Principle Of Reason Research Articles

Special Economic Measures as a Form of Restriction of Freedom of Economic Activity in the Russian Federation

The article considers the institute of special economic measures as a specific form of restriction of freedom of economic activity in Russia.The article characterizes the essence of special economic measures, defines their individual varieties that have the greatest impact on the realization of the constitutional principle of freedom of economic activity under sanctions. The author analyzes the normative-legal regulation of special economic measures, as well as the peculiarities of the functioning of certain types of special economic measures introduced and applied in the conditions of foreign economic restrictions.In the conditions of sanctions legal regime, which is extraordinary, restrictions on the freedom of economic activity of certain categories of economic entities can be significantly expanded, and the limits of state intervention in the implementation of this constitutional principle are narrowed.It seems reasonable in accordance with a number of principles of the institution of special economic measures. The measures include general principles of restriction of rights: the principle of compliance of the restriction with constitutional purposes (ensuring the defense and security of the state, protection of life and health of citizens, etc.), the principle of reasonableness of the restriction (application of the restriction in order to organize the functioning of the economic system of the Russian Federation), the principles of legality, urgency, proportionality of the restrictions imposed on existing threats.At the same time, the author admits the necessity to improve the Russian legislation on special economic measures (including in terms of specifying the grounds, mechanisms and guarantees of their application to economic entities).

Source‐storage‐transmission planning method considering carbon emission responsibility allocation

AbstractFair sharing of carbon responsibility is crucial to achieve the goal of low‐carbon transformation and dual‐carbon power system. In response to the current issue of a certain proportion of joint responsibility between source and load, it does not comply with the principle of “who causes who bears”. This thesis proposes a source storage transport coordinated planning method for allocating carbon responsibility from a planning perspective. Firstly, based on the basic principle of “who causes, who bears”, it classifies and holds accountable various stakeholders, establishes reasonable and fair allocation principles including reward and punishment indicators, and a dual carbon responsibility cost allocation rule for electricity balance and power balance in the power system; Secondly, based on the previous works, a source storage network joint planning model which comprehensively considers the investment cost of conventional thermal power installation, energy storage investment, wind abandonment penalty cost, transmission line expansion cost, and carbon emission responsibility cost is constructed. Finally, taking the Garver‐6 node system as an example, the effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed method were verified by comparing it with the source storage and transportation planning method that does not consider carbon responsibility allocation.

Judicial control over the decision of investigator, detective and prosecutor to suspend pre-trial investigation: criteria of legality and practice of appeal

The article presents the results of scientific research on a comprehensive analysis of the mechanism of judicial control by an investigating judge over the decisions of an investigator, a coroner and a prosecutor to suspend a pre-trial investigation. It is established that quite often in the law enforcement practice of criminal proceedings, situations arise which make it objectively impossible for pre-trial investigation authorities to continuously and timely carry out the necessary investigative (detective) actions and make appropriate decisions to complete the pre­trial investigation as soon as possible. In particular, we are talking about the objectively determined need to suspend the pre-trial investigation, the validity of which is confirmed by the prosecutor’s decision or the decision of the investigator, detective, agreed with the prosecutor. The study focuses on the procedural peculiarities of acquiring the status of a suspect, as well as on the need to comply with the principle of reasonableness of the pre-trial investigation. In particular, the author identifies the negative legal consequences of unlawful delay in the pre­trial investigation for the process of restoration of violated rights and interests of individuals and compensation for damages to civil plaintiffs. In support of the author’s position, the author cites the practice of application of Article 6 of the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms in the judgment in the case of Merit v. Ukraine, adopted by the European Court of Human Rights on 30 March 2004. It is determined that the conditions for suspension of the pre-trial investigation should be understood as the provisions of the criminal procedure law which oblige the authorised official to perform relevant procedural actions and make procedural decisions or establish the existence of certain legal facts before issuing a decision to suspend the pre-trial investigation. The author emphasises the need to strictly comply with the provisions of Parts 1 and 2 of Article 280 of the Criminal Procedure Code of Ukraine, in which the legislator has defined an exhaustive list of grounds for the lawful suspension of a pre-trial investigation. The authors of the article also determine that judicial control over the decision-making by the investigator and prosecutor to suspend the pre-trial investigation is revealed through the investigating judge’s ability to resume procedural actions in the context of criminal proceedings, which is ensured by the latter’s cancellation of the decision to suspend the pre-trial investigation. The opportunity to appeal to the investigating judge against the decision of the investigator, detective, or prosecutor to suspend the pre-trial investigation is provided by Article 303(1)(2) of the Criminal Procedure Code of Ukraine.

Prinsip dan Peran Logika sebagai Dasar Penalaran Ilmiah di Era Informasi

Logic has a very important role in the development of knowledge and studies of certain knowledge. As a science, it is the basis for determining straight, precise and healthy thinking. Because the function of logic is to investigate, formulate and apply the laws that are adhered to. Logic is a field of science that focuses on the principles of valid and consistent reasoning. Its role is very important in the process of systematic and rational thinking, especially in the era of rapidly developing information. In the context of information technology, logic functions as a basis for understanding and filtering various information received every day. This article aims to provide an introduction to the principles and role of logic as a basis for scientific reasoning in facing the challenges of the information era. The focus of this article is the relationship between logic, information analysis, and rational decision making. The purpose of this discussion is for readers to better understand the importance of using logic in sorting valid information, as well as improving critical thinking skills in dealing with various incoming data. This article also discusses the basic principles of logic, which are important in assessing and constructing rational arguments in the world of information.

Kant’s Reliance on Reason Rejects the Essence of Sympathy and Empathy in Any Moral Choice

Kant is noted to have pioneered the deontological position when he argued in defence of reason and duty in moral decision-making. Kant’s use of reason in moral decision-making has made him an ethical rationalist. As moral agents, our theories must be based on rational cognition. This can be said to have dominated Western philosophy since the time of Plato. During Plato’s time, the tradition believed that one must know the object and possess the cognitive principles of practical reason. This must be exercised by the will or rational capacity guided by the categorical imperative. It is only when this is accomplished that it can be said that an action is morally worthy or morally permissible. This paper argues that Kant’s reliance on reason rejects the essence of sympathy and empathy in any moral decision-making endeavour. To act justly there is the need to employ reason so that such action could be attractive as well.

How Much is Enough? Full Compensation and the Standardisation of Non-Pecuniary Damages

Abstract The tort or civil liability system plays an important role in the global economic landscape, affecting the lives of individuals and organisations by requiring transfers of money to injured persons as damages. Rooted in the principle of full compensation, the objective is to make injured persons whole again. However, quantifying non-pecuniary damages, the aim of which is the compensation of non-economic losses, presents significant challenges due to their lack of market prices. Consequently, various approaches have emerged, proposing different degrees of admixture of formalised guidance for adjudicators and room for discretion. Drawing also on qualitative interviews with adjudicators from Belgium, Ireland, Italy, and Sweden, this article argues for the standardisation of non-pecuniary damages, contending that they can promote horizontal and vertical equity in awards more effectively than more discretionary approaches. Potential objections to the standardisation of damages that may question its desirability (regarding human dignity, judicial independence, and the role of lobbies) are also discussed. Finally, the argument is made that, even if it became technically possible to accurately measure the actual amount of money that is needed to make an individual injured person feel that they have been made whole again, the standardisation of damages would still be preferable over perfect personalisation for principled reasons related to the rule of law and human dignity.

Formulation in Palliative Care: Elevating Our Potential for Therapeutic Communication.

A fundamental principle of clinical reasoning is that assessment precedes plan; clinicians are taught to base interventions on the presumed etiology of a presentation. A notable exception is in the domain of communication education, where training is focused heavily on tools and interventions, with minimal focus on the assessment that informs which tools or strategies to select with a given patient. The concept of formulation (foundational in psychotherapy education) provides a framework with which to address this gap, enhancing a clinician's ability to be more therapeutically effective with the communication tools at their disposal. Our formulation serves as the compass that guides our decisions around communication, allowing us to conceptualize communication as a therapeutic intervention and align our approach to communication with the broader philosophy of clinical reasoning. This manuscript explores the concept of formulation, the direct relevance and applicability to palliative care, sample cases to underscore the impact of this framework, and high-yield tips for use of formulation in general palliative care practice. Palliative care clinicians and IDTs can readily apply formulation in synergy with the communication tools they already possess, elevating their ability to address patients' psychological needs.

A Logical Approach to Type Soundness

Type soundness, which asserts that “well-typed programs cannot go wrong,” is widely viewed as the canonical theorem one must prove to establish that a type system is doing its job. It is commonly proved using the so-called syntactic approach (also known as progress and preservation ), which has had a huge impact on the study and teaching of programming language foundations. Unfortunately, syntactic type soundness is a rather weak theorem. It only applies to programs that are well typed in their entirety and thus tells us nothing about the many programs written in “safe” languages that make use of “unsafe” language features. Even worse, it tells us nothing about whether type systems achieve one of their main goals: enforcement of data abstraction. One can easily define a language that enjoys syntactic type soundness and yet fails to support even the most basic modular reasoning principles for abstraction mechanisms like closures, objects, and abstract data types. Given these concerns, we argue that programming languages researchers should no longer be satisfied with proving syntactic type soundness and should instead start proving semantic type soundness , a more useful theorem that captures more accurately what type systems are actually good for. Semantic type soundness is an old idea—Milner’s original account of type soundness from 1978 was semantic—but it fell out of favor in the 1990s due to limitations and complexities of denotational models. In the succeeding decades, thanks to a series of technical advances—notably, step-indexed Kripke logical relations constructed over operational semantics and higher-order concurrent separation logic as consolidated in the Iris framework in Coq—we can now build (machine-checked) semantic soundness proofs at a much higher level of abstraction than was previously possible. The resulting “logical” approach to semantic type soundness has already been employed to great effect in a number of recent papers, but those papers typically (a) concern advanced problem scenarios that complicate the presentation, (b) assume significant prior knowledge of the reader, and (c) suppress many details of the proofs. Here, we aim to provide a gentler, more pedagogically motivated introduction to logical type soundness, targeted at a broader audience that may or may not be familiar with logical relations and Iris. As a bonus, we also show how logical type soundness proofs can easily be generalized to establish an even stronger relational property— representation independence —for realistic type systems.

The Fault Diagnosis Method for Photovoltaic Modules Based on Machine Learning

Based on the urban natural gas pipeline accident statistics and semi-quantitative risk evaluation index system, this paper applies Bayesian network to establish a network model between various types of risk factors and the risk of natural gas pipeline failure. The EM algorithm was used to learn from the statistical accident data to obtain the parameters of the model. Based on the principle of evidential reasoning in reverse, the probability of occurrence of all risk indicators can be obtained when the probability of occurrence of urban natural gas pipeline accidents is 100%, the index weight is obtained by normalizing the occurrence probability. On this basis, this paper develops an efficient urban natural gas pipeline integrity risk identification and management software. The software can realize the basic data management of urban natural gas pipeline system, pipeline relative risk value calculation, pipeline risk level calculation and other functions, and the results are visualized. Finally, the practicability and effectiveness of the model and software are verified by a case of natural gas pipeline evaluation in a block.

Leibniz on Per Se Possibility

AbstractThis essay critically examines a widely held assumption in interpreting Leibniz's modal metaphysics: that whatever is necessarily actual is necessary. I argue that Leibniz rejected this axiom for principled reasons having to do with his views on the grounding of metaphysical modalities in divine power and intellect (but not divine will). I also argue that if we read him in light of this rejection, his per se possibility theory becomes (contrary to its reception in the literature) quite successful in addressing the problem of necessitarianism.

Анализ проблем современного человека в аспекте теоретического наследия Франкфуртской школы

The article is devoted to the analysis of problematic aspects of modern human existence within the discourse of the Frankfurt School, which views modern social reality as a totalitarian system, formed under conditions devoid of a proletariat. In this context, the revolutionary idea, in the hands of outsiders and the intelligentsia, transforms into a means of governance and power. The social reality is examined as functioning according to the rules of technocracy and the simulacrum of mass media. Under the influence of an enslaving “repressive civilization”, modern man becomes a mere functionary within it, while the popularization of the ideology of utility and profit inevitably leads to the potential manipulation of both individual and collective thinking. Representatives of the Frankfurt School propose as a means of solving this problem ‒ the restoration of true Reason, acting as an antipode to the global, uniform mind. The authors analyze key philosophical ideas concerning the spiritual and corporeal unity of human beings, as well as the discourse on anthropological and cultural-natural integrity. The human being is considered in the context of a need for an actual social reality functioning according to the principles of love and reason, creativity and artistry, self-identity, and self-sufficiency.

On the «Religion» of Morality: Reflections on the Normative Nature of Divine Law in the Concept of John Austin

Philosophical and legal thought knows a number of theoretical concepts devoted to a grandiose and organic ethical and legal synthesis — the supreme unity of ethics and jurisprudence or reasoning about what is essential for law, supplemented by reasoning about what law should be. The joint task of these disciplines is to find and theoretically describe the best criteria available to the human mind for evaluating human actions. This principle of practical reasonableness, despite its incompleteness and relativity (for everything derived from man bears the signature of its own creator), would serve as a possible foundation stone for humanity in determining and understanding the highest criterion for evaluating proper behavior that only exists in the world. These are divine laws and prescriptions of their norms, this highest link in any normative hierarchy. It is the divine mind, and not the mind of mortal beings, that is the true source of any duties, from the appeal to the content of which it is possible, resorting to a suitable ethical interpretation, to «deduce» (not directly, but from the «image» that the specified content acquired through human mental activity) all other forms of obligation in one or another normative system. A striking example of such a «normative» concept turns out to be the teaching of J. Austin, devoted, if we put aside the positivist or «command» theory of the author, to the basic principles of the relationship between law (including morality) and the laws of God, ultimately to the sphere of human moral forces and freedom.

Does Physics Need Metaphysics?

A number of thinkers both past and present have been skeptical of the role of metaphysics for science. The early modern philosopher David Hume denigrated metaphysics as an attempt to “penetrate into subjects utterly inaccessible to the understanding,” while the Logical Positivists saw metaphysics as meaningless, wholly useless to scientific inquiry. In contrast to these thinkers stands the early modern philosopher Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz. A mathematician and scientist himself, Leibniz developed a variety of metaphysical principles entailed centrally by his Principle of Sufficient Reason. Leibniz utilized these principles to address scientific topics of his day, including, but not limited to, the relative nature of space and the heliocentric model of the universe. Drawing on Leibniz’s diverse corpus, I will reconstruct his formulations of the Principle of Sufficient Reason, the Principle of Perfection, and the Principle of the Identity of Indiscernibles, providing the intellectual context for their development. I will then argue through examples that his metaphysical principles illustrate the utility of metaphysics for natural science, for they can be used to both ground the logical coherence of the discipline of physics and serve as practical methodological guides for theory development and selection.

What’s Wrong with Some Having More than Others?

Abstract According to Derek Parfit, “telic” egalitarians accept “The Principle of Equality,” which says, “It is in itself bad if some people are worse off than others” (1991, p. 4). This essay argues that there is no good reason to believe this principle and considerable reason to doubt it. Either egalitarianism is groundless, or this principle misconstrues egalitarianism. The latter is my view. The essay criticizes the main arguments in defense of this principle of equality and offers an explanation why so many mistakenly believe that distributional inequalities are bad.

The principles of the exercise of civil rights in the dynamics of contractual obligations

The article is devoted to the general principles of the execution of civil rights upon the occurrence, performance, change and termination of a contractual obligation. Such general patterns are the principles, the application of which is a legal fact that causes the dynamics of a contractual obligation (emergence, implementation, change, suspension, termination), as well as the protection and protection of civil law and interest). It has been proven that there is a group of principles that are characteristic of all stages of the dynamics of a contractual obligation, which are the principles of legal equality, justice, good faith and reasonableness, dispositiveness. It was analyzed that the principle of freedom of contract and free expression of will are determining principles for the execution of civil rights by participants in contractual obligations, because such principles are designed to ensure the validity of the deed, which will subsequently undergo its dynamic development. The basis of these principles is a voluntary action, without any coercion, to enter or not to enter into contractual relations (that is, emergence as a stage of dynamics), as well as to choose a counterparty, its conditions, methods of provision, special conditions for the exercise of rights and performance of duties, freedom of change and termination of the contract. Therefore, this principle will be relevant for almost all stages of dynamics, only with a different magnitude of its role. It has been proven that the principles of the fulfillment of obligations, namely the principles of proper and real fulfillment of obligations, complement the above-mentioned principles of freedom of contract and free expression of will in importance for the realization of civil rights in contractual obligations. The principles of the exercise of subjective civil rights establish fundamental requirements for the conduct of participants, in particular in contractual obligations. It is proposed to highlight such principles of the exercise of civil rights by participants in contractual obligations as the principles of consistency, unimpededness and full satisfaction of interest. The principle of protection of civil rights is manifested in the abnormal dynamics of the contractual obligation. It has been proven that a certain set of basic principles for the exercise of civil rights is inherent to each stage of the dynamics of a contractual obligation.

Verified Lock-Free Session Channels with Linking

Type systems and program logics based on session types provide powerful high-level reasoning principles for message-passing concurrency. Modern versions employ bidirectional session channels that (1) are asynchronous so that send operations do not block, (2) have buffers in both directions so that both parties can send messages in parallel, and (3) feature a link operation (also called forward) to concisely write programs in process style. These features complicate a low-level lock-free implementation of channels and therefore increase the gap between the meta theory of prior work—which is verified w.r.t. a high-level semantics of channels (e.g., π-calculus)—and the code that runs on an actual computer. We address this problem by verifying a low-level lock-free implementation of session channels w.r.t. a high-level specification based on session types. We carry out our verification in a layered manner by employing the Iris framework for concurrent separation logic. We start with an abstract specification of (unidirectional) queues—of which we provide a linked-list and array-segment based implementation—and gradually build up to session channels with all of the aforementioned features. To make a layered verification possible we develop two logical abstractions—queues with ghost linking and pairing invariants—to reason about the atomicity and changing endpoints due to linking, respectively. All our results are mechanized in the Coq proof assistant.

(Almost-)Quantum Bell Inequalities and Device-Independent Applications

Investigations of the boundary of the quantum correlation set have gained increased attention in recent years. This is done through the derivation of quantum Bell inequalities, which are related to Tsirelson's problem and have significant applications in device-independent (DI) information processing. However, determining quantum Bell inequalities is a notoriously difficult task and only isolated examples are known. In this paper, we present families of (almost-)quantum Bell inequalities and highlight four foundational and DI applications. Firstly, it is known that quantum correlations on the non-signaling boundary are of crucial importance in the task of DI randomness extraction from weak sources. In the practical Bell scenario of two players with two k-outcome measurements, we derive quantum Bell inequalities that demonstrate a separation between the quantum boundary and certain portions of the boundaries of the no-signaling polytope of dimension up to 4k−8, extending previous results from nonlocality distillation and the collapse of communication complexity. Secondly as an immediate by-product, we give a general proof of Aumann’s Agreement theorem for quantum systems as well as the almost-quantum correlations, which implies Aumann’s agreement theorem is a reasonable physical principle in the context of epistemics to pick out both quantum theory and almost-quantum correlations from general no-signaling theories. Thirdly, we present a family of quantum Bell inequalities in the two players with m binary measurements scenarios, that we prove serve to self-test the two-qubit singlet and the corresponding 2m measurements. Interestingly, this claim generalizes the result for m=2 discovered by Tsirelson-Landau-Masanes and shows an improvement over the state-of-the-art Device-Independent Randomness-Amplification (DIRA). Lastly, we use our quantum Bell inequalities to derive the general form of the principle of no advantage in nonlocal computation, which is an information-theoretic principle that serves to characterize the quantum correlation set.

Correlated and Multi-Frequency Diffusion Modeling for Highly Under-Sampled MRI Reconstruction.

Given the obstacle in accentuating the reconstruction accuracy for diagnostically significant tissues, most existing MRI reconstruction methods perform targeted reconstruction of the entire MR image without considering fine details, especially when dealing with highly under-sampled images. Therefore, a considerable volume of efforts has been directed towards surmounting this challenge, as evidenced by the emergence of numerous methods dedicated to preserving high-frequency content as well as fine textural details in the reconstructed image. In this case, exploring the merits associated with each method of mining high-frequency information and formulating a reasonable principle to maximize the joint utilization of these approaches will be a more effective solution to achieve accurate reconstruction. Specifically, this work constructs an innovative principle named Correlated and Multi-frequency Diffusion Model (CM-DM) for highly under-sampled MRI reconstruction. In essence, the rationale underlying the establishment of such principle lies not in assembling arbitrary models, but in pursuing the effective combinations and replacement of components. It also means that the novel principle focuses on forming a correlated and multi-frequency prior through different high-frequency operators in the diffusion process. Moreover, multi-frequency prior further constraints the noise term closer to the target distribution in the frequency domain, thereby making the diffusion process converge faster. Experimental results verify that the proposed method achieved superior reconstruction accuracy, with a notable enhancement of approximately 2dB in PSNR compared to state-of-the-art methods.

Limits of Interference into the Human Genome

Introduction: The use of advances in genomics in practical medicine can positively affect the quality of services in the healthcare sector, as well as the results of applied medical research. Objectives: The purpose of the article is to research regulatory and scientific approaches to the concept of the human genome as an object of legal relations, as well as to determine the limits of interference into a human being’s genomic integrity. Materials and methods: Regarding the chosen subject matter of research, the author while preparing the scientific article has used materials of international regulatory legal acts, Ukrainian and foreign legal literature. To achieve the set aim, the author has used general scientific and special methods of scientific cognition. These methods combined with the scientific principles of objectivity, scientificity and reasonableness, have provided a comprehensive research of the limits of interference into the human genome. Results: The concept of the human genome, as well as its material and non-material components, have been studied from a biological and legal point of view. The private and legal nature of the human genome as a personal non-property good has been defined. The concept of the individual’s integrity, enshrined in international regulatory legal acts, has been analyzed from the point of view of its coverage of a human being’s genomic integrity. It has been established that a violation of genomic integrity is possible both by the intentional actions of third parties and as a result of genome changes due to the action of natural factors. The concepts and types of the human genome editing have been defined. The potential reasons for banning the editing of human germline cells have been critically analyzed. The legal nature of interference into the human genome from the point of view of eugenical practices has been studied. The author has studied the possibility of classifying the use of vaccines on the mRNA platform as interferences into the human genome. Conclusions: It has been concluded that there is a need to recognize the human genome as a personal non-property good, and, accordingly, as an object of private rights. The author has stated own point of view on the inadmissibility of arbitrary interference into human genomic integrity and the existing types of interference into the human genome.

The Importance of Public Reason in Democratic Society and the Criticism of Rawls’s Concept of Unreasonableness

People everywhere always live in diversity. Sometimes, people express their values in ways incompatible with the principle of reciprocity or reasonableness. In John Rawls's view, they are categorized as unreasonable because their expression does not align with public reason. In this article, we need to ask, are they really unreasonable and a threat to democracy? Here, we state that public reason is essential to democracy. However, we also need to build a fairer public life and broader public reasoning that engages people from wider background cultures. Thus, Rawls’ understanding of unreasonableness is challenging. We cannot exclude people who have not applied public reason from public life. We neither categorize them as unreasonable because they do not necessarily attack public reason. We can identify them as “in-between” reasonable and unreasonable people, and they are not really a threat to democracy. We need to engage and endorse them to explore a just public life. In order to build a fairer public life, we need to engage people widely and make public reasoning a place for learning the meaning of justice.