Principle Of Reason Research Articles

Epigenetic perspective on atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases: The holistic principle of systems biology and epigenetic reasoning

Atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease are the main causes of impairment and cardiac death, placing a significant burden on our health-care system. This review focuses on elucidating the involvement of various epigenetic mechanisms in the genesis and progression of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), particularly chronic CVDs. The deregulation of epigenetic mechanisms plays a crucial role in the progression of CVDs, prompting exploration into novel preventive approaches. Advancements in molecular procedures, network-based approaches, and data analysis have identified new targets in CVDs, permitting the utilization of individualized epigenetic factors for personalized diagnosis and treatment. While promising for improving diagnostic and prognostic assessments, the clinical implementation of epigenetic biomarkers lags behind. Multicenter clinical documentation in a large sample population is crucial to confidently ascertain the clinical utility of specific epigenetic biomarkers. Of particular interest is the interplay between epigenetics and the conflict between the gene-based reductionist theory and the holistic principle of systems biology (SB). The holistic principle analyzes the structural organization and regulation of biological networks, influencing the genesis and progression of complex cardiac diseases like CVDs. This review emphasizes the complexity of CVDs, elucidates the interrelationship between disease networks and epigenetic mechanisms, and highlights the importance of the holistic principle of SB, coupled with artificial intelligence, in clarifying this interrelationship. The constant and uninterrupted epigenetic impact holds immense potential for advancing our understanding of disease progression and treatment across cells and tissues. Despite these advancements, the full integration of the epigenetic impact into medical practice remains incomplete, with limited utilization in clinical applications. Nevertheless, it is likely that in the near future, the epigenetic regulation of gene expression, with its lifelong and extended effects on health, will become an integral part of everyday clinical practice.

Logical Proof of Unified Philosophy

The history of philosophy is complex. It's not a systematic theorization of philosophy. The history of philosophy doesn't tell us what philosophy is, so philosophy can't be learned, it can only be practiced. Practical philosophy is a problem-oriented thinking activity that reveals the nature of things and the world by means of philosophical reflection and criticism in accordance with the universal principles of reason. It is also a process of systematizing and constructing theories and proving their legitimacy. Unified philosophy is the goal of philosophy. Recognizing the essential connection between happiness, human beings, and the world is the way to practice philosophy, and the cosmos is the result of practicing philosophy. Unified philosophy is based on the revision and refinement of Maslow's theory of the hierarchy of human needs, and recognizes happiness by discovering that it is rooted in the relationship between all people, and that the essence of happiness is the recognition of human beings. On this basis, it was discovered that human beings are constructed by human relations, and that happiness is the most basic unit of human relations, thus recognizing that human beings are constructed by happiness, and thus recognizing human beings. On this basis, it reflects on and critically transcends Confucianism, Buddhism, Taoism, and Western philosophy, and finds all rationality before completing philosophy and constructing a unified philosophy. The unified philosophy is the philosophy of the atomism of happiness, which is the total wisdom and the total rationality that makes human beings become human beings and transcend human beings. It can explain human beings and the world in terms of happiness. It can use happiness to change human beings and the world, to realize the freedom and liberation of human beings and to realize a common world in which everyone is happy. In the course of practicing philosophy, the "three clear" criteria and the "four sentences" principle are followed at all times, thus guaranteeing the integrity and correctness of the theory.

The Silicon Bough

Abstract Like magic wands, words can be spoken through computers to cause effects at a distance. Magic has been suppressed by the rational progress of science to explain the world. Yet in calling upon spiritual intelligences, and in commanding effects to be caused from a distance, computers calculate the programme of mechanical operations that can be relayed at light-speed across the globe. Beyond the ‘digital’ and the ‘postdigital’, the way of writing that has been named the ‘hyperdigital’ is a hyperbolic cybernetic grammar, which, in the sense of a ‘hyperbole’ (ὑπερβολή) or excess of signification, exceeds so as more radically to enter and accelerate through the free use of digital computation and communication. Hyperdigital magic is the art of calling upon the divine and heavenly powers that animate the higher or hyperbolic cybernetic grammar of computers to calculate in writing to cause effects at a distance through no known medium of cumulative action. This chapter will, in Section Two, critique James George Frazer’s narrative supersession of magic into science that has previously withheld magic from computers; in Section Three, recall the computational imaginary of Raymond Llull to recommend a post-Leibnizian Trinitarian Ontology of computers; in Section Four, assimilate the Principle of Sufficient Reason to the higher ground of divine and spiritual freedom; and, in Section Five, present a report on the condition of hyperdigital magic, in which the use of computers appears indistinguishable from magic.

Integrity - the reason "to be" and the need for modernisation

In the context of Moldova’s European aspirations, a number of priorities should be assessed, outlined, and criti-cally reviewed in order to identify certain dimensions (social, ethical, and legal) that highlight specific problems and barriers, as well as issues requiring priority considering solidarity and social consensus, trust in a prosperous future, and a society that creates opportunities for its citizens to develop.In this framework, based on the principle of reasonable reason, the subject of integrity is discussed in terms of an adequate and necessary prerequisite for the development of the Republic of Moldova and its integration into the community of European states. The issue of integrity is approached through the prism of the need to modernise the activity of legal institutions to ensure a legal order and safeguard the human rights.

Compensation for the Loss of Ability to Labor and other Gainful Activities as an Alternative to Loss of Earnings (Income) Compensation for the Victim in Tort Obligations

The paper is devoted to the problem of determining compensation for the loss of the ability to labor and other gainful activities as an alternative to loss of earnings (income) compensation. The author draws attention to the legal and doctrinal conditions that ensure the recognition of the ability to gainful work as an independent property of the victim’s personality subject to economic assessment regardless of the actual decrease in the victim’s financial well-being. The paper highlights that the speculative nature of the claim of this kind is greatly exaggerated, since only the indicator of depreciation of the ability to gainful work in various forms has the property of uncertainty, and it is necessary to refer to the category of expected earnings (income) only when it is evaluated as a monetary equivalent. Based on the interpretation of the principles of reasonableness and feasibility, the the author concludes that it is critically important to use traditional calculation parameters (the degree of disability and estimated income) that allow providing an economic assessment of the totality of the lost professionally significant qualities of the victim that he could use in the field of gainful employment in different periods of life in the absence of an event of a wrongful act. The paper justifies that, with respect to certain categories of victims (minors, individual entrepreneurs, etc.), the necessary degree of reliability of such parameters can be achieved by referring to official statistical information or summary indicators prepared on its basis (average age of commencement of employment, indicators of profitability of certain types of economic activity, etc.).

Research on Anti-monopoly Regulation of the MFN Clause on Internet Platforms

With the continuous development of electronic information technology, internet companies are playing an increasingly important role in the business field. This evolution has not only catalyzed shifts in business models and transaction habits but has also introduced novel practices, such as the integration of Most-Favored-Nation clauses (MFN clauses) that were formerly exclusive to traditional business domains. Currently, MFN clauses are widely used in commercial activities between internet platform companies, which require high attention from antitrust enforcement agencies. Through a comprehensive analysis of existing literature and research, this study aims to shed light on the similarities and differences between these two types of MFN clauses, offering valuable insights into the evolving landscape of business practices within the digital age. In addition, the article also uses case analysis to examine two typical cases in foreign jurisdictions, demonstrating the regulatory approaches of the extraterritorial judiciary towards MFN clauses within internet platforms. Based on the analysis, the conclusion of this paper is that the for collusive MFN clause, the illegal per se doctrine should be applied for exclusive MFN clause, the principle of reasonableness should be applied, taking account of both the effects on restricting and promoting competition.

The hospital Israelita Albert Einstein standards for constitutional sequence variants classification: version 2023

BackgroundNext-generation sequencing has had a significant impact on genetic disease diagnosis, but the interpretation of the vast amount of genomic data it generates can be challenging. To address this, the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics and the Association for Molecular Pathology have established guidelines for standardized variant interpretation. In this manuscript, we present the updated Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein Standards for Constitutional Sequence Variants Classification, incorporating modifications from leading genetics societies and the ClinGen initiative.ResultsFirst, we standardized the scientific publications, documents, and other reliable sources for this document to ensure an evidence-based approach. Next, we defined the databases that would provide variant information for the classification process, established the terminology for molecular findings, set standards for disease-gene associations, and determined the nomenclature for classification criteria. Subsequently, we defined the general rules for variant classification and the Bayesian statistical reasoning principles to enhance this process. We also defined bioinformatics standards for automated classification. Our workgroup adhered to gene-specific rules and workflows curated by the ClinGen Variant Curation Expert Panels whenever available. Additionally, a distinct set of specifications for criteria modulation was created for cancer genes, recognizing their unique characteristics.ConclusionsThe development of an internal consensus and standards for constitutional sequence variant classification, specifically adapted to the Brazilian population, further contributes to the continuous refinement of variant classification practices. The aim of these efforts from the workgroup is to enhance the reliability and uniformity of variant classification.

Visual event boundaries restrict anchoring effects in decision-making.

Research on higher-level thought has revealed many principles of reasoning and decision-making but has rarely made contact with how we perceive the world in the first place. Here we show how a lower-level property of perception-the spontaneous and task-irrelevant segmentation of continuous visual stimulation into discrete events-can restrict one of the most notorious biases in decision-making: numerical anchoring. Subjects walked down a long room in an immersive three dimensional (3D) animation and then made a numerical judgment (e.g., of how much a suitcase is worth, or of how many hours of community service a minor crime deserved). Critically, some subjects passed through a doorway (a visual event boundary) during their virtual walk, while others did not-equating time, distance traveled, and visual complexity. The anchoring manipulation was especially innocuous, not appearing to be part of the experiment at all. Before the online trial began, subjects reported the two-digit numerical value from a visually distorted "CAPTCHA" ("to verify that you are human")-where this task-irrelevant anchor was either low (e.g., 29) or high (e.g., 92). With no doorway, we observed reliable anchoring effects: Higher CAPTCHA values produced higher estimates. With the doorway, however, such effects were attenuated or even eliminated. This generalized across tasks involving item valuations, factual questions, and legal judgments and in tests of both incidental and explicit anchoring. This demonstrates how spontaneous visual event segmentation can have profound consequences for higher-level thought.

Scalable and interpretable alternative to chart review for phenotype evaluation using standardized structured data from electronic health records.

Chart review as the current gold standard for phenotype evaluation cannot support observational research on electronic health records and claims data sources at scale. We aimed to evaluate the ability of structured data to support efficient and interpretable phenotype evaluation as an alternative to chart review. We developed Knowledge-Enhanced Electronic Profile Review (KEEPER) as a phenotype evaluation tool that extracts patient's structured data elements relevant to a phenotype and presents them in a standardized fashion following clinical reasoning principles. We evaluated its performance (interrater agreement, intermethod agreement, accuracy, and review time) compared to manual chart review for 4 conditions using randomized 2-period, 2-sequence crossover design. Case ascertainment with KEEPER was twice as fast compared to manual chart review. 88.1% of the patients were classified concordantly using charts and KEEPER, but agreement varied depending on the condition. Missing data and differences in interpretation accounted for most of the discrepancies. Pairs of clinicians agreed in case ascertainment in 91.2% of the cases when using KEEPER compared to 76.3% when using charts. Patient classification aligned with the gold standard in 88.1% and 86.9% of the cases respectively. Structured data can be used for efficient and interpretable phenotype evaluation if they are limited to relevant subset and organized according to the clinical reasoning principles. A system that implements these principles can achieve noninferior performance compared to chart review at a fraction of time.

The The Designed Limitation of Human Epistemology and the Necessity of Faith

This article argues that the attacks of atheists or philosophers against the Islamic conception of God (i.e., Allah) are constructed on the misunderstood notion of Islamic theology. Because God is already at a station where the standards of reason alone are frivolous if His existence is understood vis-à-vis the claimed teleological essence of His message (Islam). The fundamental approach here is to highlight the doctrinally necessary transcendence of God vis-à-vis human epistemological tools in Islam in the light of its objective (i.e., a test of faith). This article demonstrates the normatively affirmed limitations of reason in logically necessitating the being of Allah under the faith-test dynamic of Islam, which is a necessary component of the purpose of human existence according to the Qur’ān. The article aims to establish the necessity of faith vis-à-vis a designed limitation of the capabilities of the logical arguments for God’s existence through three major claims: faith in the unseen, Allah’s signs in creation, and the trial of faith, all three being rooted in the Qur’ān. The article also explains the nature of imān in the system of Islamic epistemology, referring to the works of Abū Ḥāmid al-Ghazālī and Ibn Taymiyyah and highlighting the incoherent, unreasonable scepticism of atheists in attacking Islamic theism through the principles of reason.

The Worst or the Best Treaty? Analysing the Equitable and Reasonable Utilization Principle in the Legal Arrangements of the Helmand River

AbstractAfter protracted conflicts, Afghanistan and Iran agreed on a treaty in 1973 to share the waters of the Helmand River. However, this legal arrangement became a source of controversy over its equitable and reasonable utilization principle. The 1973 Helmand River Water Treaty reflects a history of legal and political controversy and strongly contrasting views, with some labelling it the “worst” treaty and others the “best”. This paper scrutinizes the history of legal arrangements of the Helmand River within its underlying political context to search for evidence of the aforementioned equitable and reasonable utilization principle. The findings indicate that the 1973 Treaty provides a grey space for legality and illegality, being a greatly restricted instrument to uphold the principle of equity. Examination of the principle of equity in the 1973 Treaty contributes to developing constructive controversy over the Helmand River and offers valuable lessons for other international watercourses facing similar challenges.

Corporate disclosure, ESG and green fintech in the energy industry

Abstract This article examines the crucial role of non-financial disclosure in achieving environmental sustainability across economies and legal systems, focusing on the Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive (CSRD). It scrutinizes the efficacy of current reporting regimes and their capacity to capture the distinct nature of company activities. The study underscores the importance of flexibility tools in customizing disclosure obligations to individual companies, striking a balance between competing informational interests and adhering to principles of reasonableness and proportionality. It highlights the double materiality criteria and the ‘comply or explain’ mechanism as pivotal in tailoring reporting duties. Moreover, the article argues for better integration of fintech and greentech to modernize the disclosure obligation, making the disclosed information digitally tagged and machine-readable. It also investigates the potential for technology to ease the existing negative or preventive approach characterizing enforcement mechanisms, possibly setting the incentive for information disclosure. The conclusions encompass policy recommendations aiming to harness the opportunities offered by technology in the context of CSRD, aligning the reporting duties with contemporary needs.

YOUNG CHILDREN’S PROBABILISTIC AND STATISTICAL REASONING IN THE CONTEXT OF INFORMAL STATISTICAL INFERENCE

This paper reports the statistical and probabilistic reasoning of young children in terms of randomness, variability, and data representations in the context of informal inferential reasoning (IIR). Using the IIR approach, a task was designed and conducted one-on-one with 28 children aged 5 to 6 years old, in a case study setting. The researcher used a voice recorder during interviews, took photos, and recorded field notes. The data were analyzed according to the principles of informal inferential reasoning, which are generalizing beyond the data, using data as evidence for generalizing, and using probabilistic language whilst being aware of uncertainty. The findings indicate that young children are capable of making informal inferences from a sample space, describing event probability, and constructing bar graph and pie chart data representations.

Living Well without Knowledge: Uncertainty in the Moral Philosophy of Thomas Aquinas

Thomists typically emphasize and defend Aquinas’s “realist” approach to knowledge as an alternative to modern skepticism, but Aquinas is attuned to the common experience of uncertainty, and gives principled reasons for the limits of knowledge across various domains, including especially in the realm of human action. Virtue in general, and Thomistic practical wisdom specifically, can be understood as a habit for responsibly managing choice in the face of imperfect knowledge, unpredictable circumstances, and risk. Several modern specialized disciplines – especially economics, psychology, and various applied social sciences – have highlighted interesting questions about uncertainty and its practical significance, especially in evaluating risk. Emphasizing the role of uncertainty in life is thus not only an invitation for Thomists to notice neglected aspects of Aquinas’s thought, but an opportunity to bring Aquinas’s writings into conversations in other disciplines. Catholic social teaching presents a particularly promising area to engage and learn from those other disciplines in the ongoing elaboration of Thomistic thought.

The Relationship Between Prophetic Hadith and Intellect: A Critical Examination of the Scholarly Discourse

If the authenticity of a Hadith is uncertain and contradicts intellect, it can be deemed weak. However, if a Hadith is deemed authentic by Hadith scholars, two distinct theories emerge among Muslim scholars. The first theory argues that a correct Hadith never opposes the intellect. According to this perspective, a sound and clear intellect will never contradict an authentic Hadith. In contrast, the second theory posits that a prophetic Hadith should be considered weak if it conflicts with intellect. The study employs analytical and library research methods, drawing on a range of scholarly works including books, academic articles, and writings by Muslim scholars. The findings of this paper indicate that a Hadith, narrated through a strong chain of narrators tracing back to the Prophet, cannot inherently contradict the intellect. However, if a Hadith contradicts sound intellect, it can serve as a valid reason to question its authenticity and consider it weak. Through a comprehensive analysis of the scholarly discourse, this study provides a deeper understanding of the complex relationship between Hadith and intellect and how Islam values the intellect. It underscores the importance of rigorous authentication processes, emphasizing the need to consider the reliability of the Hadith chain and the principles of intellectual reasoning when assessing the strength or weakness of a prophetic Hadith.

Принцип разумности как доктринальный принцип права

The article deals with the principle of reasonableness in the Russian legal system. The author believes that this doctrinal principle can be attributed to legal axioms. Based on the uncertainty of the content of the category ‘reasonableness’ and the analysis of judicial practice, the author concludes that the normative consolidation of the doctrinal principle of reasonableness as a principle of positive law is inappropriate.

A Schematic Review of Knowledge Reasoning Approaches Based on the Knowledge Graph

In the contemporary world, the Internet technology and its implementation mode are advancing at a swift pace, leading to an exponential growth in the scale of Internet data. This data contains a significant amount of valuable knowledge. The effective organization and articulation of knowledge, as well as the ability to conduct thorough calculations and analyses, have garnered significant attention and developments within a particular environmental context. The utilization of knowledge graphs for knowledge reasoning has emerged as a prominent area of focus within the realm of knowledge graph research. It holds substantial significance in the realm of vertical search, intelligent answering, and various other applications. This article will be centered on fundamental principles of reasoning. The approach of knowledge reasoning oriented towards knowledge graphs is focused on the derivation of novel knowledge or the detection of erroneous knowledge through the utilization of pre-existing knowledge. In contrast to conventional knowledge reasoning approaches, the knowledge reasoning technique employed in knowledge graphs is characterized by greater diversity, owing to the succinct, adaptable, and flexible representation of knowledge.

Revelations from the Underground: Trinitarian Metaphysics and the Underground Church

The ancient concept of the underground is mainly associated with the outdated triadic cosmology. In modernity, some authors such as Dostoevsky and Nietzsche have dialectically referred to the underground as an alternative to the principle of reason or ground. Others—such as Hegel or Heidegger—have more radically linked this dialectic to the abyssal unground, recalling Boehme and Hölderlin. However, all these modern dialectical constellations of ground, underground, or unground have failed to provide a philosophical vision that would overcome the aporetic relationship between metaphysical grounding and phenomenal appearance. They have left aside the reality of the Marian underground, overshadowed by the Spirit and Cross and marked by Christ’s descent into the underground, by which the powers of the ancient underground were apocalyptically drawn into the liturgical celebration of a persecuted Church. In this article, I will link Jan Patočka’s phenomenology of the underground experience and Zdeněk Neubauer’s Marian metaphysics to prove that, in the apocalyptic horizon of suffering and persecution, the Sophianic and Marian revelations spell out the created form of Trinitarian being, that becomes a miraculous rescue of all relations and phenomena as the ground shining from within the underground, and the underground within the ground.

Добросовестность при исполнении контрагентом договорных обязательств, на примере договора НИОКР

The postulate embedded in the civil legislation – good faith in actions – as a parameter that models the behavior of participants in civil turnover stimulates the development of behavior in which none of the participants in the obligation can take advantage of deliberately maneuvering in a situation of regulatory gaps. Representing an evaluation category without clear criteria, the content of the principle of good faith is formed under the influence of legal doctrine and law enforcement practice. In the conditions of a legal gap in regulating the time of an R&D contract performance and the acceptance of the result of the work performed, the customer’s bad faith, expressed in delaying the acceptance of the work, or the refusal of the results on far-fetched pretexts, is not uncommon. The purpose of the research is to study the legislative and law enforcement aspects of the customer’s unfair behavior in R&D contracts at the time of their execution, as well as to develop proposals for improving civil legislation. Methods. The methodological framework for the research is a set of methods of scientific cognition, among which the main ones are analysis, synthesis, generalization, and comparative jurisprudence. Results. In the activities of companies related to the performance of work under R&D contracts, the problem of the customer’s bad faith at the time of contract execution and the acceptance of the work performed belongs to the category of urgent, as numerous judicial practices abound. Proactive, preventive measures on the part of the contractor, expressed in a more detailed elaboration of the terms of the contract, do not have a positive effect and are not a guarantee of the contractor’s security. The author analyzes the current judicial practice on economic disputes for the possibility of applying the rules on the analogy of the law in the conditions of the gap in the civil legislation on the unilateral signing of the act (Chapter 37 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation). Currently, there are two polar approaches in the legal realization sphere: 1) the rule on signing an unilateral act as a highly specialized one can be applied exclusively in the form of a construction contract (negative approach); 2) following the principles of fairness and reasonableness enables the contractor under an R&D contract to apply the provisions of Article 753 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation to protect his interests (positive approach). Conclusions. The existing legislative gap in the formation of diametrically opposite ways of resolving judicial conflicts and the duality of judicial practice should be resolved exclusively at the legislative level by amending Paragraph 1 of Chapter 37 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation. In particular, Paragraph 2 of Article 720 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation should be supplemented with the following content: “The submission of the working results by the contractor and its acceptance by the customer are executed by an act signed by both parties. If one of the parties refuses to sign the act, a note about it is made therein, and the act is signed by the other party.”

Dispute over the Status and Use of the Waters of the Silala (Chile v Bolivia): Is the International Court of Justice falling short?

AbstractThis case note offers insights into a decision of the International Court of Justice on the legal dispute between Chile and Bolivia over the nature and use of the Silala waters and its implications for international water law. It begins with two positive notes, namely, the recognition of the unity of the Silala waters (natural and artificially enhanced flows) and the use of science and expert evidence to resolve the dispute. It then addresses two other issues that the Court should and could have dealt with more adequately, being disputes on the ‘current use’ and ‘acquired rights’ under the ambit of the equitable and reasonable utilization principle and the obligation to notify and consult planned measures. The case note concludes that the Court failed to settle the underlying legal issues sufficiently and to better guide the parties on their rights and obligations.