Principles Of Solidarity Research Articles

EQUALITY AND SOLIDARITY IN UNIVERSAL HEALTH INSURANCE AGAINST THE BACKGROUND OF CHANGES IN FINANCING OF THE HEALTH CARE FROM JANUARY 1, 2022

Equality and solidarity are values which, in universal health insurance, take on the form of legal principles anchored both in the constitutional directive of equal access, irrespective of the materialsituation of the citizen, to health care benefits financed from public funds (Article 68, paragraph 2 of the Constitution of the Republic of Poland) and the statutory provision that health insurance isbased on the principle of equal treatment and social solidarity (Article 65, point 1 of the Act on health care benefits financed from public funds). The relationship between these two principles within the framework of universal health insurance is that many of the existing exceptions to equal treatment are justified by solidarity in bearing the costs of this insurance (the rule from the insured/regions richer to the insured/regions poorer) or in providing health care benefits (the rule from less severely ill to more severely ill). However, not all regulations in this area result from objective differences between the insured. Doubts are raised particularly by the differentiation of the health contribution interest rate among entrepreneurs, the financing of health insurance by farmers, or the accumulation of contribution burdens on persons who earning income from employment or non-agricultural activity.

Power and the International Human Rights Imaginary: A Critique of Practice

Abstract The international human rights movement is undergoing an internal reckoning. The legitimacy of the human rights project is being questioned within the movement. These internal critiques render more visible and contestable the influence of human rights movement actors in the Global North over the international human rights agenda. Yet these critiques are incomplete. Grounded in decades of experience as an international human rights practitioner, this article uses the concept of the international human rights imaginary to explain why and how the technologies of traditional international human rights practice (practice forms) embed colonizing tendencies to supplant local knowledge and priorities. It argues that the harms of practice forms can be mitigated if international practitioners incorporate a principle of solidarity with local human rights struggles. The common understandings of what human rights are and how they should be defended are advanced by international nongovernmental organizations based in western Europe and the United States with access to international decision makers, institutions, and funding. These are the actors who exercise power to set the priorities for the international human rights movement. The human rights practice forms commonly used by dominant NGOs are integral to the political economy of the international human rights movement. These dynamics are illustrated through the three quintessential practices of statement advocacy, human rights reporting, and standard setting advocacy. Their study exposes how the imaginary operates in practice. North-based human rights actors need to reimagine human rights to be relevant to a multi-polar, pluralistic, and global—rather than to a merely North-based, western, and international—human rights movement.

Il dovere fiscale tra crisi economica ed emergenza pandemica: c'è spazio per la solidarietà?

The global economic crisis and, later, the pandemic have shaken many certainties in global society, primarily that of the possibility of unrestricted growth of the economy and prosperity. It has been realised that the crisis ⎼ severely affecting citizens and businesses ⎼ calls for a renewed role for the state; and that, however, the state can only intervene if it has adequate resources to redistribute among its members according to their degree of need. However, state coffers have long been strained by tax evasion, both domestically and internationally, to the benefit of a group of shrewd operators who take advantage of public goods without giving anything in return. The new paradigm must therefore be centered on the rediscovery of solidarity and, therefore, on the valorisation of the participatory instrument par excellence, namely the tax. It is the proper fulfilment of tax duty that can strengthen a community and give it the means to overcome crises according to the principle of solidarity. The European Union, albeit with difficulty, seems to be moving in the right direction of linking rights to duties, first and foremost tax duties, as the foundation of a genuine community of people.

Nuove forme giuridiche del vivere collettivo: la fondazione di partecipazione nell'ambito del terzo settore

Due to the dynamism of contemporary events, jurists are called to embrace new juridical instruments, which are more suitable with a new appreciation of community. Not by chance, socio-political changes invoke the necessity of a community’s rediscovery and encourage the rising of a lot of non profit activities, opening the way for a welfare State’s large contribution. In very truth, the non profit field acts as a cornerstone of a democratic society and it reveals a misleading race to profit goals led by the global commerce. This is the purpose of observing the participatory foundation as a metamorphosis of the typical institute of foundation: pursuant to the constitutional solidarity principle, this new instrument combines the need of promoting a social progress with a public-private cooperation inside welfare policies.

Социальная политика и патернализм в традиционалистской политической философии Франции XVII века

Introduction. Discussions on social policy in French traditionalism of the XVII century served as a source for philosophic considerations in the XVIII century, and defined the features of the French conservatism in the XIX century and specif- ics of the French welfare state in the XX century. The purpose of the article is to review the attitude of the French traditionalists of the XVII century on the social policy. Methods. The article relies on historic and com- parative approach and analysis of institutions and shows the features of the political philosophy in France of the XVII century within the context of the social and political problems and religious polemics. Scientific novelty of the study. The article offers analysis of the social policy conceptions of the French traditionalistic philosophy of the XVII century and highlights in paternalistic feudal- ism the background for the development of the conservative philosophy and social policy. Results. Two main approaches coexisted within the French traditionalism of the XVII century: support of the traditional role of the aristocracy and advocacy of the strong monarchy. Both approaches held paternalistic views and believed that it was neces- sary for the strong to display responsibility for the well-being of the weak, they supported aid for the needy to preserve the social order and to for their education. Conclusions. Reflections of the French traditional- ists of the XVII influenced the development of the unique structure of the welfare state in France, defined by the principle of solidarity, and coexist- ence of many different actors, with strong role of the state.

Foundational Principles and the Rule of Law in the European Union

In the seminal cases C-156/21 and C-157/21 (‘Budget Conditionality Cases’) the Court of Justice of the European Union demonstrated a shift in the perception of the operational functionality of foundational values of the EU, establishing that the rule of law is a founding value of the Union which represents a legal norm and imposes an obligation on the Member States to comply with its constituent elements. Such an interpretation of the CJEU, however, raises a few questions about the possibility of adjudicating the foundational values enshrined in Article 2 TEU and their extended role in the EU constitutional framework. Given the latest developments in the Court’s case law, can all the foundational values under Article 2 TEU then acquire the status of legal norms and become ‘foundational’ or ‘founding’ principles? Does the attainment of this status happen automatically, or does a value need to fulfil specific criteria in order to obtain the necessary normativity, that would in turn make it enforceable? And how will the answer to that question affect our understanding of the role and function of the Court in EU law adjudication? In our contribution, we are going to attempt to address these very questions on the basis of four different premises. In Part I, the first premise –the possibility of the values of the EU becoming normative principles – will be discussed though theoretical and practical prisms. In Part II, the notion of ‘foundational (or ‘founding’) principles and their relation to values will be explicated in light of the Budget Conditionality Cases and as EU principles of the highest constitutional rank. In Part III, and still in light of the Budget Conditionality Cases, the principle of solidarity will be analysed and presented as a foundational and legal principle of EU law. In Part IV, the idea of the CJEU as a ‘deontic’ Court will be outlined and then challenged on its grounds. This will be followed by some concluding remarks.

On the evolution of the gender gap in life expectancy at normal retirement age for OECD countries

Population aging is evolving at different rates across countries and over time, and it represents a long-term challenge for both the sustainability of pension schemes and for the realization of public intergenerational transfers. In this context, this work focuses on gender differences in survival at older ages. Specifically, we implement a comparative analysis of OECD countries to assess the adequacy of the corresponding gender-specific normal retirement age when faced with growing life expectancy. The analysis hinges on several graphical representations and is motivated by recent findings on Italian longevity to determine optimal retirement age shifts necessary to match growing life expectancy at older ages while accounting for model risk for mortality projections. Our analysis determines—at the country level—the extent to which adjustments to the normal retirement age are advisable for the sustainability of the intergenerational paradigm for pensions. The study considers males and females separately because most of these countries are characterized by aging societies where men and women have different crucial characteristics, including life expectancy. It is therefore important that policymakers have information on the future evolution of the longevity gender gap so they will be able to apply policies that preserve the principles of equality and solidarity and reduce the pension gender gap. We find groups of countries where gender gap in life expectancy follows the same dynamics.

지방소멸에 대응한 공법적 과제

The problem of population decline and local annihilation is directly linked to the problems of national existence and balanced national development. Despite massive fiscal and population growth policies to solve the problem of low fertility and aging according to the Framework Act on Low Fertility and Aging, the population fertility rate is 0.81 in 2021, which is the lowest in the world. As the phenomenon of concentration in the metropolitan area accelerated due to a decrease in local jobs and unbalanced development of the region, the Special Act on Balanced National Development, the Metropolitan Area Reorganization Planning Act, and the Local University Promotion Act have been enacted and implemented to solve the problem. development is not resolved. The government enacted the Special Act on Support for Depopulated Areas in June 2022 to respond to local annihilation. In the same law, local governments lead crisis response in areas with reduced population, national customized comprehensive support, strengthening cooperation between local governments and countries, and special provisions for childcare, medical care, housing, transportation, culture, and immigration in areas with reduced population is putting. Although it is necessary to distinguish between population reduction and local annihilation, the Special Act on Support for Depopulation Areas defines only the term “depopulation area” and does not define the concept of “local annihilation”. It is necessary to conceptually define a region that requires special social, economic, financial, and administrative measures from the state as local governments cannot survive on their own or are in danger of extinction as an area with a low population density. In this paper, after examining the main contents of Korea's Constitution, the Special Act on Balanced National Development, and the Special Act on Support for Depopulated Areas, to find implications for Korea and propose public law tasks by reviewing the Spanish Constitution and the legislative examples of Castile-La Mancha in Spain, present. First, although the Korean constitution provides for balanced national development, the principle of solidarity stipulated in Articles 2 and 138 of the Spanish Constitution is stipulated to provide positive preferential treatment to areas in danger of late extinction or concern, so that the lives of the residents of the area are made. quality should be improved. Second, shared accommodation through settlement subsidies, tax reductions, and vacant home village regeneration should be made to activate residential mobility and sedentity in areas with reduced population and local extinction. Third, the Special Act on Support for Areas with Decreased Population has special regulations regarding the establishment of childcare facilities and universities, hearing opinions from the heads of local governments when kindergartens and elementary schools are closed, subsidizing expenses, and special measures for school establishment. Since it is necessary to substantially guarantee the right to education and access to education, etc., legal and institutional arrangements should be made to ensure the right to access public education, maintain schools, guarantee equal access to education for students, internship programs, non-compulsory education programs, and vocational training. Fourth, since the expansion of jobs and local labor force is the key to recovering the lost population and suppressing the disappearance of local areas, it is possible to create effective and suitable jobs in the depleted areas, as well as incentives for workers in the depleted areas, and to develop public and private projects and projects. Promotion, deregulation, and simplification of administrative procedures, project projects and plan implementation management systems for local extinction areas, and funding programs (subsidies) should be introduced.

Pancreatic transplant surgery and stem cell therapy: Finding the balance between therapeutic advances and ethical principles.

The latest achievements in the field of pancreas transplantation and stem cell therapy require an effort by the scientific community to clarify the ethical implications of pioneering treatments, often characterized by high complexity from a surgical point of view, due to transplantation of multiple organs at the same time or at different times, and from an immunological point of view for stem cell therapy. The fundamental value in the field of organ transplants is, of course, a solidarity principle, namely that of protecting the health and life of people for whom transplantation is a condition of functional recovery, or even of survival. The nature of this value is that of a concept to which the legal discipline of transplants entrusts its own ethical dignity and for which it has ensured a constitutional recognition in different systems. The general principle of respect for human life, both of the donor and of the recipient, evokes the need not to put oneself and one’s neighbor in dangerous conditions. The present ethical reflection aims to find a balance between the latest therapeutic advances and several concepts including the idea of the person, the respect due to the dead, the voluntary nature of the donation and the consent to the same, the gratuitousness of the donation, the scientific progress and the development of surgical techniques, and the policies of health promotion.

Stewardship: An Ethics for Environmental Respectability in Africa

Drawing on various environmental philosophers and other scholars, this paper modestly proposes an ethitocal theory known as stewardship that strongly challenges mankind to treat nature (environment) with substantial reverence and care. Nature and human beings are symbiotically related. Human beings depend on nature for their existence. Stewardship, as an ethical theory and practice, pivots on the philosophical idea that nature is sacred [i.e., bearer of intrinsic value and locus of transcendence]. Stewardship challenges human beings to committedly preserve nature and to only tamper with it for the procurement of basic human needs. Destroying nature is somehow destroying oneself. Such awareness may change the way human beings relate to nature, especially in radical capitalistic societies where nature is simply seen as a means to satisfy human interests. This paper recommends contributory measures for implementing the ethics of stewardship. These include the ethical principles of co-existentiality, personalised responsibility, proportionality and solidarity. The ethics of stewardship carries greater prospects of challenging people’s irresponsible appropriation, commercialisation and instrumentalisation of nature (anthropocentrism); hence, contributing to environmental respectability. Keywords: Nature (environment), Anthropocentrism, Sacredness, Stewardship.

Umma and the nation-state: dilemmas in refuge ethics

This article addresses the question of the Muslim umma (the universal community of Muslims) which arises within the context of the ongoing debates about the status of refugees and their rights around the world, especially in the Muslim world, where a significant majority of migrants and refugees originate and are hosted. We question the existence of the Muslim umma under contemporary circumstances and discuss the extent to which the modern nation-state has undermined the principles of Muslim unity and solidarity beyond national borders. We also examine how Islamic ethics and law (fiqh) identify the imperatives of providing comfort and protection for refugees (whether they are Muslim or non-Muslim) individuals, groups, and communities when required or requested. We see this in principle, but not always in practice. Are refugee policies applied by Muslim-majority countries today in accordance with the fundamental Islamic teachings and experiences of the original hijra? Or have such principles been made redundant by the political-geographic imperatives of ethnicized nation-states? To what extent can applied policies in Muslim-majority countries be developed and enhanced in the light of umma principles that might alleviate the longstanding refugee crises in this troubled area of the world?The article consists of three main sections. The first provides a theoretical and religious analysis of the idea of the umma as an inclusive entity that encompasses all Muslims, contrasted with the modern nation-state as an exclusive geographically defined political institution. The second looks at three Muslim-majority countries that played a significant hosting role in refugee crises over the past decade, namely Jordan, Bangladesh, and Turkey. We offer some insight in understanding to what extent their policies or behavior were based upon ummatic principles, or secularist notions of national interest and humanitarian aid? The last section summarizes the recent innovation providing for Muslim refugees through a UNHCR arrangement and adaptation with the Islamic charitable obligation of Zakat. It is suggested that the UNHCR Zakat Fund is an ummatic manifestation that has already proved honorable and viable. The conclusion calls for a better understanding of the umma as it is in the Islamic consciousness towards an effective reforming of refugee policies and practices, suggesting a further enhancement of ummatic institutional collaboration between the OIC and UNHCR for refugee integration.

The Rise of the Nostalgic Spy Thriller: Globalizing the Neo-Cold War Narrative of Totalitarian State Socialism in the TV Series Deutschland (2015–2020)

ABSTRACT This article examines the portrayal of German Democratic Republic (GDR) socialism in the TV series Deutschland, the first foreign-language show to premiere on a U.S. network. Paving the way for the globalization of Germany’s TV industry, the series exemplifies the rise of the nostalgic spy thriller. It employs the aesthetic and ideological codes of a genre rooted in the 1960s to evoke the time period and ideological certainties of the Cold War from a contemporary perspective. Deutschland focuses on the Stasi’s division of counterintelligence to portray the GDR as a totalitarian regime, run by corrupt elites, which subjugated its population and supported terrorism and illegal arms trading. The series employs the conventions of “historical event TV” and re-created historical settings to claim veracity and authenticity for plotlines that invoke sensationalized coverage of Cold War conflicts and distorted allegations against the GDR. Deutschland dismisses GDR efforts to create and globalize an alternative system, based on principles of anti-imperialist solidarity with the global South, and caricatures postsocialist nostalgia as an elite sentiment for the re-creation of totalitarianism. The series contributes to neo-Cold War imageries that evoke a past of Western superiority over European state socialism, which has little to offer to a future post-neoliberal world.

Building the EU Tax Sovereignty: Lessons from Federalism

The role of taxation within the European Union has risen (and is rising) over the years due to the establishment of the Economic and Monetary Union and the economic/financial and COVID crises. It is well established that taxation is characterized as an obstacle for the functioning of the internal market and the interpretation of the fundamental freedoms has a direct impact on the design of the domestic tax systems. The first part of this article addresses the clash between the supranational economic freedoms and the domestic tax systems in the light of the federal experience of “two levels of government”. The second part, differently, sheds light on the role of taxation within the Economic and Monetary Union. After having enucleated a principle of solidarity according to article 122(2) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, the article inquires the foundations and the limits of the European Union’s authority to tax. In particular, it aims at demonstrating that the financial assistance to the Member States in exceptional circumstances should be funded through the EU budget and EU taxes.

The social security system in health in Colombia and the noncompliance of the principles of universality, solidarity and integrality

The current Pandemic has exposed the crisis in the health system and the urgency that, once the trance is over, structural problems be addressed to increase the quality and opportunity of access to the health system. This article seeks to analyze whether, during the pandemic, the principles of universality, solidarity and integrality, established in the General System of Social Security in Health and that respond to the content of the Political Constitution of 1991, were ignored. For the above, the proposed objectives correspond to the review of the current state of health care and the elements available to the State in the face of the health crisis, to understand the dangers that a global crisis such as Covid-19 can represent for compliance with the principles of the Social Security System in Health in Colombia, as well as the implications in the paradigm shift from a health model as a public policy to a fundamental right, to finally analyze the right to health of the elderly in the face of the pandemic. The social security health system in Colombia was not designed to deal with crises like the current one, and fortunately there have not been the mortality rates that were expected. However, it is necessary to rethink the rights around the health care of the vulnerable population in catastrophic situations, since the government risk of violating the enjoyment of life in decent conditions is latent, given the potential prioritization of intermediate care. and intensive in health centers in the face of the crisis generated by the Coronavirus pandemic.

Offshore Outsourcing from a Catholic Social Teaching Perspective

We explore offshore outsourcing through the lenses of Catholic Social Teaching (CST). First, we review the outcomes of the 30-year debate in business ethics on issues related to offshore outsourcing. We then cluster authors into two groups—the justice-centered approach and the welfare-centered approach—corresponding to different perspectives on the ethical challenges of offshoring. In the second part, we present and apply the four fundamental principles of the CST (human dignity, subsidiarity, solidarity and the common good) to offshoring, in dialogue with the previous debate. The unity and interconnection among the CST’s fundamental tenets provide a cohesive framework that integrates the points made by the justice-centered and welfare-centered approaches, while introducing the principle of solidarity, more focused on the worker as a person and their flourishing. CST also stresses the need to initiate processes oriented toward structural changes for the sake of human dignity and the common good.

Intimate partner violence against women with intellectual disability: A relational framework for inclusive, trauma-informed social services.

Women with intellectual disability experience intimate partner violence at higher rates and tend to remain in abusive relationships longer than non-disabled women. The purpose of this inquiry was to generate a preliminary set of principles and delineate domains of support as a general guide for social service workers supporting women with intellectual disability through the difficult, often stop-start process of ending an abusive relationship and creating a desired future. Taking a pragmatic inquiry approach, guiding principles and domains of support were generated through a triangulated engagement with relational theory, relevant published research, and original data gathered through interviews with five experienced social service workers. The results comprise a relational framework for inclusive, trauma-informed services aimed at fostering the relational autonomy of women with intellectual disability. Enacting relational principles of reflexivity, recognition, solidarity and safety, social service workers can support women with intellectual disability with safety planning, securing basic life needs, strengthening social relationships, acquiring new skills and nurturing self-affective attitudes of self-respect, self-efficacy and self-esteem.

SDG-Focused social work education in Georgia

ABSTRACT This paper examines social work field education at two Georgian Universities in the context of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). After adopting the SDGs in 2015, Georgia integrated them into its national development plans. The Government declared SDGs as national priorities. In collaboration with the relevant agencies, Civil Society Organizations are progressing toward the achievement of the SDGs. There is a direct connection between SDGs localization in the teaching and learning space. The role of social work programs needs to be highlighted in terms of maximizing their impact on the SDGs. In this article, social work field work teaching methodology is described ensuring SDG-focused processes within and outside the classroom. Case studies revealed students’ active engagement in accomplishing social projects leading toward the SDGs. They serve as an effective tool for enhancing social responsibility toward accomplishing their professional role within the wider social development context, promotion of social solidarity principles among people aligning with the first pillar of the Global Agenda for Social Work and Social Development Framework for 2020–22.

Against Futility Judgments for Patients with Prolonged Disorders of Consciousness

Against Futility Judgments for Patients with Prolonged Disorders of Consciousness

Katrin Zehetgruber. Zuwendung und Abwendung: Studien zur Reziprozität des JHWH/Israel-Verhältnisses im Hoseabuch

Katrin Zehetgruber. <i>Zuwendung und Abwendung: Studien zur Reziprozität des JHWH/Israel-Verhältnisses im Hoseabuch</i>

The puzzle of post-pandemic recovery, transatlantic relations and European solidarity

Motivation: The coronacrisis has highlighted the fragility of the highly interdependent world economic order. The economic recession following numerous lockdowns weakened the position of the West in the geopolitical arena. Thus economic recovery is a must, though its significance for the US and the EU differs considerably.&#x0D; Aim: The paper aims to discuss the state and prospects of transatlantic relations in the era of new challenges posed in front of the US and the EU. We have selected two main issues: the incremental rivalry between the US and China, and the solidarity principle within the EU. The departure point for the analysis is the assumption that the tightening of economic cooperation between the US and the EU seems desired, but it might also lead to socioeconomic consequences questioning European solidarity in the long term. We employ the perspective of institutionalist political economy to understand the interplay between actors and the rules they create. We assume thus that actors pursue their goals, but must take various limitations into account. We also refer to the literature on economic policymaking and economic systems.&#x0D; Results: Under possible regionalization of the world economy after the COVID-19 pandemic, transatlantic relations will be under pressure to generate growth. As far as the US is willing to embrace this imperative, the EU might face the dilemma between struggling for better economic performance and rebuilding solidarity between member countries.