Principles Of International Law Research Articles

Vietnam's sovereignty over the South China Sea from the perspective of international law

ABSTRACT The principle of sovereignty, ie of supreme authority within a territory, is a pivotal principle of modern international law. Although the role of modern international law in establishing the sovereignty of states has changed many times, it must still be affirmed that international law sources are an important international legal basis for states to determine their sovereignty, including national sovereignty over the seas. The South China Sea (‘SCS') (Bien Dong or, East Sea in Vietnamese) has long been regarded as a major source of tension and instability in Pacific Asia. The purpose of this article is to discuss the views and positions of Vietnam on sovereignty over the two islands of Paracels (Hoang Sa in Vietnamese/Xisha in Chinese), Spratlys (Truong Sa in Vietnamese/Nansha in Chinese) and maritime zones in the South China Sea on the basis of international law and practice.

Transboundary water resource management and sustainable development in the lancang-mekong river basin: an analysis of international water law

ABSTRACT The Lancang-Mekong River Basin stands as one of the most critical and complex transboundary basins globally, where the utilization and protection of water resources are paramount. This basin, linking China, Myanmar, Laos, Cambodia, Thailand, and Vietnam, is characterized by a dense population and rapid industrial and agricultural development, fostering frequent economic and cultural exchanges. Cooperative efforts in water resource utilization and protection among these countries lead to issues such as resource disputes, environmental pollution, and collaboration barriers. Since the six basin countries have not jointly joined any international convention on water resources development or protection, disputes have been resolved and cooperation promoted through existing inter-state cooperation mechanisms for many years. However, these mechanisms often fall short due to the lack of common guiding principles. Achieving sustainable water resource development in the Lancang-Mekong River Basin aligns with the national interests of the six countries. The basin states can establish a transboundary Environmental Impact Assessment system and a dispute settlement mechanism. Constructing a comprehensive Integrated Water Resource Management Cooperation Mechanism, rooted in the fundamental principles of international water law, is crucial for enhancing the level of international cooperation within the basin.

Harnessing the Power of Crowdsourcing and Public Participation to Advance Global Environmental Protection

The principles of international environmental law serve as an effective framework in analyzing the legal elements of environmental hazards. In the light of the matter, the important principle of participation is regarded as the primary facilitator in the process of environmental protection and the prevention of the extent and progression of environmental hazards. This principle, in considering methods such as crowdsourcing, may identify a progressive strategy and visualize the impact of citizens and people in the protection of the biosphere. The basic approaches of this research include participatory democracy, access to information, public decision-making, and environmental litigation. This research intends to light up a path to attaining the goals of international environmental legislation by drawing a two-way interaction between the two with the goal of examining the viability of realizing the principle of participation in light of crowdsourcing. It also seeks to resolve the question of how effective the process of using crowdsourcing as an implementation tool of the participation principle may be in attaining the goals of environmental support and protection. By reviewing and analyzing relevant sources, this article argues that enhancing the participation of stakeholders, including civil groups and individuals, may improve the effectiveess of environmental legislation and promote social and environmental justice and suggests that creating platforms to share information and engage with stakeholders and the public, as well as consider mechanisms to ensure accountability and the balance of power along the way, can be very effective.

On China’s Navigation Rights and Interests in the Tumen River and the Japanese Sea

To achieve the goals of the Polar Silk Road strategy and boost Northeast China’s economy, China should focus on economic and trade cooperation in the Japanese Sea. Despite not being a coastal State, China can still expand its navigation rights and interests within the region. The Japanese Sea has not been fully utilized by China due to its lack of direct access, and the surrounding States’ unstable political conditions have hindered long-term economic development arrangements. This paper proposes that China should develop its right of access to the Japanese Sea through the Tumen Region and assert the navigation rights and interests of third States. China can use current agreements and international law principles to uphold its right of access to the Japanese Sea through the Tumen River. It can also invest in overseas ports and improve transportation networks to implement the strategy of "accessing the sea through harbors of other States." Furthermore, China can strengthen its presence and use of shipping routes in the Japanese Sea by strengthening regional trade routes, connecting shipping routes with the Arctic, and expanding the abroad shipping of domestic goods. Moreover, this paper suggests that China should analyze the navigation rights and interests of third States in the territorial sea, exclusive economic zones, and straits surrounding the Japanese Sea to develop its sea routes. By doing so, China can realize its goals of the Polar Silk Road strategy and revitalize Northeast China’s economy.

Codification of European Private International Law!

The term "framework of European private international law" covers all EU instruments in force, dealing with the problem of jurisdiction, applicable law, recognition and enforcement of law, foreign judgments and authentic instruments. Private international law has traditionally been, and in part still is, a matter of national law. Each state has its own rules to deal with jurisdiction, applicable law, recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments. Europe has an interest in matters of private international law since the 1957 Treaty on the European Economic Community. The Treaty of Amsterdam 1997 introduced the broader concept of judicial cooperation and brought three core issues of private international law into the field of the European Community. The three core issues are now found in Article 81 (2) (a) and (c), Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union. This paper suggests a road map towards a more comprehensive codification of EU private international law. At the moment, legislative efforts should be directed to the creation of special instruments for well-defined problems in European private international law. The fruits of these efforts can be long-lasting if they are combined into a code of EU private international law. The content of recent national codifications can help identify current gaps within the EU framework. Motives for national legislatures to codify private international law are also relevant for EU legislatures. A brief comparison is made of three recent codifications: Belgium, Holland and Poland. The Belgian codification contains rules on jurisdiction as well as on enforcement and recognition, while the Dutch and Polish laws decided to limit the DNPE legislation on choice of law rules. A typical characteristic of national codifications of private international law is that they may contain rules on the principles of private international law, or general provisions of private international law. Motives for codification vary, from a desire to increase transparency and make the rules adopt an open and international approach, to a desire to make the rules more easily accessible to legal practitioners. Private international law is also influenced by developments within the internal (national) framework. New rules of private international law will be necessary to adapt to the new legal institutions of national systems. Another way in which developments in substantive law can change private international law is that values considered important at the national level find their way into private international law. Private international rules that provide additional protection for employees and consumers serve as an example of this process. The gaps in the current framework can be divided into three main categories. First, loopholes which are the desired result of territorial limitations to the scope of EU legislation. Second, systemic gaps occur when the current framework is compared to those particular problems that, taken together, constitute the traditional problems of private international law. The current framework fixes most of these particular problems, but not all. Thirdly and finally, there are shortcomings when EU legislation provides for those certain questions that are deliberately left out of the scope of an accession instrument, even though from a systematic perspective these questions are part of the matter regulated in the instrument, e.g. . contractual obligations. In addition to these three main categories, it should be noted that as a result of various factors, the community instrument may contain rules that refer to notions which by their nature are open to interpretation. For the time being these open notions are best left to the case law or legal writing to determine their meaning. The truly necessary insertions would address the gaps that have been defined as 'systematic' omissions, as there is no rule that can be applied. The lack of harmonized or unified rules has an immediate effect on citizens and businesses in the EU. In the discussion on the codification of private international law, attention should be paid to the differences between the national concept and the 'codification' of European private international law. In principle, it means a procedure by which the acts to be codified are repealed and replaced by a single act that does not contain substantial changes in those acts (Interinstitutional Agreement of December 20, 1994, point 1). An important aspect of codification at the EU level is the reduction of the volume of legislation. The EU legislature could consider dividing its attention and efforts into three separate areas of private international law that fall within the framework: civil procedure, civil and commercial cases in general (an almost complete area); choice of law (applicable law) in non-family cases (raising issues that have a strong connection with the internal market); private international law for family law cases (which will require unanimity in the Council). Directing its attention to these specific areas can assist the European legislature in progressing the completion of this framework.   Received: 25 December 2023 / Accepted: 25 February 2024 / Published: 23 April 2024

The Concerns of Nation-State Sovereignty and International Commercial Law: A Path to Harmonisation

The current body of literature on international business and commercial laws demonstrates the inherent conflict between the legal system and the sovereignty of nation-states. The phenomenon of globalization has amplified the influence of non-state actors, regional organizations, and free trade agreements, resulting in a significant demand for international arbitration. The incorporation of international commercial laws into the current standard is increasingly prevalent, as nation-states discover the benefits of adhering to such laws. Conversely, the concept of national sovereignty, which exerted significant influence in recent years, appears to be facing substantial challenges due to the emerging trends in an increasingly interconnected globalized world. Nevertheless, the nation-state and its sovereignty maintain a significant impact on the dynamics of power and trade between different nation-states. This study undertakes an examination of the substantial discord between principles of international commercial law and the sovereignty attributed to nation-states, with specific attention directed towards the prospects of achieving harmonization. Moreover, it delves into the intricacies and challenges inherent in the pursuit of harmonization within this specific domain.

PELANGGARAN PRINSIP-PRINSIP PIAGAM PBB 1945 DALAM SERANGAN MILITER RUSIA KE WILAYAH UKRAINA

In international law, an independent and sovereign state has an obligation to respect another state such as not intervening, respecting territorial integrity, and resolving international disputes peacefully. The conflict between Russia and Ukraine attracted world attention since 2014 when Russia annexed the territory of Crimea, Ukraine which made a referendum and resulted in Crimea joining Russia. In 2022, the relations between Russia and Ukraine had problem because Russia did military operations by detonating bombs on several cities in Ukraine. The action raised questions about how the general principles of international law works that every independent state should respect. This paper examines the conflict relations between Russia and Ukraine against the general principles of international law based on the 1945 UN Charter. This paper used qualitative research with normative juridical research methods. The result of this paper is that the military operation by Russia does not reflect the implementation and respect of Article 2 paragraph (4) and Article 2 paragraph (7) of the UN Charter regarding the prohibition of using armed violence and acting to intervene in other countries. Also, Russia's actions unfulfilled the self-defense criteria specified by Article 51 of the UN Charter.

The Application of the Principle of Common but Differentiated Responsibilities in Environmental Governance on the High Seas

Abstract As an important principle of international environmental law, the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities (the CBDR principle) is being applied to various international environment protection regimes including environmental governance on the high seas as an important guiding principle in the law of the sea. This may be beneficial for engaging the international community to protect the high seas in solidarity. However, the application of the CBDR principle encounters difficulties, which include obstacles regarding cross-sector application, different understandings of the CBDR principle and difficulties in implementation of international instruments. This article argues that the differentiation should not depend exclusively on the traditional dichotomy of developing and developed countries but must be determined on a fluid and case-by-case basis. This suggests that the details of the differentiated responsibilities should also be context-specific rather than uniform for all States. Moreover, the implementation of the CBDR principle to address environmental problems on the high seas should be based on substantive fairness. Finally, this article makes several observations. First, the demands of developing countries in the field of maritime emission reduction should be considered. Second, obligation of capacity building and the transfer of marine technology prescribed in the BBNJ Agreement should be encouraged and implemented. Third, strengthening international cooperation in plastic pollution control on the high seas is expected. Fourth, the international community should provide developing countries with the financial support and technical assistance in persistent organic pollutants control. All of these may contribute to the protection of the high seas environment and the future realization of the sustainable development of the oceans.

Legal aspects of regulation of cryptocurrencies and blockchain technologies in Ukraine

Introduction. Currently, there is an urgent need to regulate the functioning of cryptocurrency markets in the context of the evolution of social relations. The rejection of the bill aimed at regulating the cryptocurrency market does not have sufficient financial and legal justification, as evidenced by expert opinions and textual analysis, which revealed the narrow approach of the drafters of the bill to solving cryptocurrency issues. Moreover, since the current law of Ukraine "On Virtual Assets" defines cryptocurrencies as unsecured virtual assets, the issue of cryptocurrencies is practically removed from the agenda. At a time when the war with Russia has begun, and the general defense and financial security of Ukraine needs to be strengthened by the state and government, it seems unjustified to ignore not only threats to national security, but also potential sources of financial growth. The purpose of the paper is to clarify the legislative framework regarding cryptocurrencies and the legal status of cryptocurrency market participants in Ukraine. Results. The paper examines the peculiarities of the development of financial and legal regulation of the cryptocurrency market in connection with globalization processes. The main attention is paid to the problems that arise in connection with attempts to solve the issue of regulation of the crypto-currency market partially at the national legislative level, without actively promoting it at the international level. It is shown that international cooperation in the field of regulation of cryptocurrency markets should be based on the principles of international law. In the context of regulating the functioning of cryptocurrency markets in the context of globalization, a set of principles has been formed that can be worked on to harmonize national and international interests. Conclusion. Since the cryptocurrency market is an important component of the transnational global economy, an important condition for the effective response of law-making bodies to dynamic changes in social relations in the context of globalization is the timely formulation of the principles of development of the financial and legal regulation of the cryptocurrency market at various levels. It is argued that this should happen through the timely formulation and implementation of the principles of financial and legal regulation of the cryptocurrency market at various levels.

On the Problem of Determining International Legal Responsibility in Public International Law

One of the ways to ensure order in international relations from ancient times to the present day is to use the institution of responsibility. Most lawyers who devote their work to international law in general and to its individual branches. To one degree or another, these works deal with the issue of international responsibility.
 To date, the issue of liability under international law has been one of the least developed, although the problem of international legal liability is becoming increasingly important in the practice of international relations as one of the security institutions that help maintain a certain legal order in the world.
 The issues of international responsibility are equally important both in the field of public law and private law relations. Moreover, liability in these two branches of international law has much in common and is closely interrelated, which is clearly evident in the process of analyzing liability issues in various branches of international law.
 The definition of responsibility in international law is a key topic that determines the legal order and relations between states and other actors of the international community. One of the key aspects is the consideration of the principles of determining responsibility in international law.
 The definition of responsibility in international law is a key topic that determines the legal order and relations between states and other actors of the international community. One of the key aspects is the consideration of the principles of determining responsibility in international law.
 The article examines the essence and main aspects of the concept of international legal responsibility, which is one of the first principles of international law.
 First of all, the article examines the principles of responsibility, such as the principles of sovereignty, equality of states and non-interference, and how these principles shape legal standards and mutual relations between states and other subjects of international law.
 Special emphasis is placed on the current challenges facing the concept of international legal responsibility. In particular, the author analyzes new forms of responsibility, such as cybersecurity, human rights violations and other aspects arising from the development of globalization and technology.
 The article also emphasizes the need for continuous analysis and adaptation of the concept of international legal responsibility to changes in the modern world, emphasizing the importance of developing effective tools and mechanisms to address the challenges arising in a globalized and technologically advanced society.

Peculiarities of international criminal liability: legal realities and past experience

The relevance of the topic of international criminal responsibility in the modern context is emphasized not only by the need to improve the mechanisms of legal response to violations of the international legal order but also by the need to develop and apply effective strategies to combat the most important crimes. Crimes against humanity, war crimes, and genocide are catastrophic manifestations of violations of the basic principles of humanity and international law, which require immediate and decisive measures to ensure the accountability of those responsible for such acts.
 In the conditions of a constantly changing world order and new challenges facing the international community, the proper study and analysis of legal realities and experience in the field of international criminal justice acquires importance.
 In the context of the evolution of international criminal law and the deepening of international cooperation in the field of justice, this study sets itself the task of identifying and analyzing the trends in the development of international criminal responsibility, focusing on the need to improve existing tools and define new strategies for ensuring the effectiveness of justice in the context of changing challenges in the modern world.
 This research, aimed at promoting understanding and solving modern challenges in the field of international criminal responsibility, is of great practical importance for the development of effective measures to counter international crimes and to hold accountable those who commit such violations.
 The main importance of this study lies in the fact that it contributes not only to the scientific understanding of the theoretical aspects of international criminal responsibility but also to the formulation of practical recommendations for improving the existing mechanisms of countermeasures and bringing guilty persons to justice. The scientific contribution to this topic will allow us to develop and implement new strategies for ensuring justice, as well as to determine the ways of further development of this complex and important field of international law.

Legal methods of comparative research: the latest role in the conditions of globalization processes

This article is devoted to the study of legal methods of comparative direction in the conditions of globalization. Special attention is paid to the question of the growth of the role of the comparative legal method, the methodology of its implementation, as well as the factors that determine the growth of its role. First, it was noted that after the Second World War, the generally recognized principles of international law were developed and written down in the UN Charter and other fundamental international legal documents. Acting as a product of customary international law, that is, as a result of the practice of civilized nations in relations between themselves and with societies, they have acquired a universal character, which puts them «at the top» of the world legal order. Such principles as respect for human rights, state sovereignty, territorial integrity of states have received universally recognized content. In many European states, they have «direct effect», acquiring a constitutional character. This means that a new phenomenon has been created within national legal systems, which really consists of a common archetype present in the constitutional system of every civilized state. The second, comparative law, is currently used as a tool for judicial investigation of a legal case, and therefore - the reasoning of a court decision. This approach is widespread in the practice of the highest courts of states and especially the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR).
 After the Second World War, there was not a single significant legislative project that was not, to one degree or another, accompanied by extensive legal methods of comparative research. This approach should be reflected in the practice of reforms in Ukraine. It is important to emphasize that the comparative approach is characteristic not only for science, but also for law-making and law-enforcing bodies (courts). An adequate methodology of the comparative legal approach takes into account a complex understanding of the law itself (written and unwritten), as well as its broad social context.
 In addition, the change in the nature of international law, the creation in the last three decades of full-fledged regional legal systems, for example, the European legal system, as well as the strengthening of their interaction with national legal systems, necessitate the use of so-called «vertical methods» of comparative research.

International Wrongfulness of Japan's NCW Sea Discharge

International Wrongfulness of Japan's NCW Sea Discharge

Cybercrimes: An Emerging Category of Offenses within the Frame of the International Criminal Court Jurisdiction

In our interconnected society, crime persists, demanding joint efforts by national and international authorities to detect, prevent, and prosecute criminal activities. Jurisprudential evolution mandates lawmakers to possess a comprehensive legal vision, adapting laws to changing social contexts and emerging criminal methods, especially in technology, including computer technology and Artificial Intelligence (AI). This article comments on the escalating vulnerability of sovereign states and their economies to cyber-attacks. The radical evolution of computer systems has led to new modes of aggression, targeting not only traditional legal assets but also individuals familiar with advanced technology. The emergence of "cyberwarfare" prompts inquiries into potential categorizations within international legal frameworks. Recent global conflicts highlight the potential classification of cyber-attacks on critical infrastructure as war crimes or acts of aggression, urging the International Criminal Court (ICC) to consider incorporating cybercrimes into its core interests. While normative references may lack in existing conventions, the Martens Clause emphasizes treating attacks using technology as equivalent to conventional means. Article 51 of the United Nations Charter implies that cyber weapons could be deemed equivalent to conventional weapons under international law. The article stresses the importance of education and advanced training for legal personnel skilled in identifying cybercrime perpetrators, challenging the ICC to recruit or train individuals with the necessary legal and technical expertise for effective cybersecurity responses. The article briefly explores challenges in conceptualizing and categorizing cybercrimes within existing legal frameworks. The intersection of law and technology necessitates harmonious collaboration between legal and technical experts, acknowledging the intricate web of cyberspace and the implications of cyber threats on global stability and security. In conclusion, the article advocates a fundamental shift in the approach to justice, recognizing the ICC's imperative evolution in addressing cybercrimes. Integrating cybercrimes into the ICC's purview aligns with international law principles, emphasizing the equivalence of cyber weapons to conventional arms. Collaboration between legal and technical experts is essential in navigating the complexities of cybercrimes, ensuring accountability, and upholding justice in the digital age. The article concludes by highlighting the proactive role of the ICC in shaping the future of global justice amid emerging cyber threats.

The Inconsistency of EU Policy Towards Situations of Occupation/Annexation: The Case of Trade Relations Involving Products from Israeli Settlements and Occupied Western Sahara

This article aims to examine the practice and policy of the European Union regarding trade relations concerning products from occupied territories (Western Sahara and Israeli settlements) in the light of the principles of international law and the norms of Community law.

Law in orbit: International legal perspectives on cyberattacks targeting space systems

Space sector systems enable numerous critical functions and are often integrated into existing telecommunications infrastructure to enhance network connectivity coverage and capacity. Amid escalating cyber threats, this paper examines the application of international law to cyber operations targeting space infrastructure, addressing a critical gap in discourse. While declarations by global entities affirm the applicability of international law to cyberattacks, the complexities of cyberspace, compounded by the unique aspects of space infrastructure, pose challenges in implementation. Recognizing the absence of global cyber law and a lack of customary international law regarding cyber operations on space infrastructure, this study provides one of the first legal examinations via case analysis of cyberattacks on space infrastructures, both terrestrial and orbital, through the lens of international humanitarian law, the law of armed conflict, and outer space law. This paper adopts a comprehensive approach, considering perspectives from differing national stances as we review three main principles of international law: the general principle of sovereignty, the prohibition of intervention, and the prohibition of the use of force. Based on our analysis of three hypothetical but realistic cyber operation scenarios, international law can apply to cyberattacks on space infrastructure, and violations can occur if all conditions of a given law are met and attribution can be made to a state actor. Yet, applying these laws in a cyber context has proven to cause some complexities and disagreements, and it would be a mistake to ignore the reality that there is still significant ambiguity and varying interpretations, which could impede the unequivocal enforcement and application of these laws in such scenarios.

Indonesia's Response to Rohingya Refugees in the Perspective of International Law in 2023

The focus of this research aims to examine how Indonesia's response to Rohingya refugees in the perspective of International Law in 2023. This research uses a qualitative approach with a case study method, after obtaining and researching existing datasets, an evaluation is carried out using qualitative analysis methods. The findings of this research explain Indonesia's response to the Rohingya refugees that occurred in mid-November 2023 with a focus on the perspective of international law. Although Indonesia has not ratified the 1951 Refugee Convention and 1967 Protocol, it has demonstrated engagement that reflects a commitment to the relevant principles of international law. The Indonesian government has given a mandate to UNHCR to handle the protection of Rohingya refugees, Indonesia also seeks international cooperation in dealing with this Rohingya refugee problem, the Indonesian government accepts Rohingya refugees openly because the basis of humanity is stated in Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution as the basis of this country. In addition, Indonesian positive law which contains Article 3 of Presidential Regulation 125/2016 related to the handling of refugees from abroad, and Indonesian national law also contains policies for handling asylum and refugees stipulated in Article 26 of Law 37/1999 as well as the application of the principle of non-refoulement which is applied without exception as the basis for providing assistance and protection to Rohingya refugees.

International Legal Issues in the Conservation of Marine Genetic Resources

INTRODUCTION. Nowadays the issues concerning conservation of marine biological diversity become important for the community of States in the light of the expansion of the scale of economic activity in marine spaces and of the opportunities of using such resources. At the universal contractual level an answer was proposed to a number of questions that have arisen in this area: on March 4, 2023, the text of the Agreement (under the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea) with a long title: “on the Conservation and Sustainable Use of Marine Biological Diversity of Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction” was finalized. It is predicted that the entry into force of this Agreement in the future will create a multilateral legal basis for conservation of biological diversity on the high seas, with the orderly use of its biological resources, to protect such diversity based on the principle of cooperation between States.The purpose of the article is to analyze the legal regime of marine genetic resources conservation based on the text of this Agreement.MATERIALS AND METHODS. The subject of this study comprises international treaties, international customs, general principles of international law and other sources of international law related to conservation of marine biodiversity in general. The methodological basis of the research is represented by a wide range of research methods, namely: formal-legal, comparative-legal, historical-legal and system-structural methods. In addition, the author applied the methods of analysis and generalization.RESEARCH RESULTS. The article presents a comprehensive analysis of the international legal regime of marine genetic resources based on the provisions of the Agreement under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea on the conservation and sustainable use of marine biological diversity of areas beyond national jurisdiction. The author considers the history of the development of the draſt Agreement, analyzes its main provisions, and pays special attention to its innovative legal mechanisms.The author proposes their assessment of the content of the draſt Agreement as a universal legal basis for the conservation of marine biological diversity, and suggests some options for strengthening international cooperation in this area.DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS. As a result of the study, it can be stated that the draſt Agreement, prepared over many years of negotiations and published in March 2023, is a significant political and legal achievement of a universal level in the field of marine biodiversity conservation. At the same time, one can not fail to note the rather general nature of this document, as well as the fact that the entry into force of the Agreement may also require considerable time: objectively, the interests of developed and developing countries in this area are not always close; moreover, each State party to the Agreement accepts the obligation, among other things, that the use of marine natural resources should be linked to the obligation to protect marine environment, and this is always sensitive: a number of developed countries, as is known, under the pretext of economic concern, impose on developing States “green” products of their enterprises, which exacerbates the gap between developed and developing States.That is why the author comes to the conclusion that the international community, along with the development of a universal international treaty, could take the path of developing regional agreements to clarify such a legal regime, which would also contribute to the strengthening of the legal regime for biodiversity conservation at the universal level.

The Existence of Antipersonnel Land Mines in Aceh And Impact for Indonesia

Purpose: This study aims to revitalize the memory of many parties regarding the existence of anti-personnel landmines in Aceh which still leaves homework to be completed even though peace is already 19 years old. These deadly objects are still found and threaten people's lives to this day. Indonesia has ratified the 1997 International Antipersonnel Landmine Convention through Law Number 20 of 2006. In fact, Indonesia is bound to implement all the provisions of the convention.   Theoretical framework: This study combines a number of general legal principles in international humanitarian law, with reference to the 1997 International Anti-personnel Landmine Convention.   Methods: The study method is adopted by combining normative and empirical legal studies, where data collection is carried out in literature and the field, with emphasis on the application of norms in conventions and their implementation in the field as far as can be observed.   Results and Conclusions: The results of the study show that the Government of the Republic of Indonesia does not appear to be doing its best to resolve the problems caused by the presence of anti-personnel landmines in Aceh. Research implications: This research is urgently needed as an alternative pattern for resolving the antipersonnel land mine problem that Aceh is experiencing as part of the Republic of Indonesia.   Originality/value: The hope is that through this research, the experiences of a number of ASEAN countries will become best practices for the national antipersonnel landmine clearance campaign in Indonesia. ASEAN's involvement is intended to help sustain peace in Aceh in accordance with the Helsinki Memorandum of Understanding on August 15 2005 and Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 11 of 2006 concerning the Government of Aceh.

Artificial Intelligence in Indo-Pacific

The use of Artificial Intelligence in the military is like two sides of a coin. It can provide convenience and aid in military operations but has the potential to hinder military operations. Dangerous and potentially catastrophic for humanity will be inevitable as no restrictions on its use. The United States, China, Australia, Japan, and India are examples of nations whose militaries have developed artificial intelligence technology. Geographically, Southeast Asia, which is located in the middle of these nations, will experience a significant impact due to its tight maritime borders if there is no international consensus on the military application of artificial intelligence technology. An autonomous or autonomous system to operate this technology will reduce the amount of human control and allow it to operate without any human intervention. It will be a threat to the application of the fundamental principles of international humanitarian law, such as the distinction principle, and proportionality principle. Where these principles are tightly intertwined with human command and control in making decisions regarding the execution of attacks. The article employs normative legal methodology. Furthermore, this paper endeavours to assess the pertinence of principles in international humanitarian law during the era of the artificial intelligence arms race. It also delves into the contribution of ASEAN in upholding stability, peace, and security in the Southeast Asia region, thereby reinforcing the importance of this research. This research emphasises the importance of aligning the progress of artificial intelligence in military contexts with core principles of international humanitarian law. It underscores the need for ASEAN to safeguard regional peace and security by establishing a novel regulatory framework that outlines restrictions on the development and deployment of artificial intelligence for military objectives.