Principle Of Variation Research Articles

Proof of Principle of a Novel Impedance Microbiology Method Based on Bacteriophages Functionalized Paramagnetic Nanobeads

An unconventional approach to impedance microbiology for Escherichia coli detection is under investigation. The detection principle of solution conductivity variation is based on intracellular content escape resulting from bacteriophage cell lysis. Bare electrodes on-chip included in a PDMS chamber were applied to the impedance measurements. Proofs of principle experiments were performed. In parallel, paramagnetic nano-beads were functionalised with selective phages for sample magnetic concentration and future methods integration. The system potential detection limit is about 10 CFU/chamber and provides the means for selective detection of viable cells. The methods integration could provide cost–effective results in less than 1 hour.

Time-varying characteristics of the waveguide invariant under internal wave condition in the shallow water area

To explain the change of the waveguide invariant β caused by the internal wave, the waveguide invariant is expressed as a stochastic distribution and the time-varying characteristics of β are analyzed; then the cause and principle of variation of β are discussed in terms of the normal modes theory of the acoustic field. It turns out that the waveguide invariant shows great frequency-dependent characteristics. And in the internal wave environment, when the sound is propagated parallel to the internal wave front, the sound field's composition of normal modes remains unchanged, but the turbulence in the group slowness and phase slowness of the main normal modes in the sound field may also change the distribution of β; when the sound is propagated perpendicular to the internal wave front, the coupling between acoustic normal modes might also cause obvious changes in the values of β.

Mechanical principle of the respiration-driven variation of cardiac function:echocardiographic study of factors affecting the swing of interventricular septum

Objective To investigate the affecting factors of interventricular septum (IVS) swing by study of the mechanical model of the respiration-driven variation of cardiac function using echocardiography.Methods In present study,the equivalent mechanical model of septal swing in previous study was used.By changing the end-diastolic pressure difference between the simulated right and left ventricles and simulated intrapericardial pressure,the subsequent influences on IVS swing using echocardiography were observed.Results Under the rhythmic respiratory intrathoracic pressure change(RIPC)(0--4 mm Hg,1 mm Hg =0.133 kPa),the swing amplitude of simulated IVS increased with decrease of the simulated end-diastolic pressure difference between the simulated right and left ventricles (2.2-17.6 mm).With increasing of the simulated intrapericardial pressure,the simulated right ventricle and left ventricle collapsed in succession,the swing amplitude of simulated IVS also increased to a maximal amplitude of 22.4 mm.Conclusions The affecting factors of IVS swing including the magnitude of RIPC,the end-diastolic pressure difference between the two ventricles and the intrapericardial pressure. Key words: Echocardiography; Respiration; Ventricular function; Interventricular septum swing

Interpolation-Element for Beam on Winkler Elastic Foundation

On the basis of the deformation characteristics of Euler and Timoshenko beams on Winkler elastic foundation, the displacement shape functions were created. Lagrange interpolation function was used for the deformation in the axial direction, and Hermite interpolation function was applied in the bending direction. By applying the principle of minimum potential energy, energy integral and variation, the stiffness matrixes and equivalent load arrays of Euler and Timoshenko beams were derived. The model of elastic foundation beam was built by using elements constructed in this paper. And the beam deformation was calculated and compared with theoretical solution. The results show that the difference between deformations resulted from interpolation function and theoretical solution is small. With a smaller mesh size, the results obtained from interpolation function are approaching those from the theoretical solution. It illustrates that the application of polynomial function as the displacement shape function of elastic foundation beam could meet the requirement of accuracy and the elements in this paper could be applied in practice.

Variation of Tension during Flattening Process of Aluminium Strips

Theoretically illustrates the principle of tension variation during flattening process. Analysis of the changing process of the tension from the perspective of energy consumption. Gives a calculation formula of tension variation on the base of plane assumption. In addition, research the the influences of technological parameters to tension variation by using finite element software . Finally, analyzing the change process of the tension during flattening process.

Mechanical principle of the respiration-driven variation of cardiac function——Echocardiographic study of the mechanical models

Objective To reveal the exact mechanical principle of the respiration-driven variation of cardiac function by observing the effect of respiratory intrathoracic pressure change (RIPC) on the mechanical models using echocardiography.Methods Model 1 was designed to observe the influence of RIPC on systemic and pulmonary venous return systems (SVR and PVR) respectively.Model 2,as an equivalent mechanical model of septal swing,was used to study the influence of RIPC on the motion of the interventricular septum (IVS).Results Model 1 demonstrated that the simulated RIPC had totally different influences on the simulated SVR and PVR.It increased the volume of the simulated right ventricle when the internal pressure was kept constant (8.16 cm H2O),while it had the opposite effect on PVR.Model 2demonstrated that there was a corresponding relationship between RIPC and the position of the simulated IVS which might be called pressure-position relationship.Conclusions The different anatomical arrangement of the two venous return systems leads to a different effect of RIPC on right and left ventricles,and thus generates a pressure gradient across IVS that tends to shift IVS left-and right-wards with respiration.The swing of the IVS changes the short axis diameters of the ventricles,thus their fillings and then their functions reciprocally. Key words: Echocardiography; Respiration; Heart function tests; Pressure amplifier in the chest

Метод знаходження низькоомних опор без відєднання від групового заземлення

This article discusses the problem of identifying the low-resistance poles without removing them from the group grounding wire, and it’s given some results of our research in this area. The main purpose of this article is to develop a more effective, less time-consuming diagnosing method. Using modern calculating techniques and comparing theoretical results with measured ones allow us to make an analysis of information take a decision. Also in this article it’s discussed the variations of the total resistanceofpoles, united with group grounding wire from the power supply frequency, depending the location of the low-resistance pole. The proposed method allows to find a low-resistance poles without disconnecting them from the grounding wire, thereby decreasing exploitation costs. The author propose the principle of total resistance variation with accordance to the different frequencies of the power source for defining a low resistance pole, situated in a group of poles with the general grounding wire. The research results can be applied by experts in the diagnosis on railway transport that involves the identification of the technical condition of catenary poles.

Deoxyribonucleic Acid Functionalized Carbon Nanotube Network as Humidity Sensors

In this paper, deoxyribonucleic acid functionalized carbon nanotube (DFC) network has been used to develop field effect transistor (FET)-based humidity sensor. The sensor works on the principle of variation of conductance of the DFC network with change in relative humidity. Since the output signal current of the sensor increases exponentially with increase in RH, the device offers higher sensitivity especially at higher RH. The response and recovery times of this zero gate biased FET-based humidity sensor are measured to be 4 and 8 s, respectively, and offers no baseline shift during recovery, which indicates that the sensing mechanism is governed by charge transfer between the DFC and water molecules. The device is highly selective to atmospheric humidity, having no response to nitrogen and oxygen. The effect of temperature on the performance of the sensor is also studied and reported in this paper.

Comparison of Geodesics and Energy Variation Principles of Light Propagation

The propagation of light on a set of null paths in a pseudo-Riemannian manifold is studied using a variational principle of extremal energy. This method is compared with those based on the geodesics and Fermat principles. For the static space-time all three variational methods give the same solutions. The Fermat principle for stationary gravitational fields is identical to the principle of variation of energy of light-like particles. The approach proposed here is applied to a flat expanding space, corresponding to the LCDM-model, and generalized Godel space-time. In the first case a solution obtained by the method of energy variation coincides with the geodesic method, while in the second case they give different solutions.

Recent progress in thin film epitaxy across the misfit scale (2011 Acta Gold Medal Paper)

This paper discusses recent progress in thin film epitaxy across the misfit scale through the paradigm of domain matching epitaxy (DME). This epitaxy across the misfit scale is critical for integrating multifunctionality on a chip and creating smart structures for next-generation solid-state devices. There are three sources of strains that are cumulative at the growth temperature, and the relaxation process starts during the growth process. Upon cooling, unrelaxed lattice, thermal and defect strains give rise to net residual strains. In large misfit (ε⩾10%) systems, where lattice misfit strain is predominant, it can be relaxed completely, and then only thermal and defect strains remain upon cooling. In low misfit systems, all three sources contribute to the residual strain upon cooling, as result of incomplete lattice relaxation. The predominant strain relaxation mechanism in thin films is by nucleation of dislocations at the free surface, as the nucleation energy in the bulk is considerably higher. At the free surface, the activation barrier for dislocation nucleation is considerably lower at the steps. Since the step formation energy is lower under a compressive stress compared with tensile stress, it reduces nucleation energy under compressive stress and lowers the critical thickness compared with tensile stresses in thin films. Once the dislocation nucleates, it propagates or glides to the interface to relieve the strain. However, if lattice frictional stress in the film is high, most dislocations may not reach the interface, depending upon the growth temperature and rate. Thus, these two key steps, dislocation nucleation and propagation, play a critical role in the thin film relaxation process. Once the dislocations reach the interface, the atomic structure of the dislocation at the heterointerfaces determines its electronic properties, specifically trapping and recombination characteristics. It is found that the atomic structure of the dislocation is determined by the interplay between strain and chemical free energies. Thus, the dislocations (representing missing or extra planes) play a critical role in the relaxation of thin film heterostructures. This paper focuses on epitaxy across the misfit scale, based upon matching of integral multiples of lattice planes. If the misfit falls between the integral multiples, it is accommodated by the principle of domain variation, where domains alternate to accommodate the misfit. Details of epitaxy from low misfit (∼4%) in Ge/Si) to large misfit (∼22%) in TiN/Si are shown. In III-nitride/sapphire and II-oxide/sapphire systems, this paper deals with polar orientations, where misfit is uniform in the basal plane, and non-polar orientations, where misfit varies over an order of magnitude in the film plane. It is shown that the DME paradigm is key to the integration of thin film heterostructures across the misfit scale and other complex systems such as vanadium oxide and PZT systems on Si(100) substrates for the integration of functionalities on a computer chip. Finally, it is shown that the formation of epitaxial and self-assembled nanodots on Si(100) provides a critical advance, with tremendous implications for information and data storage and related nanomagnetics applications.

Assessment of the forecasting options of the region's development

The article is devoted to the research of the forecasting of regional socioeconomic development. The technology development of forecast of the social and economic development is carried out. Existing normative legal documents of the forecasting of the regional social and economic development are investigated. In the article, the issue of differences and disagreements of forecast versions of classifications in normative documents at federal and regional levels are brought up. The implementation scheme of the principle of variation in the region forecast development on the basis of creation of expected values matrix of external and internal factors on the extent of their influence on national and region's economy is offered. The offered implementation scheme of the variation principle can serve as one of the assessment tool of executive authorities of subjects of the Federation.

The construction of classical dance vocabulary in the light of the principle of variation

The construction of classical dance vocabulary in the light of the principle of variation

Wavelet Shrinkage With Consistent Cycle Spinning Generalizes Total Variation Denoising

We introduce a new wavelet-based method for the implementation of Total-Variation-type denoising. The data term is least-squares, while the regularization term is gradient-based. The particularity of our method is to exploit a link between the discrete gradient and wavelet shrinkage with cycle spinning, which we express by using redundant wavelets. The redundancy of the representation gives us the freedom to enforce additional constraints (e.g., normalization) on the solution to the denoising problem. We perform optimization in an augmented-Lagrangian framework, which decouples the difficult n-dimensional constrained-optimization problem into a sequence of n easier scalar unconstrained problems that we solve efficiently via traditional wavelet shrinkage. Our method can handle arbitrary gradient-based regularizers. In particular, it can be made to adhere to the popular principle of least total variation. It can also be used as a maximum a posteriori estimator for a variety of priors. We illustrate the performance of our method for image denoising and for the statistical estimation of sparse stochastic processes.

Eliminating the influence of Faraday rotation on passive microwave remote sensing from space

Faraday rotation (FR) is one of the important error sources for passive microwave remote sensing from space. In this paper, the principle of FR variation is studied. The influence of FR on accuracy for microwave radiometer measurement is analyzed. We concentrate on FR correction both at 1.4 GHz for the orthogonal channel brightness temperature Tv and at 10.7 GHz for the correlative channel brightness temperature U. By using the simulated observational data of spaceborne microwave radiometry at one point in Hainan province in 2006, we compare the effects of two approaches: correction by auxiliary data (IRI model correction) and correction by polarimetric mode (Yueh and Ribó methods). Noise generated by the Monte Carlo mode is included in the simulation. Then a new method of using TEC data released by international GNSS service (IGS) is proposed. For correction of Tv at 1.4 GHz, correction made by polarimetric mode is better than that by auxiliary data. Yueh method is best in effectiveness while IRI model method is worst. For the correction of U at 10.7 GHz, the correction by polarimetric mode is invalid, only correction by auxiliary data is valid. IGS data method greatly improves the correction accuracy and can replace the method of IRI model for nearly real time correction or final data correction.

Measurement of Bridge Fundamental Frequency by Resistance Strain Gauges

Normally, the structural fundamental frequency can be got from the vibration tests by means of accelerometers or velocimeters linked with the dynamic signal measuring and analysis system. Based on the principle of reinforcement strain variation synchronized with the structural vibration, the paper introduces a new method to obtain the fundamental frequency of bridge by measuring the environmental dynamic strains of resistance strain gauges bonded on the reinforcing bars of bridge hinge and deck pavement. The real-time strain signals caused by vehicles passed on the bridge were recorded by the dynamic signal measuring and analysis system, and transformed into strain spectrum by fast Fourier transformation in which the fundamental frequency was got. The result was the same as that of velocimeter measuring. Therefore, the bridge fundamental frequency can be simply and accurately measured by the resistance strain gauges.

Adaptive force produced by stress-induced regulation of random variation intensity

The Darwinian theory of life evolution is capable of explaining the majority of related phenomena. At the same time, the mechanisms of optimizing traits beneficial to a population as a whole but not directly to an individual remain largely unclear. There are also significant problems with explaining the phenomenon of punctuated equilibrium. From another perspective, multiple mechanisms for the regulation of the rate of genetic mutations according to the environmental stress have been discovered, but their precise functional role is not well understood yet. Here a novel mathematical paradigm called a Kinetic-Force Principle (KFP), which can serve as a general basis for biologically plausible optimization methods, is introduced and its rigorous derivation is provided. Based on this principle, it is shown that, if the rate of random changes in a biological system is proportional, even only roughly, to the amount of environmental stress, a virtual force is created, acting in the direction of stress relief. It is demonstrated that KFP can provide important insights into solving the above problems. Evidence is presented in support of a hypothesis that the nature employs KFP for accelerating adaptation in biological systems. A detailed comparison between KFP and the principle of variation and natural selection is presented and their complementarity is revealed. It is concluded that KFP is not a competing alternative, but a powerful addition to the principle of variation and natural selection. It is also shown KFP can be used in multiple ways for adaptation of individual biological organisms.

The Image of Thought

The image of thought that Rembrandt proposes with his Philosopher in Meditation still wears the mask of the old philosophical pedagogy based on ascent and the heights, but it ushers in new percepts and affects corresponding to the philosopher's concept, fold, that Leibniz elevates to the status of the principle of Baroque variation. The fold unleashes a power that carries forms and statements over a variety of disjunctive statements.

Humanity at the Crossroads: Does Sri Aurobindo offer an alternative?

In the light of Sri Aurobindo's philosophy, this paper looks into some of the problems of contemporary man as an individual, a member of society, a citizen of his country, a component of this world, and of nature itself. Concepts like Science; Nature,;Matter; Mental Being; Mana-purusa; Prana-purusa; Citta-purusa; Nation-ego and Nation-soul; True and False Subjectivism; World-state and World-union; Religion of Humanism are the focus of this paper.Nature:Beneath the diversity and uniqueness of the different elements in Nature there is an essential unity that not only allows for this diversity but even supports it. Nature is both a benefactor and a force: a benefactor, because it acts to carry out the evolution of mankind; a force, because it also supplies the necessary energy and momentum to achieve it.Natural calamities:If mankind can quieten the tsunamis and cyclones and droughts and earthquakes that rage within, and behave with care and compassion towards Nature, not exploiting, denuding, or denigrating it, there is a strong possibility that Nature too will behave with equal care and compassion towards man and spare him the natural calamities than rend him asunder.Science:The limitation of science become obvious, according to Sri Aurobindo, when we realize that it has mastered knowledge of processes and helped in the creation of machinery but is ignorant of the foundations of being and, therefore, cannot perfect our nature or our life.Science and philosophy:The insights of philosophy could become heuristic and algorithmic models for scientific experimentation.Matter:An interesting aspect of Sri Aurobindo's philosophy is his acceptance of the reality of matter even while highlighting its inadequacies; the ultimate goal, according to him, is the divination of matter itself.Purusa:If the mana-purusa (mental being) were to log on to the genuine citta-purusa (psychic formation), without necessarily logging off from the prana-purusa (frontal formation), it may help quieten the turbulences within, which may be a prelude to the quietening of the disturbances without, whether it be physical maladies, cravings (for food, fame, fortune, etc.), destructive competitiveness; or wars, terrorism, ethnic conflicts, communal riots, and the other such social maladies that afflict mankind today.Nation-ego (false subjectivism) and Nation-soul (true subjectivism):Sri Aurobindo considers Nation-ego an example of false subjectivism, in which national identity and pride are stressed to prove one's superiority and suppress or exploit the rest. The Nation-soul, as an example of true subjectivism, attempts to capture one's traditional heritage and values in its pristine form, not as a reaction to hurts and angers or as compensation for real or imagined injuries or indignities of the past.World-state (false subjectivism) and World-union (true subjectivism):Similarly, a World-state founded upon the principle of centralization and uniformity, a mechanical and formal unity, is an example of false subjectivism, while a World-union founded upon the principle of liberty and variation in a free and intelligent unity is an example of true subjectivismHuman actualization:Even if two human beings are similar, in so far as they are human beings, there is so much diversity between them. Part of the movement towards human self-actualization lies in the fact that this diversity should not be forcibly curbed, as also the realization that beneath all that appears disparate there is an essential unity. Also, man is not the end product of evolution but an intermediate stage between the animal and the divine. Moreover, he is endowed with consciousness that enables him to cooperate with the forces of evolution and speed up and telescope the next stage of evolution.

An analytic solution to asymmetrical bending problem of diaphragm coupling

Because rigidity of either hub or rim of diaphragm coupling is much greater than that of the disk, and asymmetrical bending is under the condition of high speed revolution, an assumption is made that each circle in the middle plane before deformation keeps its radius unchanged after deformation, but the plane on which the circle lies has a varying deflecting angle. Based on this assumption, and according to the principle of energy variation, the corresponding Euler’s equation can be obtained, which has the primary integral. By neglecting some subsidiary factors, an analytic solution is obtained. Applying these formulas to a hyperbolic model of diaphragm, the results show that the octahedral shear stress varies less along either radial or thickness direction, but fluctuates greatly and periodically along circumferential direction. Thus asymmetrical bending significantly affects the material’s fatigue.

Dynamic analysis of a non-conservative band–wheel system with a moving boundary part 2: Numerical results

The dynamic formulations of a non-conservative band/wheel system with a moving boundary are derived in the companion paper by use of Hamilton’s principle and calculus of variation. In this paper, numerical simulations for the system are obtained in transient amplitudes of the string and positions of the moving boundary by a modified finite difference method (FDM). Since the moving boundary position may not locate exactly at a grid point for any computational time, a special technique of the FDM is proposed to approximate both the transversality condition of a moving boundary and the partial differential equation of the neighboring grid points. The effects of parameters such as radius of the wheel, tension of the string, propagation speeds of the longitudinal and transverse wave and various initial conditions on the transient responses are investigated and compared with those of the fixed boundary problem.