Object-oriented Design Principles Research Articles

Machine Learning-Based Cardiovascular Disease Detection and Intelligent Healthcare Workflow Automation

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are a major cause of death worldwide, emphasizing the importance of better early detection methods. This study introduces a machine learning model to detect CVDs by analyzing vital sign information. The model, which was trained using a cardiovascular dataset, utilizes three algorithms: Support Vector Machine (SVM), Naïve Bayes, and Decision Tree. It assesses the health status of patients by predicting vital sign values, allowing healthcare providers to receive timely alerts. Following the Cross-Industry Standard Process for Data Mining (CRISP-DM) methodology, a proof-of-concept web application was created with object-oriented design principles and implemented using Python. This application predicts the likelihood of CVD and streamlines the scheduling of doctor appointments, promoting quick medical intervention. Our findings reveal that the Decision Tree classifier performed the best in accurately identifying patients who are at risk based on abnormalities in vital signs. This method can potentially enhance early detection of CVDs and improve the timing of medical care.

ReMKiT1D - A framework for building reactive multi-fluid models of the tokamak scrape-off layer with coupled electron kinetics in 1D

In this manuscript we present the recently developed flexible framework for building both fluid and electron kinetic models of the tokamak Scrape-Off Layer in 1D - ReMKiT1D (Reactive Multi-fluid and Kinetic Transport in 1D). The framework can handle systems of non-linear ODEs, various 1D PDEs arising in fluid modelling, as well as PDEs arising from the treatment of the electron kinetic equation. As such, the framework allows for flexibility in fluid models of the Scrape-Off Layer while allowing the easy addition of kinetic electron effects. We focus on presenting both the high-level design decisions that allow for model flexibility, as well as the most important implementation aspects. A significant number of verification and performance tests are presented, as well as a step-by-step walkthrough of a simple example for setting up models using the Python interface. Program summaryProgram title: ReMKiT1DCPC Library link to program files:https://doi.org/10.17632/j47ym66xzj.1Developer's repository link:https://github.com/ukaea/ReMKiT1D and https://github.com/ukaea/ReMKiT1D-PythonLicensing provisions: GPLv3Programming language: Fortran, PythonSupplementary material:https://doi.org/10.14468/fdq7-z869Nature of problem: The flexible generation and modification of 1D models pertaining to multi-fluid simulations of the tokamak Scrape-Off Layer (SOL) with electron kinetics and reaction support. This would then allow both for rapid iteration on reduced models as well as the evaluation of kinetic electron effects in equilibria and during transients, following the formalism previously developed for SOL-KiT [1]. The framework was not only envisioned as the successor to SOL-KiT, but a tool that would allow users to construct their own models coupled with electron kinetics capabilities.Solution method: The framework is written heavily utilizing Object-Oriented design principles, in particular using an extended version of the puppeteer pattern as presented by Rouson et al. [2], as well as the heavy use of the strategy pattern/dependency injection. The Fortran code is MPI parallel and utilizes the PETSc library for implicit time-stepping. MPI parallelization is extended to distribution function Legendre harmonics, allowing for improved strong scaling. Initialization of the Fortran framework is done using JSON configuration files generated by an accompanying Python interface, and data analysis is standardized using widely used data formats such as HDF5.Additional comments including restrictions and unusual features: The present manuscript focuses on the design and high-level implementation of the framework, as well as the demonstration of the workflow and various verification and performance benchmarking tests. Some details are avoided for the sake of brevity at various points, and these are meant to be available as part of the general code documentation or tutorials offered on the main repositories.

Automated method based on a neural network model for searching energy-efficient complex movement trajectories of industrial robot in a differentiated technological process

Purpose of the work: Researching possibility of creating a method for improving the energy efficiency of differentiated robotic technological process (RTP) in the food industry. The high rates of development of production processes robotization, including in the food industry, leading to increase the cost of electrical energy, determine the research tasks relevance in finding energy-efficient methods for controlling industrial robots.Methodology: The proposed approach is based on principles of object-oriented design and possibility of classifying robotic technological process: Applying specific model sets and methods to improve energy efficiency to individual classes. The existing possibility of energy consumption synthesizing models of robots inside differentiated robotic technological process, such as stacking loads, in reduced form, made it possible to use neural network methods to identify non-linear dependencies. At the same time, training sample for intelligent modules was formed on the basis of classical experiment planning algorithms. The synthesis of methods, models and procedures was implemented on the basis of high-level programming languages C++, MATLAB.Results: A mathematical model and automated algorithms for its synthesis are proposed, which make it possible to adjust robotic technological process simulation model taking into account its specifics and implement a method for finding the optimal parameters of its functioning. To confirm the effectiveness of proposed solution, the obtained neural network model and optimization method were tested on real robotic technological process, and the calculation of economic efficiency of proposed solution was also given.Conclusion/recommendations: The application of this approach will significantly reduce energy costs for robotic operations in the food industry.

Streamlining Physics Laboratory Management: An Information System Solution

This study investigates the potential of information system solutions to streamline the management of physics laboratories in educational institutions. With the aim of enhancing operational efficiency, resource utilization, and overall student experience, the study adopts the Rapid Application Development (RAD) methodology and leverages Object-Oriented Analysis and Design (OOAD) principles. Common challenges in laboratory management, including resource allocation, communication, safety compliance, and data management, are addressed through the development of an integrated information system. Tests data and user feedback demonstrate the system's effectiveness in optimizing laboratory operations and enhancing user engagement. The study contributes insights into the benefits of technology-driven solutions in educational settings and highlights the importance of user-centric design and safety integration. The successful application of RAD and OOAD methodologies underscores the potential for streamlined educational processes and administrative efficiency in modern learning environments.

LinChemIn: SynGraph—a data model and a toolkit to analyze and compare synthetic routes

BackgroundThe increasing amount of chemical reaction data makes traditional ways to navigate its corpus less effective, while the demand for novel approaches and instruments is rising. Recent data science and machine learning techniques support the development of new ways to extract value from the available reaction data. On the one side, Computer-Aided Synthesis Planning tools can predict synthetic routes in a model-driven approach; on the other side, experimental routes can be extracted from the Network of Organic Chemistry, in which reaction data are linked in a network. In this context, the need to combine, compare and analyze synthetic routes generated by different sources arises naturally.ResultsHere we present LinChemIn, a python toolkit that allows chemoinformatics operations on synthetic routes and reaction networks. Wrapping some third-party packages for handling graph arithmetic and chemoinformatics and implementing new data models and functionalities, LinChemIn allows the interconversion between data formats and data models and enables route-level analysis and operations, including route comparison and descriptors calculation. Object-Oriented Design principles inspire the software architecture, and the modules are structured to maximize code reusability and support code testing and refactoring. The code structure should facilitate external contributions, thus encouraging open and collaborative software development.ConclusionsThe current version of LinChemIn allows users to combine synthetic routes generated from various tools and analyze them, and constitutes an open and extensible framework capable of incorporating contributions from the community and fostering scientific discussion. Our roadmap envisages the development of sophisticated metrics for routes evaluation, a multi-parameter scoring system, and the implementation of an entire “ecosystem” of functionalities operating on synthetic routes. LinChemIn is freely available at https://github.com/syngenta/linchemin.Graphical

AUTOMATION SERVICES IN OBJECT ORIENTED FRAMEWORK IN SYSTEM SOFTWARE TESTING

The use of automation services can significantly reduce the time and effort required to test complex systems, while also increasing the accuracy and reliability of test results. By leveraging the principles of object-oriented design, automation services can be integrated seamlessly into existing testing workflows, allowing for more efficient and effective testing of software systems. In addition, the use of automation services can also help to identify and address potential issues earlier in the development process, reducing the risk of costly errors and delays. Overall, the integration of automation services within an object-oriented framework represents a powerful tool for improving the quality and reliability of software systems. For a family of software systems, object-oriented frameworks offer flexible design, implementation, and testing. The classes that directly use or inherit the framework classes are called Framework Interface Classes (FICs). The challenges with automation surrounding the creation and application of FIC adaptable test scenarios are discussed in this study. Framework Interface State Transition Tester (FIST2) is a tool introduced and its prototype is created with this objective in mind. Automation and execution processes are key stages of the overall product development to both the New Product Introduction (NPI) and Production Release processes. Keywords: FIST2, FIC.

Управление метагеосистемами региона на основе идентификации, анализа и мониторинга рисков

The article presents a solution to the problem of introducing spatial data infrastructures (SDI) and geoportal systems as a tool for solving the problem of integration, distribution and visualization of geospatial information. The role of geoportals is proved as a tool to support managerial decision-making in the field of ensuring the conditions for sustainable development. It is proposed to organize the SDI implementation process on the basis of identification, analysis and monitoring of risks. The risk management process can be integrated into the process of iterative implementation and use of the SDI as an input to the requirements analysis stage. The results of assessing the strength of risk events make it possible to form a set of controllable risks in the management of territorial systems. In this case, the results of the risk assessment stage become the starting point in solving the problem of designing functional and qualitative requirements for the infrastructure of spatial data as a tool for managing spatially distributed systems. The solution of the problem of optimizing the processes of using spatial data for solving management problems should be focused on achieving the target effects of SDI, while assessing and controlling the resource intensity and complexity of management processes. It is shown that an important feature of the approach is the focus on flexible organization of the process of developing geoinformation systems. The solution to the problem of effective iterative development of SDI is possible based on the observance of the SOLID principles, which determine the expediency of implementing the basic principles of object-oriented programming and design.

Designing an object-oriented architecture for the finite element simulation of structural elements

This paper reports the development of an architecture and software implementation of the library of classes for the finite-element analysis of problems in the theory of elasticity with an open-source code. The practical necessity of such systems is due to the fact that in modern equipment there are new types of materials whose structural elements' calculation has certain features. As a result, it is necessary to update the relevant scientific software or even devise a new one. A flexible software architecture is designed to reduce the time and complexity of such updates. Existing implementations of the method of finite elements with open source have been analyzed: it was revealed that there are no systems aimed at the most flexible and user-friendly architecture. The system of abstract classes proposed in the current work corresponds to known SOLID principles of object-oriented design and makes it possible to scale the already developed analysis program for new tasks in an easy and understandable way. To test the quality of the developed system from the point of view of software engineering, the maintainability index and cyclomatic complexity code metrics were used. The values of these metrics for the modules of the PyFEM system core vary in the following ranges: from 1 to 18 for the maintainability index, and from 22 to 100 for cyclomatic complexity. PyFEM testing was performed on the task of determining the stressed-strained state of the turbine rotor blade. Due to the ease of implementation, it was possible to build a set of effective and intuitive classes that make it possible to solve numerically the static and dynamic problems in the theory of elasticity. The developed class library can be used in the development of both universal and specialized software designed to analyze multiphysics problems.

Повышение энергоэффективности участков токарной обработки

This study is a search for more energy-efficient turning enabled by optimal utilization of the machining facility’s power grid. To that end, the authors have (i) modeled the machining facility on the principles of object-oriented design; (ii) tested the model for adequacy in real-world applications; (iii) devised an approach to implementing specific processes and related design solutions for more energy-efficient machining. Cluster analysis shows that a typical turning line used in small-batch manufacturing may contain up to 20 machines with the following power distribution: 7 0.75-kW machines, 4 1.5-kW machines, 3 2.2-kW machines, 1 3-kW machine, 1 4-kW machine, 1 5.5-kW machine, 1 7.5-kW machine, and 2 11-kW machines. This configuration enables the most power-efficient turning process. The batch for turning should be distributed by the maximum power factor using the object model for the application as well as the author-developed NET-based software. In this approach, all the machines serve as cluster centers that the machined parts are grouped around to make the tur­ning process more energy-efficient by reducing the in-grid electricity loss.

Design and Research of Intelligent Building Control System

This paper designs and studies an intelligent building control system. The use of object-oriented design principles to design a building automatic control system is an inevitable product of scientific development, a result of the application of modern scientific and technological achievements, and is based on the development of building fieldbus technology. The advantages of the intelligent building control system include: easy design, easy construction, easy to use, easy to manage, and easy to maintain. Through the design and implementation of intelligent building control systems, energy efficiency can be improved, property management efficiency can be improved, technology application thresholds can be reduced, big data value-added services can be added, and energy control can be fully automated and unattended.

Development platform for artificial pancreas algorithms

Assessing algorithms of artificial pancreas systems is critical in developing automated and fault-tolerant solutions that work outside clinical settings. The development and evaluation of algorithms can be facilitated with a platform that conducts virtual clinical trials. We present in this paper a clinically validated cloud-based distributed platform that supports the development and comprehensive testing of single and dual-hormone algorithms for type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). The platform is built on principles of object-oriented design and runs user algorithms in real-time virtual clinical trials utilizing a multi-threaded environment enabled by concurrent execution over a cloud infrastructure. The platform architecture isolates user algorithms located on personal machines from proprietary patient data running on the cloud. Users import a plugin into their algorithms (Matlab, Python, or Java) to connect to the platform. Once connected, users interact with a graphical interface to design experimental protocols for their trials. Protocols include trial duration in days, mealtimes and amounts, variability in mealtimes and amounts, carbohydrate counting errors, snacks, and onboard insulin levels. The platform facilitates development by solving the ODE model in the cloud on large CPU-optimized machines, providing a 62% improvement in memory, speed and CPU utilization. Users can easily debug & modify code, test multiple strategies, and generate detailed clinical performance reports. We validated and integrated into the platform a glucoregulatory system of ordinary differential equations (ODEs) parameterized with clinical data to mimic the inter and intra-day variability of glucose responses of 15 T1DM patients. The platform utilizes the validated patient model to conduct virtual clinical trials for the rapid development and testing of closed-loop algorithms for T1DM.

Engaging CS2 students via a semester-long in-class game project

Object-oriented design principles and software engineering best practices are two key learning objectives of our Computer Science 2 (CS2) course. Many popular textbooks use short, generic examples ...

An Experimental Evaluation of the Effect of SOLID Principles to Microsoft VS Code Metrics

Software maintenance is necessary for reasons such as changes in user needs, changes in the operating conditions of the system due to changes in the infrastructure, the occurrence of unforeseen errors. The suitability of the software for maintenance operations is a significant influence in reducing the cost. Using only basic object oriented programming concepts do not show that we are writing maintainable code in our applications. Object oriented design principles such SOLID are about reducing dependencies and increasing maintainability. ISO/IEC 9126 is about maintainability but ISO/IEC 9126 is not clear about whether all inputs to measurement should be used together in conjunction or whether they should be used as appropriate or available. Indeed, ISO/IEC 9126 provides no guidance, heuristics, rules of thumb, or any other means to show how to trade off measures, how to weight measures or even how to simply collate them. In this study each sub-characteristic of ISO/IEC maintainability with help of Visual Studio VS code metric tool is assessed. The focus of this assessment is on maintainability and its sub-characteristics like analyzability, testability, changeability and stability. Before doing an analysis, each sub-characteristics of maintainability part of ISO/IEC 9126 standard are mapped to five VS code metrics for measurement of characteristics. This work shows the effect of object oriented design principles SOLID to the maintainability, complexity and flexibility of the code while associating ISO/IEC, VS code metric and SOLID.

Measuring object-oriented design principles: The results of focus group-based research

Object-oriented design principles are fundamental concepts that carry important design knowledge and foster the development of software-intensive systems with a focus on good design quality. They emerged after the first steps in the field of object-oriented programming and the recognition of best practices in using this programming paradigm to build maintainable software. Although design principles are known by software developers, it is difficult to apply them in practice without concrete rules to follow. We recognized this gap and systematically derived design best practices for a number of design principles and provide tool support for automatic measurement of these practices. The aim of this paper is to examine the relationship between design best practices and 10 selected design principles. This should provide evidence whether the key design aspects of the design principles are covered. We conducted focus group research with six focus groups and 31 participants in total. In parallel, each group discussed five design principles and assessed the coverage by using the Delphi method. Despite suggestions of additional design practices that were added by the participants, the result reveals the impact of each design best practice to the design principle and shows that the main design aspects of the design principles are covered by our approach and is therefore feasible to derive concrete design improvement actions.

A Framework for Assessing Reusability Using Package Cohesion Measure in Aspect Oriented Systems

Due to better modularization of crosscutting concerns, the Aspect oriented programming approach enhances the quality of the system as it results in less complex and more readable implementation of the system. As the software applications grow in size and complexity, they require some kind of high level organization. For high level organization of software system, packages are required. A lot of work has been carried out for measuring cohesion in Aspect Oriented Systems (AOS) at class level but very less research has been done for designing package level cohesion metric. Package cohesion metrics plays an important role in analyzing quality of software at package level. According to object oriented design principle, a good software design must have high cohesion with high reusability. Thus a relationship must therefore exist between cohesion and reusability. Number of attempts has been made to evaluate effect of cohesion on external attributes but at class level only. Impact of package level cohesion metrics on reusability for AOS is not yet explored. (a) To implement the proposed package cohesion measure, PCohA, on AspectJ sample packages, (b) to theoretically validate the proposed measure and (c) to find the impact of package cohesion on measuring reusability for AOS. Theoretical validation has been done by proving its validity on four theorems given by Briand et al. For finding the impact of proposed measure on external attributes, correlation has been found between package cohesion, PCohA, and external attribute—reusability. After theoretical validation, it has been proved that the proposed measure is suitable for measuring cohesion at package level. Correlation between package cohesion metric (PCohA) and reusability is calculated by using Karl Pearson Product Moment correlation. The computed values show a strong positive relation between PCohA and Reusability. The proposed package cohesion measure is found to be a useful indicator of external quality factors such as reusability. The proposed metric is also established as a better predictor of code reusability than the existing cohesion measures. The work discussed in this paper can be used for designing high quality software by developing new package level metrics for other quality attributes such as maintainability, changeability etc. as a future work.

Study on using design patterns to implement a simulation system for WiMAX network

A network simulator always is an important tool to observe and evaluate the study concept for wireless networks. Considering the restriction of the limited budget, the non-commercial open-source simulation software often becomes the top choice of academia. Since the natures of academic study are innovation and excellence, a simulator frequently encounters that the existing modular functions are inadequate and need to be appended or modified. If a selected simulator inherently has poor architecture, the maintenance, recondition, and expansion of functions will become more difficult and more time-consuming in the future, while it is difficult to understand and reuse by the successors. Therefore, how to select a most suitable simulator is an important issue. In order to make a simulator have flexible architecture and believable results, design patterns are proposed as the norms to design system architecture. To realize this idea, we surveyed six most used simulators, i.e., J-Sim, NS-2, NS-3, OMNet++, OPNET, and QualNet, to ponder their system architectures and design concepts from the source codes and the related literatures of the modular function expansion. We propose a network simulator architecture, named as CCGns, which is a discrete-event virtual network simulator and follows the IEEE 802.16-2009 standard. CCGns obeys the object-oriented design principles and is coded by the Java language. CCGns comprises eight packages for physical layer, medium access control layer, network layer, devices, topologies, events, scheduler, and reports, respectively. The main contribution includes three aspects which propose a scalable MAC messages management and the corresponding architecture, an applicable for multi-hop relay network topology architecture, and a two-stage minimum variance bandwidth allocation algorithm. To the best of our knowledge, this article is not the first one to apply the design patterns for the simulator architectures of wireless network, but we use more design patterns and types than the others and also provide the unified modeling language figures to explain the system architectures. We particularly focus on how the management procedure of control messages influences the time-related performance evaluation metrics, e.g., how the amount and processing time of different control messages affect throughput, packet delay, and packet drop ratio. By using mathematic calculation to verify the simulation results, the proposed system architecture has been proven to possess excellent fidelity.

A GUIDELINE-BASED APPROACH TO SUPPORT THE ASSESSMENT OF STUDENTS’ ABILITY TO APPLY OBJECT-ORIENTED CONCEPTS IN SOURCE CODE

There are many approaches in assessing students’ ability in object-oriented (OO) programming, but little is known on how to assess their ability in applying OO fundamental concepts in their written source codes. One major problem with programming assessment relates to variation in marks given by different assessors. Often, the grades given also does not gauge whether students know how to apply OO approaches. Thus, a new assessment approach is needed to fill these gap. The objective of this study is to construct and validate through expert consensus, a set of evaluation criteria for fundamental OO concepts together with the guidelines called GuideSCoRE, to help instructors assess students’ ability in applying OO concepts in their program source code. The evaluation criteria are derived from fundamental OO concepts found in Malaysian OO programming syllabuses and validated by a three-round Delphi approach. The proposed evaluation criteria were mapped with related OO design heuristics and OO design principles. A guideline (GuideSCoRE), constructed based on the Goal-Questions-Metrics approach together with the evaluation criteria is used by instructors when assessing students’ source codes. An inter-rater reliability analysis among six instructors found moderate agreement on assessment scores (κ values of mainly between 0.421 and 0.575) indicating that whilst the guidelines do not completely eliminate variations between raters, it help reduce their occurrences.

Establishing Evaluation Criteria for Assessing Novices‟ Ability in Applying Object-Oriented Concept Using Delphi Approach

There are many approaches in assessing students’ ability in object-oriented programming, but little research has been discussed concerning the evaluation of novices’ ability in applying object-oriented fundamental concepts in their source code. The main purpose of this study is to construct and validate through expert consensus, a set of evaluation criteria for assessing novices’ ability through evaluation of the application of object-oriented concepts in program source code. These evaluation criteria are derived based on the common fundamental object-oriented concepts based on Malaysian object-oriented programming syllabuses. A three-round Delphi approach has been chosen in establishing the consensus and participated by a number of OOP experts. Based on the Delphi study, sixteen evaluation criteria have been established for assessing novices’ ability in applying fundamental object-oriented concepts. The proposed evaluation criteria were then validated by associating them with established related object-oriented design heuristics and object-oriented design principles.

Measuring, Assessing and Improving Software Quality based on Object-Oriented Design Principles

Abstract Good object-oriented design is crucial for a successful software product. Metric-based approaches and the identification of design smells are established concepts for identifying design flaws and deriving design improvements thereof. Nevertheless, metrics are difficult to use for improvements as they provide only weak guidance and are difficult to interpret. Thus, this paper proposes a novel design quality model (DQM) based on fundamental object-oriented design principles and best practices. In course of discussing DQM, the paper provides a contribution in three directions: (1) it shows how to measure design principles automatically, (2) then the measuring result is used to assess the degree of fulfilling object-oriented design principles, (3) and finally design improvements of identified design flaws in object-oriented software are derived. Additionally, the paper provides an overview of the research area by explaining terms used to describe designrelated aspects and by depicting the result of a survey on the importance of object-oriented design principles. The underlying concepts of the DQM are explained before it is applied on two open-source projects in the format of a case study. The qualitative discussion of its application shows the advantages of the automated design assessment that can be used for guiding design improvements.

A learning-based module extraction method for object-oriented systems

Developers apply object-oriented (OO) design principles to produce modular, reusable software. Therefore, service-specific groups of related software classes called modules arise in OO systems. Extracting the modules is critical for better software comprehension, efficient architecture recovery, determination of service candidates to migrate legacy software to a service-oriented architecture, and transportation of such services to cloud-based distributed systems. In this study, we propose a novel approach to automatic module extraction to identify services in OO software systems. In our approach, first we create a weighted and directed graph of the software system in which vertices and edges represent the classes and their relations, respectively. Then, we apply a clustering algorithm over the graph to extract the modules. We calculate the weight of an edge by considering its probability of being within a module or between modules. To estimate these positional probabilities, we propose a machine-learning-based classification system that we train with data gathered from a real-world OO reference system. We have implemented an automatic module extraction tool and evaluated the proposed approach on several open-source and industrial projects. The experimental results show that the proposed approach generates highly accurate decompositions that are close to authoritative module structures and outperforms existing methods.