Specific Principles Research Articles

Cryptocurrencies as a new form of money: prospects for use and impact on the financial system in the future

In today's environment modern economic technologies are rapidly developing. This process and its impact on the financial system as a whole requires all the details effective consideration. Given that cryptocurrencies are highly dynamic in the market, the article proposes prospects for further use of the new currency. Accordingly, the purpose of the research was to provide a comprehensive analysis of cryptocurrencies as digital currencies in the Ukrainian economic market, trends, and prospects for their introduction. In the article such methods as special scientific methods (methods of collecting information, methods of processing information, methods of conducting analytical work) and general scientific methods (analysis, synthesis and generalization) were used. It allowed carrying out a complex study based on the principles of systematicity, scientificity and specificity. Search engines revealed more than 70 works on the issue of cryptocurrencies. In the course of the study, 40 in-depth studies from 2019 to 2023 were selected. The results provided a strategy for the impact and transformation of cryptocurrencies on the reform of the economic sector in general. It has been established that the introduction of cryptocurrency into the Ukrainian economy will facilitate the digitalisation of the economy. Based on the analysis of market denominations, crypto-exchanges and cryptocurrencies in the world are aimed at people, management, savings, and services. The research analysed the concept of the content of “cryptocurrency”, its features, advantages and disadvantages, and the relationship with the economic world. The international cryptocurrency market, the general state, development factors, and dynamics of adaptation in Ukraine were studied. The main conclusions were reflected in a comprehensive study of cryptocurrencies and their rapid growth as major technological innovations in the global and Ukrainian economy.

Norm-violating rhetoric undermines support for participatory inclusiveness and political equality among Trump supporters.

Over the last decade, the United States has seen increasing antidemocratic rhetoric by political leaders. Yet, prior work suggests that such norm-violating rhetoric does not undermine support for democracy as a system of government. We argue that, while that may be true, such rhetoric does vitiate support for specific democratic principles. We test this theory by extending prior work to assess the effects of Trump's norm-violating rhetoric on general support for democracy as well as for the principles of participatory inclusiveness, contestation, the rule of law, and political equality. We find that Trump's rhetoric does not alter attitudes toward democracy as a preferred system but does reduce support for inclusiveness and equality among his supporters. Our findings suggest that elite rhetoric can undermine basic principles of American democracy.

Konrad Haebler’s Album of Incunabula in Moscow Libraries

The paper discloses the unusual treatment of duplicates and defective copies, characteristic of European libraries at the time when Haebler’s works were created and published (beginning of 20th century) and stresses the necessity of correct bibliographic treatment of the valuable printed materials in modern libraries. The paper also presents the famous album of West-European incunabula (Der westeuropäische Wiegendruck in Original-Typenbeispielen), compiled by Konrad Haebler in 1928, two copies of which are held in Moscow at the Russian State Library and the State Public Historical Library of Russia.This fundamental work in the history of typography by the prominent German expert on incunabula, one of the inventors of the Proctor-Haebler method in bibliography and founder of the world incunabula catalogue Gesamtkatalog der Wiegendrucke, is analyzed in the aspect of the specific early 20th-century bibliographic principles underlying the composition of the album and the way the original old prints are presented in it. The album consists of a collection of 15th-century original fragments enclosed in a 20th-century overall structure (text booklet, case and set of labeled passe-partouts).This unusual composition can present classification problems in some modern public libraries, when the album is recorded as a whole, whereas the separate incunabula fragments are not catalogued. Moreover, a comparative study of several copies of the album available for analysis on- and offline, carried out in the study, proved that their sample collections were composed of different authentic incunabula leaves, thus making each album unique.

Television Broadcasting and Information Security: Analyzing Current Challenges and Future Prospects

Television is gradually losing its position, but all predictions about its elimination from the media market in the short term do not come true. This necessitates a new understanding of the contemporary television space in its conceptual and functional dimensions. The purpose of the article is to analyse the information and security challenges in the paradigm of modern television broadcasting. The tasks of the scientific research are focused on the problem of modern positioning of the information culture of television broadcasting: on the one hand, it is a traditional media format that is already clearly established in terms of information security; on the other hand, television is being updated with new formats, which requires appropriate up-to-date mechanisms for responding to new potential threats without a peak cluster. The research methodology is focused on general scientific methods: analysis, modelling, forecasting. The analytical methodological segment provides traditional systemic and comparative characteristics of information security of television broadcasting; innovative methods, such as content analysis and online monitoring, are designed to determine the specifics of television content in the paradigm of modern media culture. The results of the study show that the interpretation of information security in the television segment is ambiguous. It is necessary to formulate a set of guidelines of a practical, applied and theoretical, and mental nature that will regulate information content and prevent threats from television broadcasting. The author proposes the principles of information and communication control that will form a control system in the television cluster but will not turn into censorship: improvement of the fundamental triad of information security (confidentiality, integrity, and availability) and the addition of additional elements - authenticity, reliability, relevance. Prospects for information security research in the television segment are the synergy of human and technological efforts to prevent illegal and harmful activity in the broadcasting process: preventing unauthorised actions, avoiding threatening interpretations, and denying inhumane manifestations. Consequently, television remains an active player in the modern paradigm of the information society, maintaining its status as a relevant broadcaster of content of various kinds. Information security is a set of measures that provide for control over all information and communication media segments, which forms both universal and specific principles of information influence directly on the television format.

Is Darwinian selection a retrograde driving force of evolution?

Modern science has still not provided a satisfactory empirical explanation for the increasing complexity of living organisms through evolutionary history. As no agreed-upon definitions of the complexity exist, the working definition of biological complexity has been formulated. There is no theoretical reason to expect evolutionary lineages to increase in complexity over time, and there is no empirical evidence that they do so. In our discussion we have assumed the hypothesis that at the origins of life, evolution had to first involve autocatalytic systems that only subsequently acquired the capacity of genetic heredity. We discuss the role of Darwinian selection in evolution and pose the hypothesis that Darwinian selection acts predominantly as a retrograde driving force of evolution. In this context we understand the term retrograde evolution as a degeneration of living systems from higher complexity towards living systems with lower complexity. With the proposed hypothesis we have closed the gap between Darwinism and Lamarckism early in the evolutionary process. By Lamarckism, the action of a special principle called complexification force is understood here rather than inheritance of acquired characteristics.

PRAGMATIC ANALYSIS OF MODALIZED CONSTRUCTIONS IN DIFFERENT STRUCTURAL LANGUAGES

The article deals with the question of pragmatic identity of modalized constructions in the Russian, German and Udmurt languages. The article presents the utterances included in the speech act in interaction with modal means, which participate in the expression of a real-ontological situation. The aim is to describe the functional and pragmatic properties of Russian, German and Udmurt modalized utterances. Modalized constructions are formed with the help of special modal means, which include modal verbs and modal particles. It is noted that modal linguistic means in different-structured particle languages are characterized by a pragmatic orientation and reveal special principles of national language functioning. The pragmatic properties of modal particles appear in interaction with context and situation. It should be concluded that modalized constructions express communicative and pragmatic meanings with different communicative purports, depending on the contextual factors of the denoted reality, as well as due to the characteristic features of the subjective-modal shades of modal means.

Specific Gestalt principles cannot explain (un)crowding

The standard physiological model has serious problems accounting for many aspects of vision, particularly when stimulus configurations become slightly more complex than the ones classically used, e.g., configurations of Gabors rather than only one or a few Gabors. For example, as shown in many publications, crowding cannot be explained with most models crafted in the spirit of the physiological approach. In crowding, a target is neighbored by flanking elements, which impair target discrimination. However, when more flankers are added, performance can improve for certain flanker configurations (uncrowding), which cannot be explained by classic models. As was shown, aspects of perceptual organization play a crucial role in uncrowding. For this reason, we tested here whether known principles of perceptual organization can explain crowding and uncrowding. The answer is negative. As shown with subjective tests, whereas grouping is indeed key in uncrowding, the four Gestalt principles examined here did not provide a clear explanation to this effect, as variability in performance was found between and within categories of configurations. We discuss the philosophical foundations of both the physiological and the classic Gestalt approaches and sketch a way to a happy marriage between the two.

Governing intersectional climate justice: Tactics and lessons from Barcelona

AbstractCities and local governments are important actors in the global governance of climate change; however, the specific governance principles and arrangements that enable urban climate plans and policies to realize commitments to social equity and justice remain largely unexplored. This article uses the City of Barcelona, Spain, as a critical case study of emerging “intersectional climate justice” practice, where plans to build resilience to climate change are pursued in conjunction with efforts to tackle structural inequalities in accessing the built environment, health services, energy, housing, and transportation experienced by frontline communities. The study illustrates how Barcelona and its community partners do this through four different categories of governance and decision‐making tactics, which include: (1) experimenting with disruptive planning strategies; (2) working transversally across agencies and actors to institutionalize climate justice over time; (3) putting care at the center of urban planning; and (4) mobilizing place‐based approaches to tackle intersecting vulnerabilities of frontline residents. These tactics seek to redistribute the benefits of climate‐resilient infrastructures more fairly and to enhance participatory processes more meaningfully. Finally, we assess the limitations and challenges of mobilizing these tactics in everyday urban politics. Barcelona's experience contributes to research on climate governance by challenging the notion of distinct waves of governance and revealing concurrent dimensions of climate urbanism that coexist spatially and temporally. Our research also illustrates lessons for fairer climate governance in the city, where different tactics are mobilized to address structural and intersecting socioeconomic vulnerabilities that exacerbate the experience of climate change of frontline residents.

Eco-Design of Polymer Matrix Composite Parts: A Review.

This research presents a series of analyses related to the eco-design of polymer matrix composite parts, addressing various aspects of it. The main objective was to clarify the definition of ecological design, the benefits of its implementation and its importance in all stages of obtaining a product (design, manufacturing, recycling). Global environmental issues are presented, emphasizing the importance of adopting sustainable approaches in product design and manufacturing. Special attention is paid to the analysis of waste recycling technologies for polymer matrix composite materials. The analysis carried out identifies specific ecological design principles applicable to these materials and presents recent trends in the field. Relevant case studies are highlighted, demonstrating the benefits of ecological design in order to obtain sustainable products. Additionally, the conducted research allowed for finding answers to the questions "what", "why", "when" and "how" it is necessary to apply the principles of eco-design in the case of composite materials with a polymer matrix. In general, the research promotes eco-design as an indispensable strategy for sustainable and responsible production, inspiring companies to adopt these principles for the benefit of the environment and their business performance.

Designing a youth-led Dialogue Forum tool: The CO-CREATE experience.

While obesity prevention represents an established field of research, the inclusion of young people, who are regularly cited as an important priority group, are rarely actioned in long-term studies. This paper focuses on the development of a dialogue tool intended to tackle this issue, engaging, and eliciting insights on the theme of obesity prevention, by young people and for young people. As part of the CO-CREATE project, this tool was co-developed by designers, public health, and youth participation experts, researchers, and young people. Co-creation is a key methodology in the design of the dialogue tool, as young people were involved in all stages of the development process. This paper elaborates on the process of co-designing a dialogue tool that helps explore obesity prevention policy ideas from multiple perspectives, and describes the design principles that informed the process and the final versions of the tool. The purpose of the Dialogue Forum tool is for youth to engage policymakers and other relevant stakeholders to discuss and refine co-created and youth-initiated ideas for healthier food and physical activity environments. We analyze how specific design principles were integrated into different prototypes and the value of this within the project and the field.

Neuronal branching is increasingly asymmetric near synapses, potentially enabling plasticity while minimizing energy dissipation and conduction time.

Neurons' primary function is to encode and transmit information in the brain and body. The branching architecture of axons and dendrites must compute, respond and make decisions while obeying the rules of the substrate in which they are enmeshed. Thus, it is important to delineate and understand the principles that govern these branching patterns. Here, we present evidence that asymmetric branching is a key factor in understanding the functional properties of neurons. First, we derive novel predictions for asymmetric scaling exponents that encapsulate branching architecture associated with crucial principles such as conduction time, power minimization and material costs. We compare our predictions with extensive data extracted from images to associate specific principles with specific biophysical functions and cell types. Notably, we find that asymmetric branching models lead to predictions and empirical findings that correspond to different weightings of the importance of maximum, minimum or total path lengths from the soma to the synapses. These different path lengths quantitatively and qualitatively affect energy, time and materials. Moreover, we generally observe that higher degrees of asymmetric branching-potentially arising from extrinsic environmental cues and synaptic plasticity in response to activity-occur closer to the tips than the soma (cell body).

Features of the special principles of taxation of services from the IT sector

The paper examines the peculiarities of the operation of special principles of taxation of services from the IT sector to increase the level of tax security of the state, which determine the principles of taxation exclusively in the IT sphere or emphasize its uniqueness and separation from others. An analysis of the main special principles of taxation of IT services was carried out, which include: the combination of two criteria when establishing the tax jurisdiction of the state - residency and territoriality, which provide for the right of the state to set and collect taxes on income received by resident payers as within its territory , as well as outside its borders, while non-residents pay taxes only on income received on the territory of Ukraine; unification and harmonization of national tax legislation with international legislation in matters related to the taxation of IT services, because it is impossible to close the legal regulation of taxation of the IT sphere within the framework of one state, because the nature of these services is different from the services provided in the material world, IT activities knows no spatial boundaries, as it is carried out regardless of borders; elimination of double taxation, because in IT-legal relations, questions regarding double taxation arise, as a rule, when paying repatriation tax (income tax on income received by a non-resident with its source of origin in Ukraine is actually a tax at the place of origin of capital); the application of a preferential tax regime, the essence of which is a low tax burden and compliance with the general principle of stability of tax legislation for a period of 15 years; taxation of IT services due to the expansion of the taxation base and the object of taxation of already existing tax mechanisms, which means that when taxing IT activities, it is not necessary to invent new taxes and payments, but it will be more correct to adapt the existing taxation system to new informational and virtual realities.

Assessments in accounting: experiences and perceptions of educators during COVID-19

ABSTRACT Globally, higher education institutions were forced to use online assessments during the COVID-19 pandemic. Given the fast-paced transition to online assessments at the time, the authors saw a unique opportunity to explore accounting educators’ experiences and perceptions of assessments conducted in accounting courses in South Africa during this period. Qualitative data were collected using semi-structured interviews. The findings indicate that participants felt unprepared, echoing the importance of institutional and educator readiness as a key consideration for online assessments. Participants raised concerns over the suitability of the assessments for an online environment, noting that the diversity of the student body must be considered. Lastly, participants raised concerns over the threats to academic integrity and the impact of online assessments on the equity and integrity of the academic project and the accounting profession. The findings of this study emphasise the importance for HEIs to design and develop specific principles and guidelines for online assessments.

Tools of theory and practice financial planning activities of the organization

The authors present an analysis of the basic concepts and elements of financial planning, formulate the main issues arising in the process of studying the mechanism and tools of financial planning, on the basis of theoretical analysis of scientific works of domestic and foreign scientists, general and specific principles of planning are highlighted. The definition of the key goals and objectives of financial planning allowed the authors to justify the need to use a systematic approach as a methodological basis for planning, identify the main types of systematic methodological approaches and form a set of indicators from external and internal sources used in the financial planning of the organization, as well as to substantiate the relationship between the type of problems being solved and the choice of a planning method that allows the most adequate response to changes and achieve the desired results.

The effect of surgical masks on identification decisions from masked and unmasked lineups

While research has shown that wearing a disguise hinders lineup identifications, less is known about how to conduct lineups in cases of disguised perpetrators. We examined the influence of surgical masks, worn during a crime event (encoding) and within lineups (retrieval), on eyewitness identification accuracy. In our experiment, 452 participants watched a mock-crime video and identified the perpetrator from either a target-present or a target-absent simultaneous lineup. Contrary to expectations based on the encoding specificity principle, we did not find that matching the presence of masks in the lineup to the encoding condition increased identification accuracy. Instead, compared to the condition with no masks at encoding and retrieval, the presence of masks at either stage negatively affected discriminability and undermined the predictive utility of confidence and decision time. Our findings indicate that when a witness has encountered a masked perpetrator, presenting them with a masked lineup may not be necessary.

Conceptualizing the peer contribution in Open Dialogue practice.

In English mental health services, people with their own experience of mental distress have trained as Open Dialogue practitioners and have been employed as peer practitioners, co-working as equals alongside workers with professional backgrounds in Network Meetings. The conceptual underpinnings of the peer practitioner role have been drawn from the principles and relational approach of Intentional Peer Support. These have significant similarities with Open Dialogue, in terms of philosophical and theoretical orientations, with a particular focus on what happens in the "between" of a relational encounter. However, there are also significant differences in how practice principles are conceptualized, particularly around areas such as mutuality and self-disclosure. This article offers an analysis of this conceptual territory drawing on the relevant literature. This is then taken forward with the teasing out of specific practice principles that capture the unique contribution that peer practitioners can bring to Open Dialogue practice. These are derived through discussions that took place in an Action Learning Set for peer practitioners who have been involved in delivering Open Dialogue services in mainstream mental health service settings. This was part of a wider research study entitled Open Dialogue: Development and Evaluation of a Social Network Intervention for Severe Mental Illness (ODDESSI). The principles address how peer practitioners may be particularly well-placed to offer attunement, validation, connection and mutuality, and self-disclosure - and hence how they may be able to contribute an additional dimension to dialogical practice.

The Adequacy of Legal Regulation of Acquisition and Consortium as a Mean of Economic Focus in Jordanian Legislation: A Comparative Study

The economic focus of commercial companies is one of the mechanisms and means that resulted in modern legal thought, relative to the inclusion of innovative economic methods represented by the conglomeration of companies and small and large commercial establishments under the umbrella of a giant company with a tight legal framework that defines the provisions related to the procedures and the effects of such gatherings and economic blocs that rule over Huge capitals have a profound impact on economic growth at the national and global levels, and the need has emerged to surround the economic concentration operations of companies with this tight legislative framework in light of the radical changes that the global economic system has witnessed as a result of the globalization of competition. Community Verified icon, And the special principles it stipulated in the field of trade liberalization, which prompted companies to unite in the form of large conglomerates in order to preserve their presence in the market and face the economic crises that they may be exposed to, since their survival on their own has become a useless choice and rather a danger to them, given the simple capabilities and Ltd. that it owns and which will not help it pay the risk on its behalf.

Method of action in the case of a public disturbance in public spaces

Since the beginning of the first forms of human coexistence, the need for order and safety has undoubtedly become imperative. During the development of the state, the idea of public order was outlined in different ways, but it was always accompanied by the police law of the state. Until now, the consolidation of the state has relied on the maintenance of order and public safety. This concept is reflected in the state's focus on protecting social rights, life and integrity of citizens, compliance with established rules and other accepted values. Thanks to the authorities to which the state resorted, the priority of ensuring public order became satisfied, through the activities of preventing and countering antisocial phenomena. The complete realization of social equilibrium is disturbed by facts against which the forces must fix measures. Thus, the local police, one of the current institutions used by the state, constantly struggles with circumstances in which the action of law enforcement is required to restore peace. Whether acting alone or cooperating with other public safety maintenance forces, such as: the gendarmerie, the Romanian police, the courts, the local police respects a set of specific principles and rules that guide its activity in different fields. So, the duties of a policeman are reflected in the sectors of public order and peace, environmental protection, traffic on public roads, commercial activity, records of persons and other legally regulated areas. I believe that, for each area of activity, the police officer must follow a series of rules that protect him from errors in the intervention. The indispensability of knowing how to act in certain situations is determined by the fact that the legal provisions that illustrate the rights and obligations of the police officer do not subject to rules the difficulties regarding the procedures for intervention, behavior and reaction to incidents. The police force performs its service in the field, in particular, making direct contact with the population, and in this way it becomes the first frontier of confrontation with criminals. Therefore, the performance of a professional service is closely related to the manner in which a police officer acts in the interest of the community.

Simulation of binary collision of liquid drops using smoothed particle hydrodynamics with adaptive spatial resolution.

The binary collision of water drops in the air is studied by two-dimensional numerical simulation utilizing smoothed particle hydrodynamics with adaptive spatial resolution. The numerical method is validated by comparing the simulation with experiment. Three basic modes of equal-size drop collision are observed in numerical simulations at Weber number 3≤We≤120 and impact parameter 0≤x≤0.8, namely, reflexive separation, stretching separation, and coalescence collision. Based on the numerical results of different collision modes, the specific phenomena, evolution patterns, and physical principles are discussed. In particular, the detailed processes of the necking phenomenon and the propagation of surface wave in separation collision are obtained, corroborating the "end-pinching" theory proposed in the literature. At higher Weber numbers, the recoalescence of satellite drops is observed. The collision of unequal-size drops is also investigated. The effects of three dimensionless parameters, namely, drop diameter ratio, Weber number, and impact parameter are discussed. The physical mechanisms of some special phenomena are expressed in detail.

Dynamic risk and differential impacts of probation: Examining age, race, and gender as responsivity factors.

Juvenile courts that apply the risk-need-responsivity (RNR) model should periodically reassess youths and observe reductions in risk. There is a gap in knowledge concerning the reliable implementation of the specific responsivity principle of the RNR model, which emphasizes considering youths' unique characteristics to support rehabilitation success. In the present study, we aimed to identify whether specific responsivity factors (i.e., age, gender, and race/ethnicity) and supervision experiences (i.e., time under supervision and participation in judicial programs) effect changes in risk scores. We anticipated that (a) time under supervision would be negatively associated with dynamic risk, (b) participation in judicial programs would be positively associated with dynamic risk, and (c) race/ethnicity (not age or gender) would moderate the relationship between supervision experiences and dynamic risk. The sample consisted of 360 youths who served probation in a midwestern court. We tested multilevel models to determine differential impacts of supervision experiences on dynamic risk across responsivity factors, controlling for initial risk scores and offense seriousness. Partially confirming our hypotheses, results showed that spending longer periods on probation and being referred to judicial programs were both associated with negative changes in risk scores (i.e., risk scores increased over time). There was no effect of age or gender; however, race/ethnicity predicted dynamic risk. The average change in risk score was 1.81 units lower for historically marginalized youths (b = -1.82, SE = 0.68, p = .01), and the magnitude of the effect was significantly driven by multiracial youths. As expected, race/ethnicity moderated the relationship between time on probation and changes in risk scores. Findings indicate that improper application of the specific responsivity principle of the RNR model may diminish desired rehabilitation outcomes. Closing this theory-to-practice gap would improve court supervision experiences for all youths. In future studies, researchers should continue investigating specific responsivity factors and the dynamic validity of risk assessment. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).