginate (SA), tricalcium phosphate (TCP) and hydrogel mixtures including SA, gelatin (GL), and k-carrageenan (κ-Carr). Complex tissue scaffolds were successfully fabricated using multi-biomaterials to showcase the versatility of the bioprinter, thereby demonstrating its potential for a wide range of tissue engineering applications.

Fully Digitalized Workflow of Flipper Fabrication: Different Three-Dimensional Printing Strategies and Characteristics

A flipper is an interim removable partial denture used for immediate esthetic restoration and space maintenance for a limited period before definitive treatment. Traditional methods for fabricating flippers are labor-intensive and manual. With the advent of technological advancement in dentistry, fully digitalized fabrication including computer designing and three-dimensional (3D) printing can be used. This study aimed to demonstrate the complete digital workflow for fabricating flippers and compare the features of different digital methods. In a partially edentulous patient, three flippers were fabricated using different digital protocols: individual printing (tooth and base parts) and combination, i.e., one-body printing and gingival layering and one-body printing and gingival coloring. Each flipper was tried into the oral cavity, and the adaptation of flippers was evaluated using the triple-scan technique. This study confirms that fully digital fabrication of a flipper is an effective method compared with traditional methods and shows various digital workflows available in 3D printing. Thus, an appropriate fabrication method must be selected for each situation.

Investigating the effect of lattice design on sauce adhesion in 3D printed durum wheat pasta

Pasta has been one of the beloved foods for many years, and recently, attempts have been made in the industry to utilize 3D printing to create various designs of pasta noodles. This study investigated the effect of freeze-dried spinach powder on the quality of pasta dough used for 3D printing while focusing on improving the quality of 3D printing and post-processing characteristics and also the sauce adhesion capacity of pasta dough under various traditional Korean lattice infill patterns. Common durum wheat flour was substituted with 0, 4, 8, 12 and 16 g/54 g freeze-dried spinach powder. As wheat flour was progressively substituted with spinach powder, the rheological behavior of the dough ink changed from a long paste to a short paste. Pasta dough containing 12% spinach powder exhibited good resolution in the printing test while maintaining a stable network structure due to appropriate starch gelatinization with spinach granules after drying and cooking, ultimately resulting in a high-quality product. However, exceeding a certain threshold (16% spinach content) leads to adverse effects. Wanjasal, Guigapsal, and Ttisal muntin units were used as patterns for spinach-containing pasta, and increased sauce viscosity correlated with a greater retention of sauce within pattern holes. By successfully enhancing the nutritional value and printing resolution of durum wheat pasta using spinach powder, this study provides quantitative guidelines for the development of 3D printable pasta.

Microstructural changes and properties of LaxBa(1-x) (Zr0·1Ti0.9)O3 multilayer dielectric ceramics via digital light processing

Tape casting is currently the mainstream method for preparing multilayer ceramic capacitor (MLCC). However, digital light processing (DLP) shows great promise for MLCC preparation due to its planar exposure and layer-by-layer printing characteristics. In this study, LaxBa(1-x) (Zr0·1Ti0.9)O3 (LBZT) ceramics were fabricated using DLP molding. The effects of La content change on the phase composition, microstructure, and properties of the materials were investigated. A stable ceramic slurry was formulated, and its rheological behaviors and cure properties were studied. TG-DTG was used to develop a two-step debinding process, and its debinding mechanism was analyzd. Finally, the samples were sintered by holding at 1300 °C for 4 h. The results showed that with the increase in La content, the phase composition gradually transformed from the rhombohedral to the tetragonal phase. The microstructure was initially gradually dense, and then the pores increased rapidly, resulting in a quick decrease in relative density. LBZT ceramics exhibited the densest structure at x = 0.006: ρ = 5.79 g/cm3 with a relative density of 95.74%, and have the most excellent dielectric properties (25 °C, 1 kHz): εr = 7068, tanδ = 0.232.