Principle Of Work Research Articles

Advancements in low light image enhancement techniques and recent applications

Low-light image enhancement is an effective solution for improving image recognition by both humans and machines. Due to low illuminance, images captured in such conditions possess less color information compared to those taken in daylight, resulting in occluded images characterized by distortion, low contrast, low brightness, a narrow gray range, and noise. Low-light image enhancement techniques play a crucial role in enhancing the effectiveness of object detection. This paper reviews state-of-the-art low-light image enhancement techniques and their developments in recent years. Techniques such as gray transformation, histogram equalization, defogging, Retinex, image fusion, and wavelet transformation are examined, focusing on their working principles and assessing their ability to improve image quality. Further discussion addresses the contributions of deep learning and cognitive approaches, including attention mechanisms and adversarial methods, to image enhancement.

Wave propagation in bidirectional functionally graded tapered beams incorporating porosity effect

This study addresses wave propagation in beams made of bidirectional functionally graded materials (BDFG) and having nonuniform cross section by using a quasi-3D analytical solution. For the first time, this aspect will be studied. The mechanical characteristics of the beams are supposed to be variable in both axial and transvers direction according to a specific law depending on the porosity. The mathematical formulation used is based on a displacement field containing indeterminate terms and requiring a few variables to be determined. The thickness and width of the beams are assumed to be linearly variable in the longitudinal direction. The equations governing the simply supported beams are obtained by applying the principle of virtual work and are then analytically solved to obtain the phase velocities and wave frequencies. In addition, the validation results reveal excellent concordance of the proposed theory with those given in the literature. Then, a detailed parametric study is carried out to investigate the influence of the several geometrical and material parameters on the wave propagation in BDFG tapered beams. It is observed that these parameters have significant impact on the wave propagation in BDFG tapered porous beams. These results can be used as benchmark solutions for future studies.

Three-dimensional elastoplastic post-buckling analysis of functionally graded plates using a novel meshfree Tchebychev-radial point interpolation approach

This paper presents a three-dimensional (3D) analysis of the post-buckling behavior of functionally graded (FG) plates for the first time using an elastoplasticity-based meshfree formulation. A novel 3D Tchebychev-radial point interpolation approach, which combines radial basis functions with Tchebychev polynomials, is developed to solve the nonlinear post-buckling problem. The incremental plastic deformation is modeled by the Prandtl–Reuss flow rule along the isotropic hardening von Mises criterion. The governing equations are derived using the principle of virtual work by considering the 3D full Green–Lagrange strain components. The Newton–Raphson technique along with the arc-length method is used to determine post-buckling equilibrium paths of FG plates. The effective elastoplastic properties of the functionally graded material are assessed by exploiting the homogenization method, named Tamura–Tomota–Ozawa (TTO) model. It has been demonstrated that the accuracy of the solution is improved by incorporating Tchebychev polynomials into the radial point interpolation method (RPIM) shape function, and the stability and robustness of the results are independent of variations in the shape parameter. Furthermore, it is confirmed that TRPIM, with a slightly higher CPU time compared to RPIM, exhibits a higher convergence rate. The excellent agreement of the results with those existing in the literature shows that the proposed meshfree method can be used as a robust and accurate numerical tool to predict the elastoplastic post-buckling behavior of FG plates. Further numerical assessments indicate that post-buckling paths are significantly affected by factors such as geometric parameters, material gradient, loading ratio, and boundary conditions (BCs).

A peer mentoring program for eating disorders: improved symptomatology and reduced hospital admissions, three years and a pandemic on

BackgroundPeer support involves people (mentors) using their own experiences to assist others (mentees). The impetus to include peer support in eating disorder recovery is high, however research on implementation of peer roles in eating disorder management is limited. A previous pilot study found positive but preliminary results for a Peer Mentor Program (PMP) for eating disorders. The PMP has since developed over time, including broadening its eligibility criteria and shifting to predominantly online delivery during COVID-19. This study aimed to evaluate the updated version of the PMP, on a larger and more diverse group of mentees.MethodsPreviously collected PMP service data from July 2020 to April 2022 (during COVID-19 lockdowns) was evaluated for fifty-one mentees using mixed methods. Data from program start (baseline), mid-point (3-months) and end (6-months) for measures of eating disorder symptoms as measured by the Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDE-Q) and psychological wellbeing as measured by the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS) was evaluated. Frequency of eating disorder-related hospital admissions during PMP participation versus the 6 months prior, direct program costs and qualitative mentee feedback were also analysed. One way ANOVA’s with post hoc tests were used to evaluate symptom change and thematic analysis was conducted on qualitative data.ResultsProgram attendance averaged 12.12 (SD ± 1.57) of a possible 13 sessions. Statistically significant and clinically meaningful improvements were demonstrated across all subscales of the eating disorder and psychological wellbeing symptom measures. EDE-Q Global score and DASS scores decreased significantly by program end. Fewer eating disorder-related hospital admissions were reported during PMP than the 6-months prior. Qualitative findings were positive and themed around the unique benefits of lived experience connection, a new kind of space for recovery, hope and motivation for change. Challenges with the time limited nature of the mentee-mentor relationship were expressed.ConclusionsThe important benefits of a PMP for individuals with eating disorders are further supported. There is a pressing need for high quality, co-produced research, utilising a mixture of designs and fidelity to core peer work principles, to inform further implementation of peer work into eating disorder policy and practice.

Bending-based solution methodology using eigenvalue-eigenvector approach for analysis of foldable reinforced Golf Clubs cylindrical shell

This paper is organized to present eigenvalue-eigenvector based solution method for elastic bending analysis of foldable Golf Clubs cylindrical shell reinforced with graphene origami. The axisymmetric kinematic and constitutive relations are extended using the models with shear deformability and three-dimensional relations. The effective material properties are inserted into integration constants and constitutive relations in terms of angle and content of folded structure as well as thermal load. The virtual work principle is extended in order to derive governing equations and the eigenvalue-eigenvector method is applied for analytical solution. The results are presented along the longitudinal and radial coordinates with changes of angle and content of folded structure as well as thermal load. The results of this analysis may be used for optimized design and manufacturing of the golf clubs and other sport equipment.

Fluorescence-Based Multimodal DNA Logic Gates.

The use of DNA structures in creating multimodal logic gates bears high potential for building molecular devices and computation systems. However, due to the complex designs or complicated working principles, the implementation of DNA logic gates within molecular devices and circuits is still quite limited. Here, we designed simple four-way DNA logic gates that can serve as multimodal platforms for simple to complex operations. Using the proximity quenching of the fluorophore-quencher pair in combination with the toehold-mediated strand displacement (TMSD) strategy, we have successfully demonstrated that the fluorescence output, which is a result of gate opening, solely relies on the oligonucleotide(s) input. We further demonstrated that this strategy can be used to create multimodal (tunable displacement initiation sites on the four-way platform) logic gates including YES, AND, OR, and the combinations thereof. The four-way DNA logic gates developed here bear high promise for building biological computers and next-generation smart molecular circuits with biosensing capabilities.

Physics‐informed neural operator solver and super‐resolution for solid mechanics

AbstractPhysics‐Informed Neural Networks (PINNs) have solved numerous mechanics problems by training to minimize the loss functions of governing partial differential equations (PDEs). Despite successful development of PINNs in various systems, computational efficiency and fidelity prediction have remained profound challenges. To fill such gaps, this study proposed a Physics‐Informed Neural Operator Solver (PINOS) to achieve accurate and fast simulations without any required data set. The training of PINOS adopts a weak form based on the principle of least work for static simulations and a strong form for dynamic systems in solid mechanics. Results from numerical examples indicated that PINOS is capable of approximating solutions notably faster than the benchmarks of PINNs in both static an dynamic systems. The comparisons also showed that PINOS reached a convergence speed of over 20 times faster than finite element software in two‐dimensional and three‐dimensional static problems. Furthermore, this study examined the zero‐shot super‐resolution capability by developing Super‐Resolution PINOS (SR‐PINOS) that was trained on a coarse mesh and validated on fine mesh. The numerical results demonstrate the great performance of the model to obtain accurate solutions with a speed up, suggesting effectiveness in increasing sampling points and scaling a simulation. This study also discusses the differentiation methods of PINOS and SR‐PINOS and suggests potential implementations related to forward applications for promising machine learning methods for structural designs and optimization.

Modeling and Simulation of a 2SPU-RU Parallel Mechanism for a Prosthetic Ankle with Three Degrees of Freedom

To assist an individual with an amputation in regaining daily quality of life, a 2SPU-RU type parallel mechanism was developed based on ankle biomechanics. The inverse kinematic analysis of this mechanism was performed using the vector method. Subsequently, the Jacobian matrices were analyzed. The dynamic model of the mechanism was then created based on the principle of virtual work, and its theoretical solution was compared with numerical results obtained in a simulation environment. Additionally, the validity of the dynamic model and the inverse kinematics was verified by comparing theoretical and simulation results for the movements of plantarflexion–dorsiflexion, eversion–inversion, and abduction–adduction during the gait cycle.

Luminescence Probes in Bio-Applications: From Principle to Practice.

Bioanalysis based on optical imaging has gained significant progress in the last few decades. Luminescence probes are capable of detecting, monitoring, and tracing particular biomolecules in complex biological systems to figure out the roles of these molecules in organisms. Considering the rapid development of luminescence probes for bio-applications and their promising future, we have attempted to explore the working principles and recent advances in bio-applications of luminescence probes, in the hope of helping readers gain a detailed understanding of luminescence probes developed in recent years. In this review, we first focus on the current widely used luminescence probes, including fluorescence probes, bioluminescence probes, chemiluminescence probes, afterglow probes, photoacoustic probes, and Cerenkov luminescence probes. The working principles for each type of luminescence probe are concisely described and the bio-application of the luminescence probes is summarized by category, including metal ions detection, secretion detection, imaging, and therapy.

Multi-segmented fifth-order polynomial–shaped shells under hydrostatic pressure

The design and construction of submerged complex shells for new applications in offshore structures are increasingly popular. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to present the analytical model and Lagrange multipliers associated with the constraint equation for large displacement analysis of a fifth-order polynomial–shaped shell under hydrostatic pressure for the first time. The shell geometry can be computed using differential geometry with a fifth-order polynomial. The energy functional of the fifth-order polynomial–shaped shell is derived based on the principle of virtual work and written in the appropriate form. The nonlinear static responses of the fifth-order polynomial–shaped shell under hydrostatic pressure can be calculated using the nonlinear finite element method via the fifth-order polynomial shape function. This study develops the model using one-dimensional beam elements divided along the shell radius. To avoid the slope of a meridian curve at the equatorial plane approaching infinity, the shell is divided into two regions defined by different surface parameters. At the junction of two adjacent regions, the continuity requirements are established as the constraint conditions using Lagrange multipliers. The numerical results from the proposed methods are demonstrated and discussed, along with the effects of varied seawater depth, thickness, and elastic modulus on the deformed configuration and principal curvature at the deformed state. The results show that the nonlinear displacement is higher than the linear one in the case of the hydrostatic pressure, whereas the case of the internal pressure has an opposite result. For principal curvatures at the apex, the principal curvatures increase as the seawater depth increases, whereas the principal curvatures decrease when the thickness and elastic modulus increase.

‘Meeting them halfway’: legitimation in the discourse of secular social work educators at ultra-Orthodox campuses

ABSTRACT This paper critically examines the discursive practices used by secular social work educators when teaching ultra-Orthodox students, whose strict interpretations of Jewish religious law often clash with professional values. Utilizing data from a qualitative study based on in-depth interviews with 16 social work faculty members, the paper elaborates van Leeuwen’s framework for analyzing legitimation in discourse. The findings indicate that the lecturers often encounter controversial situations that require them to abandon their professional ethics in order to accommodate the differential needs of their ultra-Orthodox students. I contend that in order to legitimize and camouflage conflictual pedagogic actions, such as the exclusion of women, self-censorship or the acceptance of discriminatory attitudes, the interviewees use social work concepts and terminology, such as cultural sensitivity, discretion or rapport. That is, the lecturers paradoxically use their professional identity to suspend social work principles in an attempt to implement multicultural politics in the classroom. The study uses identity construction as a complementary analytical lens to van Leeuwen’s approach and illuminates the use of discursive legitimation in educational and professional settings.

Unraveling the multilayer solid-electrolyte interphase in lithium batteries through depth-sensitive plasmon-enhanced Raman spectroscopy: A theoretical and experimental study

The solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI) plays a crucial role in determining the lithium deposition/dissolution behaviors, thus influencing the reversible operation of Li metal batteries renowned for their ultrahigh specific capacity. Recently, we developed a depth-sensitive plasmon-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (DS-PERS) method enabling the in situ and nondestructive characterization of the nanostructure and chemistry of SEI through synergistic plasmonic structures. However, a lack of comprehensive elucidation of the enhancement mechanisms has impeded a detailed understanding of the depth-resolved signal contributions. In this study, we integrate theoretical computations with experimental methodologies to systematically unravel the working principles of the synergistic plasmonic structures, demonstrating that hot spots can effectively detect Raman signals at key locations across various stages of SEI layer evolution. Following Li deposition, the hot spots transfer from the Cu interfaces to the Li interfaces. With the thickening of the deposited Li, the localized surface plasmon resonance of Cu is gradually shielded, leading to the disappearance of hot spots originated from Li-Li coupling. Subsequently, we propose the utilization of Cu@Li-multilayer shell-isolated nanoparticles to compensate and introduce new hot spots, thereby enhancing the depth sensitivity. Our work provides theoretical insights essential for achieving precise depth-resolved PERS characterization.

On crack simulation by mixed‐dimensional coupling in GFEM with global‐local enrichments

AbstractA strategy that combines the global‐local version of the generalized finite element method (GFEM) with a mixed‐dimensional coupling iterative method is proposed to simulate two‐dimensional crack propagation in structures globally represented by Timoshenko‐frame models. The region of interest called the local problem, where the crack propagates, is represented by a 2D elasticity model, where a fine mesh of plane stress/strain elements and special enrichment functions are used to describe this phenomenon accurately. A model of Timoshenko‐frame elements simulates the overall behavior of the structure. A coarse mesh of plane stress/strain elements provides a bridge between these two representation scales. The mixed‐dimensional coupling method imposes displacement compatibility and stress equilibrium at the interface between the two different element types by an iterative procedure based on the principle of virtual work. After establishing the constraint equations for the interface, the 2D elasticity model is related to the small‐scale model by the global‐local enrichment strategy of GFEM. In such a strategy, the numerical solutions of the local problem subjected to boundary conditions derived from the global‐scale problem enrich the approximation of this same global problem in an iterative procedure. Each step of the crack propagation requires a new sequence of this iterative global‐local procedure. On the other hand, the constraint equation for the interface is defined only once. The crack representation in a confined region by the global‐local strategy avoids a remeshing that would require new constraint equations. Two numerical problems illustrate the proposed strategy and assess the influence of the analysis parameters.

Hybrid model of condensate and particle dark matter: Linear perturbations in the hydrodynamic limit

We analyze perturbations of self-interacting, scalar field dark matter that contains modes in both a coherent condensate state and an incoherent particlelike state. Starting from the coupled equations for the condensate, the particles’ phase-space distribution, and their mutual gravitational potential, first derived from first principles in earlier work by the authors, we derive a hydrodynamic limit of two coupled fluids and study their linearized density perturbations in an expanding universe, also including particle pressure under an assumption for an equation of state consistent with the dynamical equations. We find that away from the condensate-only or particle-only limits, and for certain ranges of the parameters, such self-interacting mixtures can significantly enhance the density power spectrum above the standard linear ΛCDM value at localized wave numbers, even pushing structure formation into the nonlinear regime earlier than expected in ΛCDM for these scales. We also note that such mixtures can lead to degeneracies between models with different boson masses and self-coupling strengths, in particular, between self-coupled models and noncoupled fuzzy dark matter made up of heavier bosons. These findings open up the possibility of a richer phenomenology in scalar field dark matter models and could further inform efforts to place observational limits on their parameters. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

Safeguarding, uncertainty and new possibilities: an appreciative inquiry into personal adviser’s relational practice with care leavers

Purpose An appreciative inquiry process was collaboratively undertaken with an inner city local authority and personal advisors where systemic social work practice was embedded. The purpose of this study is to explore how systemic social work principles could be integrated into the support of young adults leaving the care system, especially when safeguarding concerns exist. Design/methodology/approach Three fortnightly, reflecting team-style, appreciative inquiry workshops explored the integration into practice of systemic concepts under the themes of safeguarding, uncertainty and new possibilities. Findings Within the contexts of the organisation, other agencies and the relationship, six paired themes emerged: learning and navigating; positioning and risk-taking; and feeling and engaging. Core systemic concepts, such as self-reflexivity and mutual influence, can enable personal advisers to use themselves and their relationship with care leavers as a context for change. Considering responses to risk from different family member positions may support holding greater levels of uncertainty. Seeing resilience as a process rather than a personal attribute enabled personal advisors to think about how they connected with care leavers through shared life experiences, fostering narratives of hopes and dreams where new possibilities abound. Research limitations/implications Appreciative inquiry is generally seen as a defined model for implementing large organisational changes; this study comprised a small sample group, and the model’s application was less defined. Originality/value A gap exists in the extensive care leaver research, addressing safeguarding and working systemically. A conceptual model for practice is offered, with potential utility in developing further systemically informed training and supervision for practitioners. A less structured and more relationally engaged model for appreciative inquiry is presented.

Noninvasive Vital Signs Monitoring in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit

Patients in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) have high mortality and morbidity rates due to their low birth weight or being preterm. Due to their vulnerability, neonates require close monitoring so that timely treatment can be performed. However, current, state-of-the-art technologies for continuous vital sign monitoring in the NICU are not optimal due to the use of wires and adhesives. Wires impede the natural movement of neonates, disallow intimate kangaroo care, and impose inconvenience on daily caretaking. The use of adhesives can damage neonates’ skin during removal. To address these problems, many wearable systems or contactless setups have been proposed for their respective vital signs. In this review, an overview of these newer technologies, along with their working principles, is discussed.

All-protonic fuel cell designs and developments fuelled by ammonia.

Ammonia is a gas that produces zero carbon emissions when used in energy storage systems. Hence, there is increasing interest for the application of ammonia as fuel in various energy storage devices, specifically solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs), as it has the potential to be efficient and environmentally friendly. In addition, compared to other fuel cells, SOFCs fed with ammonia offer various benefits such as such as sustainability and safety. This review compares and contrasts the opportunities and challenges of ammonia fuel cell technologies and helps to analyze their working principles. The main goal of this review is to investigate the viability of an "all-protonic" fuel cell using ammonia fuel while also highlighting the key challenges and limitations of implementing such technology.

Effects of Matrix Cracking-Induced Delamination on Thermal Buckling of Composite Laminate

Abstract Delamination and matrix cracking are common damage modes in composite laminates, significantly impacting their structural integrity and performance. Under elevated temperatures, the collision of anisotropic thermal expansion and nonlinear stiffness responses affect the onset of thermal buckling in flying vehicles. This study implements a multi-scale analysis framework, incorporating finite element modeling and analytical methods to obtain the reduction in mechanical properties of the composite laminate and its stiffness degradation based on an effective stiffness model due to pre-existing matrix cracking in plies. Based on non-linear equations, obtained from the principle of virtual work, in combination with first-order shear deformable theory and von Kármán strain-displacement relations, the thermal buckling temperature, post-buckling behavior of composite laminates are investigated. This work paves the way for developing a model to predict the influence of the laminate stiffness, delamination size, transverse crack location, stacking sequence, and plies thickness on the laminate.

Principles of Working with Existential Requests of Clients of Different Ages Using the Example of the Method of Transformational-Integrative Generation of Development

The article examines the essence and main issues of existential choice. Describes the specifics of transformational games (t-games) as an existential process; their psychological content and functional significance are revealed and justified. Based on the limitations in working with the existential needs of clients is revealed. Using the example of the method of transformation-integration generation of development, the principles of t-game work with clients’ existential requests are substantiated. The methodology of nonclassical psychology by G. S. Prygina is proposed as a methodological basis. Examples are given from the practice of working with different existential queries by clients of different ages. It is concluded that the t-game is not a toy, which is why it is important to introduce certification criteria for both leading and the tools themselves. Options for researching the possibilities of t-games and the subjective reality that opens up in them are proposed.

Integrating four teaching and learning methods to deliver transformational social work education online

ABSTRACT As responsive social work education is about meeting the dynamic needs of learners, social work educators engage with innovative approaches that promote teaching and learning (TAL). The purpose of this article is to address the research question: Based on our experience as educators, what TAL methods can support social work and human services curriculum delivery in an online environment? Using the co-operative research method and analyzing our reflections, we proposed a model of curriculum delivery which conceptualizes the application of four methods of TAL (pedagogy, andragogy, heutagogy, and paragogy). We also illustrate how this teaching approach can promote different levels of learning (single, double, and triple- loop learning). The model is based on internationally agreed principles of social work and can incorporate non-Western and Indigenous learning processes. We argue that when educators and learners use these four methods in different combinations, it is possible to produce learning experiences that augment social work skills and knowledge development, as well as prepare learners for a multi-dimensional world of change. The implication is that there is scope in the presented model to promote transformational learning and ways of positive engagement during social disruption and dynamic change, both features in our current global environment.