Principle Of Equal Opportunities Research Articles

Formation and development of the state policy of the Republic of Kazakhstan in the field of gender equality

This article discusses the issues of creating the necessary social conditions for the fullest realization of the abilities of women and men in all spheres of labor and public life of the Republic of Kazakhstan.The state family policy of the Republic of Kazakhstan is aimed at ensuring favorable socio-economic conditions that contribute to the full implementation of the family's reproductive, economic and educational functions, as well as strengthening the moral foundations of the family and increasing its importance in society.Currently, the world is paying more and more attention to gender issues, that is, the principle of equal rights and opportunities for men and women. Addressing the gender issue is particularly relevant for independent States that have entered the path of market transformation. Today, changes in all spheres of our life require a new look at the role of women in the development of the state and society. The achievement of gender equality ensures the effectiveness of the current family policy, since it helps to strengthen the role and contribution of women and men to the development of the family institution. Addressing women's issues and democratizing society are two interrelated processes. Their essence is that in addition to ensuring equal opportunities for men and women, the prerequisites can be created for the emergence of new forms of expression and realization of women's interests in all spheres of life. It is stated by the authors that in Kazakhstan, it is important to form an individual approach to the formation of family policy, as the family plays an important role among all social institutions that affect the quality of human capital.

Autocratization Verity: Insights from Democratic Setbacks in Africa

Abstract This study builds on extant literature on autocratization by critically analyzing democratic setbacks, arising from widespread incidents of electoral and political violence in democratic processes in Africa. The study leverages on frustration-aggression propositions to analyze the politico-electoral dynamics in autocratization trends in climes where the incentives to use violence as power acquisition strategy have become a dominant norm either by the ruling elites who seek to remain in power (sometimes by all means – both legal and, mostly, illegal) or by the opposition groups seeking to dislodge the former. As a qualitative research, the study squarely relies on available documented textual materials and rich datasets developed by reputable international research institutes. The analysis of data reveals that autocratization is real, gradual and subtle in Africa, and it is fostered by weak electoral institutions that are helpless in checkmating the use of violent strategies to win an election, which is the most visible element of modern democracy. Based on these findings, deliberate efforts should be made to build and/or strengthen electoral institutions that will rise above group interests and group control and ensure equal playing ground for all political groups in the contestation for state power. This will guarantee stable democratic growth within the context of the democratic principle of equal political opportunity premised on one man, one vote in Africa.

Introducing and Evaluating the Effective Inclusion of Gender Dimension in STEM Higher Education

The need to incorporate the gender dimension in higher education is a central element of gender equality policies within the European Union (EU). When most institutions of higher education have already strengthened and consolidated their curricula, the next challenge is to include and ensure that all people have the same opportunities to progress in education. This study intends to incorporate the gender dimension in teaching through a guide providing recommendations for the introduction of changes that will allow its effective incorporation in STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics) areas. It will take into account the administration in charge of formulating policies in the field of education, the students, and, mainly, the teaching staff. Its objective is to cover aspects related to the principles of equal opportunities and gender equality in STEM higher education disciplines. For this purpose, 41 volunteer teachers from 8 degrees and master’s degrees from the Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya in Spain participated. To achieve the results of this study, aspects related to social and gender relevance of the subjects, inclusive methodology, classroom management and assessment were considered. As a preliminary step to the development of the guide of recommendations, a teacher’s self-assessment tool and a questionnaire for students to analyze the perception of the gender dimension were developed.

Calidad educativa desde la inclusión y su realidad en Ecuador

La inclusión, considerada como un principio de la educación en Ecuador, forma parte esencial del proceso de enseñanza – aprendizaje. El presente trabajo investigativo busca mostrar la realidad que se vive en nuestro país con respecto a este tema, hacer cambios en el desarrollo de herramientas estratégicas que promuevan la educación integral de todos los niños mediante un modelo inclusivo. A partir de los derechos humanos se ha propugnado la inclusión en el sector educativo de una manera justa y equitativa promoviendo el principio de igualdad de oportunidades, adaptando una pedagogía trascendental a sus propias necesidades. El currículo debe ser flexible y modificable y debe potenciar el desarrollo de habilidades, destrezas y criterios de cada estudiante. ¿Cómo afecta la calidad educativa en la inclusión desde la realidad ecuatoriana?, ¿Qué propone la normativa respecto a la educación inclusiva? Son preguntas claves que se responderán en el presente artículo; por lo que se llevó a cabo un proceso investigativo científico de tipo descriptivo y enfoque mixto: cualitativo desde la recolección de la información y cuantitativo para formular el análisis de dichos datos que arrojan las estadísticas, necesario, sin duda, para fortalecer los aportes de los actores inmersos en este proceso, que evidenciarán la aplicación de la normativa, pedagogía y calidad de una educación inclusiva para todos. Teniendo en cuenta esto, se sugiere que los docentes manejen herramientas y estrategias necesarias para abordar las diferentes NEE. Se deben cambiar pensamientos y actitudes para lograr un cambio radical.

Правовые принципы социального предпринимательства. Часть 1

The article examines an important component of social and legal relations - a social service, which was previously largely regulated by the law of social security. It was revealed that the development of social institutions testifies to the penetration of economic relations into the social sphere. The paper proposes to consider the provision of social services, taking into account the organization of their provision and the peculiarities of legal ties between entities, a special category of social entrepreneurship. In order to analyze sectoral concepts on the example of the principles of law, the logical method and the method of system analysis, a conclusion was made about the combination of private and public principles within the framework of legal regulation of the provision of services and social protection of citizens in need. These positions are presented through the basic provisions of the principles of legal regulation, enshrined in public and private branches of law. The principles of constitutional, administrative, civil law are touched upon, the principle of their interaction is proposed. Conclusions are made regarding the peculiarities of the emergence of the principles of public and private law in relation to the institution of social entrepreneurship. The principles that should become basic in the formation of relations in the system of rendering social services have been identified and analyzed. It is concluded that such principles as the principle of legality, recognition of the diversity of forms of ownership, the principle of a single economic space, the principle of freedom and the principle of equal opportunities for all to engage in any kind of activity are fundamental, fundamental for social entrepreneurship. It has been substantiated that the most significant principles of social entrepreneurship, predetermined by its legal features, include the principle of balance between private and public interests, the principle of the priority of human rights and freedoms, the principle of balancing the interests of entrepreneurs and the interests of society, a citizen in need of social protection.

Right to Education for Persons With Disabilities in India: An Analysis of the Contemporary Legal Developments

Education is the major source for getting enlightened individually and achieving National development collectively. It is a universally acknowledged fact that without knowledge no wealth and power can be beneficial for anyone in the contemporary world for which the Right to Education for everyone becomes an essential human right. Based on this notion Indian Constitution has made the Right to Education a Fundamental Right to be accessible equally for everyone based on the Principles of Equal Opportunities and Intelligible Differentia. Likewise, several laws and policies were enacted and institutions were established to make such rights accessible to every section of the society through an integrated and common education system without any discrimination based on race, color, age, sex, etc. However, all individuals within a society are not equally capable, certain sections do suffer from physical or mental disabilities that remain at the receiving end when the distribution of the Nation’s resources is planned or carried out. Such disabled persons are called Differently Abled Persons or Persons with Disabilities. They need separate care for better promotion for which efforts are been made regularly across the Nation but still, such persons seem to be incapable of achieving such benefits. This paper will thus attempt to justify the efficiency of the legal framework in making access to the Right to Education possible for the PWDs.

Free airtime of election committees in Poland compared with similar solutions in other countries. The attitude of Poles to free election broadcasts in the Polish public media

The principle of equal electoral opportunities is implemented, inter alia, by allocating free airtime to political entities. In Poland, like in many other countries, the authorized committees have the right to use the public media’s airtime free of charge during election campaigns. The present article’s objective is to show the Polish solutions in this domain compared with the regulations in other countries and to present the research results and their analysis concerning Poles’ attitude to free election broadcasts – including their assessment of the broadcasts as a source of knowledge about candidates and parties taking part in the election campaign. The studies were carried out based on the survey questionnaire, which was compiled using the five-level Likert scale. The sample was selected by the stratifiedquota method (N = 971). The conclusions resulting from the survey suggest the need to retain the regulation that enables political entities in Poland to use free election broadcasts during election campaigns. At the same time, they point out that it is necessary to seek more advantageous forms and content to put airtime to appropriate use during the campaign period.

Characteristics of academic adaptation and cognitive functions of students with disabilities

The correlation of the characteristics of academic adaptation and cognitive functions of students with disabilities will make it possible to develop the best strategies in implementing the principle of equal educational opportunities in higher educational institutions for all students. The purpose of this study is to analyze the relationship between the characteristics of academic adaptation and the cognitive functions of students with disabilities and without health restrictions. It is assumed that there is a specificity of cognitive functions and academic adaptation of students with HIA and without restrictions that contribute to academic adaptation and academic success. The study involved 419 students, including 32 (7.8%) students with disabilities. The following methods and techniques were used. The components of academic adaptation were measured using the academic adaptation scale (Shamionov R.M., Grigoriev M.V., Grinina E.S., Sozonnik A.V.). Methods included in the Practice-Moscow State University system were used to evaluate cognitive functions. To study the features of student thinking, the test "Complex analogies" was used, which allows you to identify verbal abilities (thinking by analogy). The assessment of the ability to concentrate and switch attention was carried out using the test "Red-black tables" (F.D. Gorbov). Assessment of students' logical thinking was performed using the Quantitative Relationships test. To evaluate the formal logical abilities and abilities for cognitive learning of students, the Standard Progressive Raven Matrices technique was used. Socio-demographic indicators were measured using the developed questionnaire. As a result of the study, the similarity of indicators of personal, emotional-evaluation, cognitive and motivational components of academic adaptation was established. The severity of psychophysiological (t=3.25; p<0.01) and communicative (t=2.05; p<0.05) components is lower in students with disabilities. Significant differences have been established in the main indicators of attention switching. Lower indicators of attention switching (t=2.82; p<0.02), low pace (t=2.39; p<0.03), accuracy (t=2.27; p<0.04) and productivity (t=2.63; p<0.02) were identified. The relationship between the characteristics of academic adaptation and cognitive functions is predominantly reduced not to the function itself, but to the general performance, time spent on solving certain problems. The higher success of studies at the university of those who have the ability to understand abstraction and complex logical (r=0.219; p<0.01) connections has been confirmed. Conclusions were drawn on the need to create conditions for the implementation of the principle of equal opportunities in the process of teaching students with disabilities in terms of individualizing the educational trajectory, creating conditions for improving communicative competence and mechanisms of psychophysiological self-regulation.

Crónica de la jurisprudencia europea sobre igualdad (de 1/9/2018 a 31/8/2019)*

Resumen. El estudio aborda el análisis de las sentencias dictadas en aplicación del princi­pio de igualdad de trato y oportunidades desde el 1 de septiembre de 2018 hasta el 31 de agosto de 2019 por el Tribunal de Justicia y el Tribunal General de la Unión Europea. También incluye sentencias y decisiones dictadas en ese periodo por el Tribunal Europeo de Derechos Humanos.

PROTECTION AGAINST PRE-EMPLOYMENT DISCRIMINATION IN MALAYSIA

The principles of equal rights and non-discrimination as well as the right to equality before the law and equal protection of the law are fundamental human rights principles enshrined under Article 55 of United Nations Charter and Article 7 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR). The UDHR, international human rights standards and state practise consistently view employment and the right to work to include pre-employment. Therefore, rights during pre-employment would also fall within the scope of right to work regime. It is important to stress that the employer must not make employment decisions based on personal characteristics such as gender, race, nationality, ethnic origin, religion or belief, disability, age or any unrelated issues to inherent job requirements. Employer must base the employment relationship on the principle of equal opportunity and fair treatment and will not discriminate with respect to all aspects of the employment relationship, including recruitment and hiring, compensation (including wages and benefits), working conditions and terms of employment, access to training, promotion, termination of employment or retirement, and discipline. This paper will analyse the international laws, laws of other jurisdictions and Malaysian laws on protection against pre-employment discrimination. Recommendations would be accorded to ensure that Malaysia guarantee equal rights among jobseekers

Suggested Policies for Accepting PhD Students at the University of Jordan to Align Its Educational Outcomes with the Needs of the Labor Market and to Improve Its Position in the World Universities Rankings According to the Experience of Canadian Universit

This study aimed to develop proposed policies for the acceptance of doctoral students at the University of Jordan to align its educational outcomes with the needs of the labor market and to improve their positions in the World Universities Rankings according to the experience of Canadian universities for the academic year 2019/2020, To accomplish the objectives of the study, the researchers used the methodology, the qualitative, quantitative, evolutionary survey research and Synthetic-Analytic Approach. A study tool has been developed in the light of the methodology, two study tools were used, the questionnaire and the interview with a sample of (20) academic leaders, and its validity and reliability were assured by scientific methods. - The fairness of the procedures followed by the Faculty of Graduate Studies in attracting doctoral students, so that the criteria and conditions for admission are applied based on the principle of equality and equal opportunities in the recruitment procedures. - The current admission policy for graduate students at the University of Jordan, specifically PhD, does not keep pace with rapid global changes, and is ineffective and appropriate to contribute to sustainable development. - The current policy aims to increase revenues as a result of increasing the numbers of those admitted to graduate studies, and therefore it focuses on quantity, not Quality. - Lack of understanding and awareness of the heads of academic departments in choosing the appropriate admission policy to attract distinguished students for the doctoral programs that are offered by their departments. Based on the results of the study, the researchers developed admission policies for doctoral students at the University of Jordan and made sure that they could be applied by presenting them to a committee of experts. This study has come out with a set of recommendations, including: The researchers recommend the need to apply the policies reached by this study, and the necessity of introducing academic department heads and assistant deans of faculties to the policies and procedures adopted by the Faculty of Graduate Studies to attract doctoral students at the University of Jordan in order to be fully aware and able to define criteria and the appropriate conditions for choosing an effective admission policy to attract distinguished students for the specializations of doctoral programs offered by their departments, which would improve educational outcomes and scientific research. Keywords: Policies, PhD, Admission, Registration, Labor Market, The World Universities Ranking, University of Jordan, Canadian Universities Experience, Educational Outcomes DOI: 10.7176/JEP/11-17-04 Publication date: June 30th 2020

Social Practice of the Restoration of Equal Opportunities in Lithuania: Personal Experience of Discrimination

The article deals with such empirical measures of the quality of democracy as the attitude of the Lithuanian population towards the implementation of the principle of equal opportunities, their preparedness to fight discrimination, and the social experience of the population in the restoration of violated rights. The social practice of restoring violated rights to equal opportunities and non-discrimination is examined in the context of microsociology, that is, at the level of individual cases. Discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation has been chosen for the analysis of individual experience and the examination of social practices for the restoration of violated rights, because, given the high prevalence of discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation and the very low number of people willing to defend their rights, it can be argued that this ground of discrimination plays a crucial role in identifying factors that encourage and/or limit people’s willingness to protect their rights. The paper presents a summary of the qualitative interviews conducted with those who have been discriminated on the basis of their sexual orientation and provides insights from experts with experience in dealing with such cases.

The rights of children with disabilities in Poland

The article draws attention to the legal situation (regarding legal capacity as well as determining the disability status of a child up to 16 years of age, and the degree of disability in children aged 16–18) as well as the social situation of children with disabilities. The most important international legal acts, from the perspective of the rights of children with disabilities, were overviewed. These acts recognize children with disabilities as a special risk group, persons who encounter many barriers in their functioning, who are marginalized and threatened with exclusion. The most important goal set out in the human rights and children's rights acts, regarding children with disabilities, is to involve them in social life/participation, and to care for their best interests and wellbeing in accordance with the principles of individualization, non-discrimination and equal opportunities. Children with disabilities should be treated as subjects of upbringing, care and educational activities, their rights should be recognized, their dignity and individuality should be respected, and they should have a possibility of using a responsible representative, who cares for their best interests, i.e. a parent or guardian. The Polish legislation on the rights of children with disabilities, including the right to education of these children, have been enumerated. Selected issues concerning the education of children with disabilities have been analysed. The article lists the actions that the Ombudsman for Children took in 2017 to protect the rights of children with disabilities, in particular their right to life and health protection, the right to being raised in a family, the right to decent social conditions, the right to education, and the right to protection against violence, cruelty, exploitation, demoralization, neglect and other ill-treatment. The tasks of the Government Plenipotentiary for Equal Treatment and the Ombudsman concerning the protection of the rights of children with disabilities have been presented.

Modern problems of income and labor market distribution under inclusive growth

Introduction. The current state of income distribution and the particularities of the labor market is a key indicator in identifying opportunities for ensuring the country’s economic development and macroeconomic stability as a necessary basis for inclusive growth. In Ukraine, against the backdrop of an unbalanced economy, high unemployment, gender inequality, social stratification and increasing income inequality, the labor market needs to change the development vector, taking into account the demands of inclusive economic growth.Purpose. The purpose of our article is to investigate the state of distribution of population incomes and labor market features through the prism of an inclusive approach to economic growth and to identify basic principles for overcoming labor market imbalances, as well as to explore the key priorities of the Europe 2020 economic growth strategy. Methods. Based on the analysis of scientific-theoretical approaches to the interpretation of the concept of the labor market, income distribution, the essence of inclusive growth and international methods of assessment and calculation of the index of inclusive development, we applied a systematic approach using analytical, monographic, macroeconomic, economic and mathematical methods of studying this problem. Results. Today, in the labor market of Ukraine, there is a balanced demand for labor, which is reflected in a shortage of workers of specialties and excess supply of workers with higher education, and there is still unmet demand for vacancies, one of the reasons for the mismatch of requirements, the offered professions and the level of qualification available in employees. It is confirmed that the vector of inclusive development of the economy of Ukraine will help to overcome imbalances in the labor market, will become one of the factors of balanced development and will increase the standard of living of the population and reduce the income gap. Reducing the income gap as one of the main priorities of inclusive growth should be realized through improving the social policy of the state, ensuring structural transformations in the Ukrainian economy, establishing a real minimum wage and the size of the consumer basket, improving the monitoring of labor market forecasting and education the labor market in skilled labor and the expansion of opportunities for increasing the competitiveness of the workforce through the improvement of educational services. Discussion. The basic principles of inclusive development should be the principles of equal opportunities; the principle of justice for all; the principle of openness; the principle of inclusive solutions; the rule of law; the principle of inclusive democracy; principles of decent work and decent living standards; the principle of entrepreneurial activity for all; the principle of social cohesion; principle of being scientific. The subject of our further research is to identify the infrastructure functions of an inclusive labor market.

Teorías subjetivas de profesores de un colegio particular subvencionado acerca de la Ley de Inclusión

El presente artículo da a conocer los resultados de un estudio que reconstruye las teorías subjetivas sostenidas por un grupo de docentes, respecto a los cambios que creen que producirá, en el proceso educativo, la puesta en marcha de la Ley de Inclusión, develando sus teorías subjetivas en torno al fin de la selección, del lucro y el financiamiento compartido. Se desarrolló una investigación cualitativa, de tipo descriptiva-interpretativa, utilizando la entrevista semiestructurada como técnica para la recolección de datos. El análisis se realizó mediante los procesos de codificación abierta y axial, siguiendo los criterios de la Grounded Theory. Dentro de los hallazgos más relevantes, destaca la contradicción entre lo que se señala explícitamente y lo que se manifiesta implícitamente con respecto al término de la selección. Por una parte, se considera relevante que la ley permite hacer efectivo el principio de igualdad de oportunidades, y por otra, como teoría subjetiva, se sostiene que el fin de la selección permitirá la llegada de estudiantes con menores niveles de rendimiento, lo que impedirá obtener los niveles de logro actuales. Esto lleva a un grupo importante de docentes a pensar que la selección y el financiamiento compartido deberían continuar.

From a Fight against Less Favorable Treatment to Protection of Dignity Gender Equality Law in Transition – Sexual Harassment As Discrimination

For the purpose of directive 2006/54/EC on the implementation of the principle of equal opportunities and equal treatment of men and women in matters of employment and occupation (recast), discrimination includes sexual harassment. The directive defines ‘sexual harassment’ in the following way: where any form of unwanted verbal, non-verbal or physical conduct of a sexual nature occurs, with the purpose or effect of violating the dignity of a person, in particular when creating an intimidating, hostile, degrading, humiliating or offensive environment. It is not relevant to compare men and women. If both men and women are equally sexually harassed, they all suffer discrimination. The paper discusses this shift from comparisons between men and women to respect for and protection of human dignity. Under Article 1 of the EU Charter of fundamental rights, human dignity is inviolable. It must be respected and protected.

Do Fair and Just Systems Require Compensation for the Disadvantages of the Natural Lottery? A Discussion on Society's Duties on the Provision of Gene Therapy.

Genetic diseases have been thought to be acquired as a result of sheer bad luck. However, recent advances in medical science have demonstrated the mechanisms of genetic disorders, which enable us to intervene with their occurrence and treatment. Today, gene therapy, once considered too risky, has become safer and can save the lives of patients with previously untreatable and lethal genetic diseases. However, the positive expectations from gene therapy are overshadowed by their extremely high prices. Thus, the duty of society in the provision of gene therapies has been frequently discussed. The discussions mainly focus on how to meet the genetic treatment needs of patients without violating the notion of justice and fairness in society. This study discusses the theoretical grounds for society's duty to compensate for genetic disease patients' disadvantages by providing them with appropriate genetic treatment. The main question is whether a fair and just system requires society to provide available lifesaving gene therapy to patients in need. The discussion is constructed on the crucial notion of the fair equal opportunity principle in a just system and the plausibility of including disadvantages emerging from bad luck in the natural lottery in the domain of justice.

Perception of Discrimination and Attitudes Towards the Implementation of the Principle of Equal Opportunities in Lithuania

This article presents the findings of the research project ‘Quality of Democracy and Equal Opportunities: Attitudes and Social Practice in Lithuania’ funded by the Research Council of Lithuania. Based on the data of a representative survey, the article analyses the perception of discrimination and attitudes towards the implementation of the principle of equal opportunities in Lithuania. The article claims that the majority of the population do not possess a clear understanding of discrimination since the term ‘discrimination’ in everyday language is used very broadly. Seeking help after experiencing discrimination is not widespread since many people do not know where and how to complain, they do not trust responsible institutions or tend to remain silent and do not want to get into more trouble.

Crónica de la jurisprudencia europea sobre igualdad (De 1/9/2017 a 31/8/2018) = Chronicle of the European case law on equality (from 1/9/2017 to 31/8/2018)

Resumen. El estudio aborda el análisis de las sentencias dictadas en aplicación del principio de igualdad de trato y oportunidades desde el 1 de septiembre de 2017 hasta el 31 de agosto de 2018 por el Tribunal de Justicia de la Unión Europea. También incluye sentencias y decisiones dictadas en ese periodo por el Tribunal Europeo de Derechos Humanos.Palabras clave: Tribunal de Justicia de la Unión de Europea, Tribunal Europeo de Derechos Humanos, Principio de igualdad de trato y de oportunidades.Abstract. This paper deals with the analysis of judgments related to the principle of equal treatment and opportunities and delivered from September 1, 2016 until August 31, 2017 by the Court of Justice of the European Union. It also includes judgments and decisions on the subject during this period issued by the European Court of Human RightsKeywords: Court of Justice of the European Union, European Court of Human Rights, Principle of equal treatment and opportunities.

THE ELABORATION OF THE CONCEPT OF ECONOMIC DEMOCRACY AS THE REACTION TO THE DEEPENING SOCIAL INEQUALITY IN THE U.S. IN THE LATE XIX CENTURY

Introduction.The subject of this article is the development of the concept of economic democracy in the United States at the end of the XIX century. At that time, there were strong structural shifts in the American economy – small entrepreneurs collapsed, and at the same time giant corporations and trusts arose that began to dominate the country’s economic life. For many contemporaries, this was unacceptable, since the majority of ordinary Americans believed in the principle of equal opportunities, to open their own business and not to depend on other people and on the state, and the existence of monopolies precluded the penetration of other competitors into their sphere. That is why at this time some intellectuals began to talk about the fact that democracy and equality are necessary not only in the political, but also in the economic sphere. To achieve this goal, they offered various means: from regulating the activities of large companies to nationalizing entire sectors of the economy.Methods.In this article the author used the methodology of intellectual history, which, when studying a particular ideology or concept, involves identifying its origins, analyzing its development in the space-time continuum and the final result.Results.This work is the first study in the domestic literature in which, based on a wide range of sources, the reasons for the negative perception of the social consequences of the formation of large companies in the economy are shown, the main features of the concept of economic democracy are revealed as a response to the deepening social inequality in American society.Conclusions.The author came to the conclusion that for the first time the ideologists of farmers’ protest movements began talking about a democratic reorganization of economic life in the United States. The main goal of all agrarian movements was to transform America into a society of small independent producers and landowners who have the same rights, equal property status and economic opportunities.