Economic Principles Research Articles

Unleashing the power of microalgae: a pioneering path to sustainability and achieving the sustainable development goals.

This study explores the remarkable potential of algae in addressing global sustainability challenges. Microalgae, in particular, emerge as sustainability champions. Their applications span an impressive array of industries and processes, including food and feed production, biofuels, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and environmental remediation. This versatility positions algae as key players in achieving over 50% of UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) simultaneously, addressing issues such as climate action, clean water and sanitation, affordable and clean energy, and zero hunger. From sequestering carbon, purifying wastewater, and producing clean energy to combating malnutrition, algae demonstrates unparalleled potential. Their ability to flourish in extreme conditions and their rapid growth rates further enhance their appeal for large-scale cultivation. As research advances, innovative applications continue to emerge, such as algae-based bioplastics and dye-sensitized solar cells, promising novel solutions to pressing global issues. This study illuminates how harnessing the power of algae can drive us towards a more resilient, sustainable world. By leveraging algae's multifaceted capabilities, we can tackle climate change, resource scarcity, and economic development concurrently. The research highlights the critical role of algae in promoting circular economy principles and achieving a harmonious balance between human needs and environmental preservation, paving the way for a greener, more sustainable future.

Keseimbangan Dunia Dan Akhirat Dalam Kewirausahaan Islami: Eksplorasi Pada Umkm Berbasis Syariah

Islamic entrepreneurship plays an important role in the development of sharia-based MSMEs in Indonesia, which prioritizes a balance between worldly and hereafter goals. This study aims to explore how sharia MSMEs can apply Islamic economic principles in their business operations, such as transparency, fairness, and social responsibility, and face the challenges in creating this balance. The method used is a qualitative approach with case studies, in-depth interviews, direct observation, and analysis of related documents. The results of the study indicate that the application of sharia principles in sharia-based MSMEs not only pays attention to aspects of material profit, but also emphasizes social sustainability through zakat, infaq, and sadaqah. The main challenge faced is how to maintain a balance between financial profit and religious values, especially in facing competitive market competition. This study also highlights the importance of collaboration between MSMEs, sharia financial institutions, the government, and educational institutions in supporting the development of sharia-based MSMEs. Overall, this study provides insight into the development of sustainable Islamic entrepreneurship and provides positive social contributions to Indonesian society.

Enhancing Brand Value Through Circular Economy Service Quality: The Mediating Roles of Customer Satisfaction, Brand Image, and Customer Loyalty

This study rigorously examines the relationship between circular economy service quality and brand value, focusing on the mediating roles of customer satisfaction, brand image, and customer loyalty. Amid the growing adoption of circular economy principles to enhance sustainability and resource efficiency, the impact of such practices on brand value remains underexplored. This research addresses this gap by developing and testing an integrated model of circular economy service quality and its influence on brand value. Using a quantitative methodology, this study collected data from customers engaged with companies employing circular economy practices. A structured survey assessed the perceptions of circular economy service quality, customer satisfaction, brand image, customer loyalty, and brand value. Advanced statistical techniques, including structural equation modeling (SEM), were employed to analyze the data and evaluate the proposed relationships. The results revealed significant positive correlations between circular economy service quality, customer satisfaction, brand image, and customer loyalty. Furthermore, the mediating roles of customer satisfaction, brand image, and customer loyalty in the relationship between circular economy service quality and brand value were validated. High-quality circular economy services fostered customer satisfaction, enhanced brand image, and strengthened customer loyalty, collectively driving increased brand value. This research underscored two critical implications. First, circular economy service quality was identified as a pivotal factor in enhancing brand value. By offering sustainable and efficient services, organizations can deliver superior customer experiences, cultivate a strong brand image, and ultimately boost brand value. Second, the mediating variables—customer satisfaction, brand image, and customer loyalty—were shown to play essential roles in amplifying the impact of circular economy service quality on brand value. Organizations should strategically focus on optimizing these factors to maximize brand performance. These findings provide valuable insights for businesses aiming to integrate sustainability into their operations while enhancing brand equity and market performance.

B-OK: a visual and tactile tool for improving HIV mental models in a United States urban center

ABSTRACT Lack of adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART) and poor retention in care are significant barriers to ending HIV epidemics. Treatment adherence support effectiveness may be constrained by limited understanding of the benefits of ART. We evaluated a visual and tactile tool, the B-OK Bottles (“B-OK”), that incorporates human-centered design and behavioral economics principles and is designed to change and strengthen mental models about HIV. We enrolled 118 adults living with HIV who were clients of medical case managers in Philadelphia. All participants completed a pre-intervention survey, a B-OK intervention and a post-intervention survey. A subset (N = 52) completed qualitative interviews. Co-primary outcomes were differences pre- to post-intervention for 11 questions about HIV awareness, knowledge, attitudes, intentions and perception. Qualitative interviews were assessed using an integrated analysis approach. Participants had a median age of 55 years (IQR 47–60), 65% were male sex (N = 77), and 72% identified as non-Hispanic Black (N = 85). B-OK was associated with improved awareness and understanding of HIV terminology, changes in HIV treatment attitudes, and increased intention to rely on HIV treatment for transmission prevention. Qualitative interview results aligned with the quantitative findings. These findings provide a strong rationale to further evaluate the potential for B-OK to improve HIV treatment adherence support.

Advancing Sustainable Energy: Environmental and Economic Assessment of Plastic Waste Gasification for Syngas and Electricity Generation Using Life Cycle Modeling

The explosion of plastic waste generation, approaching 400 million tons per year, has created a worldwide environmental crisis that conventional waste management systems cannot handle. This problem can be solved through gasification, which converts nonrecyclable plastics to syngas with potential applications in electricity generation and synthetic fuel production. This study investigates whether syngas production from plastic waste by gasification is environmentally and economically feasible. Environmental impacts were assessed through a life cycle assessment framework using a life cycle impact assessment approach, ReCiPe 2016, with 10 midpoint/endpoint categories. Midpoint results of the baseline scenario with grid-mix electricity revealed climate change (GWP) of 775 kg CO2 equivalent and fossil depletion potential (FDP) of 311 kg oil equivalent per ton of plastic waste. Meanwhile, a solar scenario showed GWP as 435 kg CO2 equivalent and FDP as 166 kg oil equivalent per ton of plastic waste. Switching to solar energy cut GWP 44% and FDP 47%, respectively. However, the tradeoffs were higher human toxicity potential (HTP) and marine ecotoxicity potential (METP) due to upstream material extraction of renewable systems, respectively. Among environmental performance drivers, electricity inputs and operating materials were identified through sensitivity and uncertainty analyses. Syngas production from a plant of 50 tons per day can yield electricity sales revenue of USD 4.79 million, excluding USD 4.05 million in operational expenditures. Financial indicators like a 2.06-year payback period, USD 5.32 million net present value over a 20-year project life, and 38.2% internal rate of return indicate the profitability of the system. An external cost analysis showed emissions-related costs of USD 26.43 per ton of plastic waste processed, dominated by CO2 and NOx emissions. Despite these costs, the avoided impacts of less landfilling/incineration and electricity generation support gasification. Gasification should be promoted as a subsidy and incentive by policymakers for wider adoption and integration into municipal waste management systems. Findings show it can be adapted to global sustainability goals and circular economy principles while delivering strong economic returns. The study findings also contribute to several Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), for instance, SDG 7 by promoting clean energy technologies, SDG 12 by implementing circular economy, and SDG 13 by reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions.

Integrated Waste Management in the Circular Economy Era: Insights from Research and Practice

This Special Issue on integrated waste management explores innovative approaches and multifaceted strategies aimed at addressing the critical challenges facing modern waste management systems. The featured eight original research articles cover diverse topics, including sewage sludge valorization, municipal waste biodrying, recyclables collection optimization, biomass-to-energy policies, and the management of compostable packaging waste. Technological advancements, such as AI-driven waste sorting and route optimization algorithms, are highlighted alongside policy frameworks supporting circular economy principles. The studies also address barriers to implementation, including public awareness gaps, technological disparities, and financial constraints, while emphasizing the importance of stakeholder collaboration across governments, industries, and communities. Additionally, environmental risks associated with waste management practices, such as nanoparticle contamination and leachate emissions from ashes, are critically analyzed. This Special Issue provides a holistic perspective on waste management, combining technical innovations, environmental stewardship, and policy integration. The insights of the works published in this Special Issue aim to guide researchers, policy-makers, and practitioners toward building resilient, sustainable, and resource-efficient waste management systems in alignment with global sustainability goals.

Integrated Measurement of Accountability in a Circular Economy and Its Main Determinants in Waste Companies

ABSTRACTThe study examines circular reporting practices and their determinants that lead to different levels of circular accountability, such as the quality of being transparent and exhaustive, to give an account of the companies' circular economy‐related activities. A dual methodological approach is adopted, combining statistical‐descriptive and qualitative methods to analyze data from 145 Spanish waste‐sector companies from 2018 to 2023. Findings highlight that most waste companies disseminate sustainability, general circular economy principles, and waste recovery information. The main results significantly contribute to accounting practitioners' circular reporting, pointing out that a specific disclosure of circular impacts and collaborative models in the value chain is needed to improve higher levels of disclosure in the waste sector. Companies in the sector tend to achieve a higher level of circular accountability as they grow larger or older. Given the application of the European Union sustainability disclosure rules, the study contributes to the research debate on circular accounting and reporting. If policymakers aim to increase circular reporting, specific monitoring should be targeted to waste sector disclosure practices, particularly inter‐company and collaborative items for circular waste.

Cost-Benefit Analysis of Enzymatic Hydrolysis Alternatives for Food Waste Management

In this study, we aimed to evaluate the economic, environmental, and social viability of the enzymatic hydrolysis process for food waste valorization by applying cost-benefit analysi (CBA). Our research was based on the investigation of three scenarios/alternatives for the final product of the enzymatic hydrolysis process and the production of bioethanol, bioactive peptides, and organic acids. Key economic indicators, such as cost/benefit ratios, net present value (NPV), and internal rate of return (IRR), were used to evaluate financial performance. At the end of the CBA, a sensitivity analysis was conducted to highlight the performance of each scenario under varying conditions, including fluctuating costs, benefits, and discount rates. These results indicate that enzymatic hydrolysis offers a significant opportunity for reducing food waste and its environmental impacts and promotes sustainability. Bioactive peptide production was found to be the most environmentally viable option, offering the highest cost-benefit efficiency. In both the optimistic and pessimistic scenarios of the sensitivity analysis, the results revealed that bioactive peptide production is economically viable, while the other alternatives, such as bioethanol and organic acid production, are more sensitive to economic and operational changes. This study revealed that enzymatic hydrolysis, as evaluated through CBA, offers a viable and impactful method for food waste management. It reduces environmental impacts, enhances sustainability, and aligns with the principles of a circular economy. The adoption of such innovative waste management strategies is considered essential for building a more sustainable and resource-efficient food system.

PEMBERDAYAAN IBU RUMAH TANGGA DESA KABONGAN KIDUL MELALUI EKONOMI KREATIF BERBASIS ENTREPRENEURSHIP UNTUK MENINGKATKAN PENDAPATAN EKONOMI KELUARGA

This community service aims to improve the family economic income in Kabongan Kidul Village through the empowerment of housewives with a creative economy approach based on entrepreneurship. Kabongan Kidul Village faces challenges in optimizing human resource potential, especially housewives, to play an active role in the family economy. This service activity involves entrepreneurship training, which includes enhancing skills, understanding the principles of creative economy, and the right marketing strategies for the products produced. This program is expected to improve the skills of housewives in creating business opportunities, introduce creativity-based business concepts, and have a positive impact on family economics, both in terms of additional income and social empowerment. Furthermore, this program also encourages collaboration among housewives to form supportive and sustainable business networks. Keywords: Creative Economy, Entrepreneurship, Empowerment.

PLC-Controlled Intelligent Conveyor System with AI-Enhanced Vision for Efficient Waste Sorting

Current waste sorting mechanisms, particularly those relying on manual processes, semi-automated systems, or technologies without Artificial Intelligence (AI) integration, are hindered by inefficiencies, inaccuracies, and limited scalability, reducing their effectiveness in meeting growing waste management demands. This study introduces a prototype waste sorting machine that integrates an AI-driven vision system with a Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) for high-accuracy automated waste sorting. The system, powered by the YOLOv8 deep learning model, achieved sorting accuracies of 88% for metal cans, 75% for paper, and 91% for plastic bottles, with an overall precision of 90%, a recall of 80%, and a mean average precision (mAP50) of 86%. The vision system provides real-time classification, while the PLC manages conveyor and actuator operations to ensure seamless sorting. Experimental results in a controlled environment validate the system’s high accuracy, minimal processing delays, and scalability for industrial recycling applications. This innovative integration of AI vision with PLC automation enhances sorting efficiency, reduces ecological impacts, and minimizes labor dependency. Furthermore, the system aligns with sustainable waste management practices, promoting circular economy principles and advancing the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).

Use of Membrane Techniques for Removal and Recovery of Nutrients from Liquid Fraction of Anaerobic Digestate

This review focuses on the use of membrane techniques to recover nutrients from the liquid fraction of digestate (LFD) and emphasizes their role in promoting the principles of the circular economy. A range of membrane separation processes are examined, including microfiltration (MF), ultrafiltration (UF), nanofiltration (NF), reverse osmosis (RO), forward osmosis (FO), membrane distillation (MD) and new tools and techniques such as membrane contactors (MCs) with gas-permeable membranes (GPMs) and electrodialysis (ED). Key aspects that are analyzed include the nutrient concentration efficiency, integration with biological processes and strategies to mitigate challenges such as fouling, high energy requirements and scalability. In addition, innovative hybrid systems and pretreatment techniques are examined for their potential to improve the recovery rates and sustainability. The review also addresses the economic and technical barriers to the full-scale application of these technologies and identifies future research directions, such as improving the membrane materials and reducing the energy consumption. The comprehensive assessment of these processes highlights their contribution to sustainable nutrient management and bio-based fertilizer production.

Digital Money: Opportunities, Challenges and the Future Outlook

Purpose: This study explores the opportunities, challenges, and the future outlook of emerging digital currencies in the like of central bank digital currencies (CBDCs), cryptocurrencies, and stablecoins. The aim is to understand how these digital monetary forms are shaping the global digital currency ecosystem. Methodology: A systematic literature review of 281 studies on digital currencies, published between 2010 and 2024, was conducted. The review focused on identifying key themes such as the regulatory landscape for cryptocurrencies, privacy and anonymity concerns, and technological risks associated with digital currencies. Findings: The review unraveled several dominant themes, including increasing efforts by regulatory authorities to develop comprehensive frameworks to provide legal clarity, enhance consumer protection, and foster innovation in the digital finance sector. However, a significant gap was identified in the integration of regulatory frameworks with Behavioral Economic principles. To address this, the study proposes an integrated regulatory-behavioral framework to influence user behaviour and promote the secure and stable adoption of digital currencies. Unique Contribution to Theory, Policy and Practice: The proposed regulatory-behavioral framework offers an innovative approach to digital currency regulation by integrating insights from Behavioral Economics. This contribution highlights the need for collaborative efforts among policymakers to ensure regulations evolve in tandem with advancements in digital financial technologies. The study envisions a future where CBDCs, cryptocurrencies, and stable coins coexist, with CBDCs playing a central role in establishing a stable, accessible, and efficient digital monetary system.

Sustainability and the Circular Economy through the Eyes of Students: A Comparative Analysis among Bulgaria, North Macedonia, Slovenia and Croatia

Higher education institutions are the catalyst for building tomorrow's leaders who will take responsibility for addressing environmental issues and shaping a more sustainable future. Along with learning the principles of the circular economy and sustainability, students build the skills and knowledge needed to take up leadership positions in a variety of fields, including business, politics and non-governmental organizations. This article analyzes the understanding of issues of sustainability, circular and green economy through the eyes of business-oriented students from four European countries: Bulgaria, North Macedonia, Slovenia and Croatia. An international team of scientists researches the attitudes and expectations of students from different bachelor's and master's programs with the aim of both improving their knowledge, skills and competencies related to circular and green economy and sustainability, as well as upgrading and enriching educational programs and processes. The research identified gaps in the educational process along with identified good practices implemented by specific partner organizations. Interrelationships were sought between the final results and the current geopolitical situation of the respective country in the context of its membership or not in the European Union. The study analyzed the content of various disciplines, focusing specifically on research areas such as the circular and green economy and sustainability. The findings aim to enhance curricula in fields like corporate social responsibility, economics, marketing, and related areas. Keywords: sustainability, circular economy, green economy, education

Magnetic biochar generated from oil-mill wastewater by microwave-assisted hydrothermal treatment for sonocatalytic antibiotic degradation

The pollution risks of biomass-containing and antibiotics-containing wastewater mean that it must be treated before discharge into the environment. In a process following circular economy principles, oil-mill wastewater (OMWW) was treated in a microwave-assisted hydrothermal process and with simultaneously fabricated magnetic biochar (MBC), which was used as a catalyst for the sonocatalytic degradation of antibiotics metronidazole (MET) and ciprofloxacin (CIP) in aqueous solutions. FeCl3·6H2O, FeCl2·4H2O, and KOH were added to the OMWW, which was then treated in a SynthWave microwave reactor under either a nitrogen or air atmosphere. The UV254 and COD removal efficiencies of the OMWW reached 42.3% and 60.6%, respectively, after treatment at 250 ℃ for 3h. The MBC obtained from the OMWW treatment with air exhibited the highest adsorption and catalytic activity for antibiotics degradation. The synergistic effects of combining adsorption and sonolytic removal were in the ranges of 0.76-3.07 (MET) and 0.75-3.17 (CIP), resulting in significant degradation rate constants of pseudo-first-order kinetics (k1) that ranged from 0.010 to 0.086min-1 (MET) and from 0.018 to 0.050min-1 (CIP). Hydrophobic MET underwent faster degradation than hydrophilic CIP. The •OH is crucial for removing the model antibiotics. Initial antibiotics concentration, reaction volume, ultrasonic frequency, and power had clearer impacts on antibiotics degradation than bulk temperature. Furthermore, the possible sonocatalytic degradation pathways have also been proposed herein. The absorbents and catalysts were derived during the purification of OMWW and subsequently used for antibiotics removal from water, becoming an innovative case of circular economy and sustainable waste treatment.

Solid-state fermentation of green waste for the production of biostimulants to enhance lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) cultivation under water stress: Closing the organic waste cycle.

Food production faces important challenges such as water scarcity and the overall need of novel sustainable strategies. This study assesses the effect of the biostimulant produced through solid-state fermentation (SSF) of green waste (wood chips and grass residues) inoculated with Trichoderma harzianum with and without l-tryptophan as a precursor for indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) production, a well-known plant hormone. The fermented solid demonstrated significant positive effects on the growth of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) under different irrigation conditions. Substantial enhancements were observed in growth parameters such as fresh weight, plant height, leaf area and leaf quantity, along with chemical parameters including total phenol content, chlorophylls, carotenoids, and antioxidant activity (DPPH). The results also showed a positive impact on the nutritional quality of lettuce, particularly under normal irrigation conditions. In conclusion, this study highlights the biostimulant potential to improve the yield and nutritional quality of lettuce crops by reusing plant residues. Additionally, it poses the relevance of applying circular economy principles in sustainable agriculture and organic waste management.

Aligning Waste-to-Energy (WtE) Projects with Circular Economy Principles: A Comparative Analysis of the European Union and India's Path Forward

The growing global challenge of waste management has reached alarming levels, with approximately 4.5 million tonnes of waste generated every day worldwide—a figure that is expected to exceed 8 million tonnes by 2050, according to the World Bank. Although there have been notable improvements in how waste is managed, it has transitioned from being just a public concern to becoming a booming industry, particularly seen in the rise of the Waste-to-Energy (WtE) sector across the globe. Given this growing problem, many experts agree that addressing waste requires a shift toward a "circular economy," an approach aimed at minimizing waste altogether. This strategy is in line with the United Nations' 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, particularly Sustainable Development Goal 12, which focuses on responsible consumption and production. While WtE technologies seem like a sustainable option, the process of turning waste into energy using advanced facilities raises questions about their true compatibility with circular economy principles. The UN has proposed a framework to guide WtE projects, suggesting that these frameworks can help in the transition to a circular economy—especially in terms of energy recovery. However, this requires innovative public-private partnerships (PPPs) that emphasize people-first values and the adoption of best practices by both governments and the private sector simultaneously. The main focus of this paper is to highlight the need to align WtE projects with circular economy principles to ensure sustainable and effective waste management. While this model has made significant progress in EU ( European Union) countries, it is still in the early stages of development in India. This paper explores the framework used in the EU and discusses how India can successfully adopt and implement similar practices.

Development Strategies for the Mediterranean Coastal Landscape: Adaptive Decision-Making Processes for Implementing the Circular Economy in the Redevelopment of the Reggio Calabria Waterfront

This document explores a circular approach to the redevelopment of the city–port system of Reggio Calabria, an area characterized by complex challenges involving economic, social, and environmental needs. By developing a multidimensional decision-making process, three development scenarios were identified to support a sustainable transition. The methodology integrates both quantitative and qualitative assessments, actively involving the local community and stakeholders. The proposed methodology operationalizes the principles of the circular economy by aligning sustainable regeneration scenarios with local needs and environmental constraints. The integrated assessment ensures the applicability of circular models for the resilient redevelopment of the waterfront. The results demonstrate how this model can be applied to other Mediterranean port cities to promote sustainable and resilient regeneration.

Wood cascading: a brief review on principles, impacts and limitations

Cascading is a principle that enhances resource efficiency by utilizing wastes andrecycled materials to maximize total biomass availability within a specific system.It adheres to the principles of a circular economy by minimizing waste andmitigating the environmental effects of wood-based composites. The cascading ofwood is a method that prioritizes sequential and multiple utilizations of wood tooptimize its lifecycle prior to final disposal or energy recovery. This brief reviewexamines the basics of wood cascading and its advantages for enhancing resourceefficiency, diminishing environmental impact, and advancing circular economyobjectives by reducing waste and maximizing material value. This brief reviewclearly delineates the limitations and issues encountered by wood cascading. Thefuture of wood cascade presents significant opportunities for enhancing resourceefficiency and reducing environmental impacts.

Wheat dust and extracted rapeseed scrap biochar: a comprehensive characterization and assessment of potential utilization in the context of the circular economy

Abstract The current utilization of wheat dust (WD) and hexane-extracted rapeseed scrap (RS) in Central Europe is inefficient and non-ecological. Therefore, it is necessary to identify an appropriate waste treatment that supports the principles of the circular economy. For this reason, the aforementioned wastes were pyrolyzed, resulting in the production of biochars, which are commonly used as absorbents or soil amendments. These biochars were then steam activated, characterized, and evaluated for potential further suitable and sustainable utilization. The structure, porosity, specific surface area, and composition of bound functional groups, nutrients, toxic elements, cation exchange capacity (CEC), and pH were analyzed as important parameters for biochar applications. RS biochar contained high concentrations of nutrients (N 75.9, P 21.5, K 15.1, C 603, Ca 14.3, Mg 8.31, S 5.40 g·kg−1 wt. all). The CEC was remarkably high 87.0 cmol·kg−1 for the RS biochar. The SSA value increased in fivefold in both samples upon activation (11.0 m2·g−1 for WD biochar and 0.8 m2·g−1 for RS biochar). The pore depth increased in accordance with activation temperature. Alkanes, aromatics, and oxygenated groups were detected on the biochars surfaces, yet more evident in WD. WD biochar could be used as an adsorbent for organic pollutants because its structure, surface area, and representation of functional group predict high adsorption efficiency, especially after activation. Raw RS biochar is more suited to utilization as a soil amendment, due to its high concentration of nutrients. These utilizations of biochar support the circular economy, eliminate pollution, improve soil properties, and reduce the need for industrially produced fertilizers and sorbents. Graphical abstract

Recovery of antioxidant compounds from wine lees using membrane technologies

Considering the substantial volume available and the high concentration of antioxidant compounds in wine lees composition, the present work investigated the use of this winemaking by-product as a raw material for the recovery of anthocyanins and other phenolic compounds. This study explores a process that includes an aqueous extraction step of the antioxidant substances from wine lees, followed by microfiltration to remove suspended material, and a nanofiltration step, resulting in a concentrate rich in anthocyanins and other phenolic compounds. The final product consists of an extract concentrated in natural antioxidant compounds with high antioxidant activity and presenting potential to be used in formulations of pharmaceutical, cosmetic and food industries. The process presented is grounded on sustainability, using eco-friendly solvents and clean technologies, aligning with the principles of circular economy and adding value to wine industry by-products.