Principle Of Resolution Research Articles

К вопросу об использовании инструментария дипломатии в террористических целях

The modern landscape of counterterrorism is characterized by a shift towards geopolitical confrontation, exemplified by the situations in Libya and Syria. Through the utilization of near-terrorist tactics such as narrative warfare, intimidation, and blackmail, officials, including diplomatic personnel, from certain countries wield international influence in pursuit of their geopolitical objectives, fostering panic, fear, and societal unrest. This phenomenon has become evident since the initiation of Russia’s special military operation in Ukraine, where actions by terrorist factions received endorsement from Western governments. Currently, diplomatic services and select international bodies overtly rationalize terrorist activities and levy accusations against Russia. Considering the transformation of diplomatic activity, there is a need to study such a destructive international phenomenon as “diplomatic terrorism”, which inherently runs counter to classical diplomacy based on the principle of peaceful resolution of foreign policy issues. The genesis of this phenomenon is intertwined with technological advancements, the globalization of relations, the proliferation of states worldwide, and the degradation of elite cohorts. The phenomenon of diplomatic terrorism represents a paradigm shift in international relations, challenging traditional diplomatic norms and fostering an environment of heightened geopolitical tensions. Addressing this issue necessitates a multifaceted approach that combines diplomatic efforts, counterterrorism measures, and international cooperation to safeguard global stability and security.

Bentuk Perlindungan Hukum Penyelesaian Sengketa Pinjaman Online di Indonesia (Suatu Pendekatan Norma Hukum)

The research aims to explore and analyze legal protection for parties in online loan transaction disputes and alternative dispute resolution through online loan application service networks. The type of research is normative legal research (normative research) using a statutory approach, a conceptual approach, analysis of legal materials is carried out by interpreting and assessing related laws and regulations and selecting relevant legal materials. The research results show that legal protection for parties in transaction disputes through the online loan application service network must be based on an agreement based on mutual agreement with the legal online loan provider and a dispute resolution institution must be determined in the initial agreement, carrying out legal enforcement for unlawful acts committed by the provider. and provide, in principle, this protection to protect the rights of debtors as consumers, resolving disputes in online loan transactions for technology-based loan actors because borrowers still do not know in detail the dispute resolution mechanism, Financial Services Authority Regulation Number 77/POJK. 01/2016 Article 29 letter e only regulates the principle of dispute resolution which is carried out simply, quickly and at low cost, the parties can freely choose a dispute resolution institution that has been recommended by the Financial Services Authority.

The Saavedra Lamas Peace: How a Norm Complex Evolved and Crystallized to Eliminate War in the Americas

Abstracts After the Napoleonic Wars interstate war regularly occurred throughout the Western Hemisphere—until in matter of decades it disappeared. After the 1930s even low-level militarized interstate conflict became less frequent, shorter, and less severe over time. What explains the change in this specific region and historical jucture? We argue that leaders in the Americas identified territorial disputes and foreign intervention as interrelated problems that frequently caused the interstate war. In response, they developed a unique regional norm-complex that bundled together the norms of territorial integrity and non-intervention with the principle of peaceful conflict resolution. This norm complex emerged via Latin American entrepreneurship shortly after independence, cascaded with Pan-Americanism, and crystallized around the signature of the Saavedra Lamas Treaty in the early 1930s. We explain how, why, and when norm complexes develop. We then investigate the evolution and effects of the Latin American norm complex via statistics and within-case counterfactuals. We conclude that interstate war disappeared from the Americas with the acceptance and codification of this norm-complex.

Alternative dispute resolution procedures in the system of legal forms of environmental conflict resolution

In this study, an analysis of the legal mechanisms for the settlement of environmental-legal conflicts was carried out, taking into account the peculiarities of environmental legal relations and the environmental-legal regulation of these relations. The effectiveness of the application of traditional forms of dispute resolution - judicial and administrative - based on the resolution of disputes based on the law, and alternative mechanisms based on the principle of conflict resolution by comparing and finding a balance between public, state and private interests is analyzed. A comparative analysis of these forms was carried out in terms of the effectiveness of solving environmental and legal conflicts.It has been reasonably proven that the concept of sustainable development at the stage of ecoconflict settlement acquires a practical embodiment when conciliatory dispute resolution procedures are used. In this case, the result is compatible with the doctrine of sustainable development – a decision establishing the law, which to some extent reflects the interests of each of the parties to the conflict. It has been proven that such a law-making decision can be based on consensus (if the parties eventually adopted a decision that partially reflects the interest of each and an agreement was reached on the essence of the conflict) or compromise (the decision is based on understanding the essence of the problem, taking into account the interests, but not in full measure on its solution).It was concluded that it is necessary to develop consensual forms of environmental conflict resolution in national law enforcement practice, which should become a full-fledged alternative to judicial, administrative and other jurisdictional forms of dispute resolution. It is time to form an independent legal institute of environmental law, which will specialize in the settlement of environmental and legal conflicts, and will contribute to the introduction of an effective mechanism for managing environmental conflicts with maximum consideration of the legitimate socially acceptable interests of all participants.

Rechtssicherheit Alternative Dispute Resolution in Financial Services (LAPS SJK) as a Forum for External Dispute Resolution in Services of Consumer Complaints through Consumer Protection Portal Application (APPK)

The Financial Services Authority (OJK) is an institution formed with one of its objectives that is protecting Consumers and public interets. OJK provides complaint services by having an adequate system, making the complaint mechanisms of Consumers handling and facilitating complaints settlement. The complaint mechanism is carried out by establishing two stages of Consumers services, namely internal dispute resolution (IDR) which, if not completed, enters the external dispute resolution (EDR) stage, namely the court and the alternative dispute resolution institution that received OJK approval, namely LAPS SJK. In addition, at the beginning of 2022, OJK prepared a system, namely the Consumer Protection Portal Application (APPK) as a forum for resolving complaints at the IDR stage and through APPK the complaints can be forwarded by consumers to LAPS SJK. The purpose of this research is to know and understand legal certainty aspect in the appointment of the LAPS SJK forum that associated with the basic principle of dispute resolution which is the agreement between the parties including Financial Services (PUJK). This research was conducted using normative research with data collection through literature study. Based on the results of the research, PUJK’s agreement is needed in choosing the forum of settlement whether through the court or alternative dispute resolution. But as stipulated in the regulations, the alternative dispute resolution institution for financial services just LAPS SJK.

透射电子显微镜空间分辨率综述

Transmission electron microscope (TEM) is one of the most important research tools in a wide range of research fields such as chemistry, materials science, physics, and biological science. There are many factors affect the spatial resolution of TEM, including not only the construction of electron microscope and imaging mechanism, but also the nature of the sample and other reasons. In order to systematically and comprehensively understand the meaning, principle and application of TEM spatial resolution, this paper firstly briefly describes the history of TEM spatial resolution advancement, and then theoretically clarifies the concept, physical meaning, influencing factors and application scope of TEM spatial resolution, then outlines the influence of TEM electron gun, magnetic lens, image detector and internal and external environment on the resolution, the development of monochromator, aberration corrector and new image detector from the perspective of electron microscope device. Finally, from the perspective of practical applications, the mechanism of resolution degradation due to thickness, electron beam sensitivity, carbon accumulation and atomic vibrations and the corresponding solutions are highlighted.

Dispute Board in Construction Services: A manifestation of the principles of quick, simple, and affordable dispute resolution

Dispute Board (DB) was formed in the latest Construction Law to resolve construction disputes, however the regulation of DB in the Construction Law is far from adequate in manifesting the principle of quick, simple, and affordable dispute resolution. Few norms have manifested the principle by giving no opportunities to resolve disputes through litigation and regulate period to file an objection towards DB's decisions. However, there are few of criticism: (1) The concept of DB is unclear, (2) no period for the DB to make decisions, (3) the decision of BD can be contested.

Rainbow latex microspheres lateral flow immunoassay with smartphone-based device for simultaneous detection of three mycotoxins in cereals

The coexistent pollution of multiple mycotoxins displays a synergistic toxicity effect that significantly threatens human health. Therefore, it is essential to establish a rapid detection method for multi-mycotoxins in food. In this study, red, green, and blue latex microspheres (LMs) were applied as the aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), T-2 toxins (T-2), and zearalenone (ZEN) antibodies labeled tracer, respectively. Based on the principle of spatial resolution, a rainbow “traffic light” pattern latex microspheres lateral flow immunoassay (LMs-LFIA) integrated with a portable and user-friendly smartphone-based device was first developed to detect three kinds of mycotoxins simultaneously. The cut-off values of the method for AFB1/T-2/ZEN in cereals were 1/15/40 μg kg-1, the limits of detection were 0.04/0.40/1.21 μg kg-1, respectively. The recoveries ranged from 82.1% to 107.5%, with the coefficient of variation from 3.0% to 8.1%. A parallel analysis in 26 naturally contaminated cereal samples was confirmed by commercial ELISA kits; the results showed a good correlation (R2＞0.99), indicating the practical reliability of the rainbow LMs-LFIA. This method provided a visually enjoyable, portable, and sensitive detection mode for multi-target detection of mycotoxins or other small molecule hazard factors in food.

Deep-ASL enhancement technique in arterial spin labeling MRI – A novel approach for the error reduction of partial volume correction technique with linear regression algorithm

Arterial Spin Labelling MRI is a noninvasive quantitative imaging technique for measuring Cerebral Blood Flow (CBF) that plays a vital role in diagnosing different neurological disorders. Limited signal-to-noise ratio and significant partial volume effect due to the low resolution of ASL images make an accurate CBF estimation difficult. This work proposes a deep learning based ASL enhancement algorithm (Deep-ASL ENHANCE), based on the principle of single image super resolution and multi-loss joint strategy with two reconstruction modules and one weighted fusion module that employ residual dense block as the basic building block. Lack of huge amount of low quality and high quality images for training this deep learning network, is addressed by generating simulated ASL images from structural images of ADNI2. The experiment is conducted and results are evaluated on a simulated dataset in terms of different metrics such as RMSE, PSNR and SSIM. The model is also validated using clinical ASL images with the help of two independent radiologists and the results are compared using Visual Quality Score (VQS). The deep learning model trained by using simulated ASL images shows more promising results on clinical ASL data. The effectiveness of using Deep-ASL ENHANCE as a preprocessing step to the partial volume correction technique with Linear Regression algorithm (LR) has been investigated using RMSE score and it is found that CBF quantification accuracy is improved compared to the standalone LR algorithm.

PCNA activates the MutLγ endonuclease to promote meiotic crossing over

SUMMARYDuring meiosis, crossover recombination connects homologous chromosomes to direct their accurate segregation1. Defective crossing over causes infertility, miscarriage and congenital disease. Accordingly, each pair of chromosomes attains at least one crossover through processes that designate and then implement crossing over with high efficiency. At the DNA level, crossing over is implemented through the formation and biased resolution of double-Holliday Junction (dHJ) intermediates2,3. A central tenet of crossover resolution is that the two Holliday junctions (HJs) are resolved in opposite planes by targeting nuclease incisions to specific DNA strands4. The endonuclease activity of the MutLγ complex has been implicated in crossover-biased resolution5–10, but mechanisms that activate and direct strand-specific cleavage remain unknown. Here we show that the sliding clamp, PCNA, is important for crossover-biased resolution. In vitro assays with human enzymes reveal that hPCNA and its loader hRFC are sufficient to activate the hMutLγ endonuclease. In this context, hMutLγ is further stimulated by a co-dependent activity of pro-crossover factors hEXO1 and hMutSγ, the latter of which binds HJs11. hMutLγ also specifically binds a variety of branched DNAs, including HJs, but canonical resolvase activity is not observed implying that the endonuclease incises adjacent to junction branch points to effect resolution. In vivo, we show that budding yeast RFC facilitates MutLγ-dependent crossing over. Furthermore, PCNA localizes to prospective crossover sites along synapsed chromosomes. These data highlight similarities between crossover-resolution and the initiation steps of DNA mismatch repair12,13 and evoke a novel model for crossover-specific dHJ resolution during meiosis.

Morals from rationality alone? Some doubts

Contractarians aim to derive moral principles from the dictates of instrumental rationality alone. It is well-known that contractarian moral theories struggle to identify normative principles that are both uniquely rational and morally compelling. Michael Moehler’s recent book, Minimal Morality, seeks to avoid these difficulties by developing a novel ‘two-level’ social contract theory, which restricts the scope of contractarian morality to cases of deep and persistent moral disagreement. Yet Moehler remains ambitious, arguing that a restricted version of Kant’s categorical imperative is a uniquely rational principle of conflict resolution. We develop a formal model of Moehler’s informal game-theoretic argument, which reconstructs a valid argument for Moehler’s conclusion. This model, in turn, enables us to expose how a successful argument for Moehler’s contractarian principle rests on assumptions that can only be justified by subtle yet significant departures from the standard conception of rationality. We thus extend our understanding of familiar contractarian difficulties by showing how they arise even if we restrict the scope of contractarian morality to a domain where its application seems both promising and necessary.

To AB or Not to AB? Dispute Settlement in WTO Reform

Recent debates on the operation of the WTO’s dispute resolution mechanism have focused primarily on the Appellate Body (AB). We argue that this neglects the first-order issue confronting the rules-based trading system: sustaining the principle of de-politicized conflict resolution that is reflected in the negative consensus rule for adoption of dispute settlement findings. Improving the quality of the work of panels by appointing a roster of full-time professional adjudicators, complemented by reforms to WTO working practices that reduce incentives to resort to formal dispute settlement, can resolve the main issues that led to the AB crisis. Effective, coherent, and consistent WTO dispute resolution need not include an AB. An appropriately redesigned single-stage process can serve just as well, if not better.

THE DROWNING POLICY THE FOREIGN FISHING VESSELS OF ILLEGAL FISHINGBY INDONESIA GOVERNMENT IN INTERNATIONAL LAW PERSPECTIVE

The drowning of foreign fishing vessels of illegal fishing actors in Indonesia teritory is one of law enforcement efforts to against the eradication of illegal fishing and to enforce the sovereignty of the territory of the Republic of Indonesia. It is a special act mandated in Article 69 paragraph (4) of Law No. 45 of 2009 on fisheries. This sinking policy invites controversy from neighboring countries because it is considered as an action that violates the principle of peaceful dispute resolution and is not regulated in international law. Indonesia keep continues to enforce this policy because it is considered the most effective step in reducing massive illegal fishing in Indonesian waters and has a deterrent effect for the actors. Keywords: drowning policy of foreign ship, illegal fishing, international law

Colour recipe prediction using ant colony algorithm: principle of resolution and analysis of performances

AbstractThis paper presents a new method for colour recipe prediction using ant colony optimisation. Three reactive dyes, namely CI Reactive Yellow 145, CI Reactive Red 238 and CI Reactive Blue 235, were used for colour formulation. Samples of 100% cotton fabrics were used for dyeing. The objective was to assure, control and optimise the colour formulation step by determining the dyes to be applied and their respective concentrations to reproduce the desired shades. The criterion of optimisation is to minimise the colour differences [Colour Measurement Committee (2:1)] between the target colour and the colour obtained by the proposed recipe. Errors between the proposed recipe and actual concentrations are also evaluated. The developed algorithm showed good performances with small colour differences between the target and reproduced colours (all lower than 0.7).

Spectral resolution enhanced static Fourier transform spectrometer based on a birefringent retarder array.

The principle and experimental demonstration of a spectral resolution enhanced static Fourier transform spectrometer (SESFTS) is presented. The device, which is based on a birefringent retarder array and a Wollaston prism, offers significant advantages over previous static Fourier transform (FT) implementations. Specifically, its use of an ultra-compact common-path interference structure creates a simple and robust spectral resolution enhanced spectrometer while preserving their high throughput and wide free spectral range. The operation principle of the device is explained in detail with a design example with a spectral resolution of 7 cm-1, which is nearly two orders of magnitude higher than that of a conventional static FT spectrometer with a similar CCD detector. An experimental demonstration is performed by the measurement of a gas charge lamp and three diode laser sources with a SESFTS prototype working in 400-1000 nm with an approximate 25 cm-1 spectral resolution.

EL FEDERALISMO ARGENTINO A DEBATE: ARGUMENTOS EN DEFENSA DE UN MODELO DEMOCRÁTICO DELIBERATIVO DE GOBIERNO FEDERAL

Este trabajo de investigación tiene por objetivo general reconstruir y evaluar dos modelos democráticos contemporáneos pero disímiles que tienen por epicentro el concepto de federalismo. Un primer modelo de tipo federal pluralista impropio surgió en 1994, año en el cual se sancionó la última reforma constitucional argentina. Un segundo modelo de tipo federal deliberativo se propone aquí como salida adecuada a las objeciones normativas del primer modelo. El primer enfoque federal promueve un poder ejecutivo nacional fuerte, en tanto árbitro y/o mediador en los procesos de concertación habidos entre las provincias argentinas. En este primer modelo, el principio de resolución de conflictos es el de negociación y promueve un sistema hiperpresidencial capaz de someter a las provincias a criterios evaluativos los cuales están prefijados en la constitución nacional de 1994. El segundo enfoque de tipo deliberativo promueve un gobierno político más descentralizado, con una dinámica cooperativa entre poderes constituidos nacionales y subnacionales. En este segundo modelo el principio de resolución de conflictos propuesto es el argumentativo y el gobierno nacional adoptaría un sistema semipresidencial en el cual se evaluaría el proceder de cada entidad subnacional en función de criterios establecidos durante un debate político previo entre los organismos afectados

Summary

In Minimal Morality, I develop a multilevel social contract theory that, in contrast to existing theories in the liberal tradition, does not merely assume a restricted form of reasonable moral pluralism but is tailored to the conditions of deeply morally pluralistic societies that may include liberal moral agents, non-liberal moral agents and, according to the traditional understanding of morality, non-moral agents. The theory takes its main inspiration from the moral theories of Hobbes (1651), Hume (1739/1740) and Kant (1785, 1795, 1797), and some of their contemporary followers, such as Rawls (1971) and Gauthier (1986). In its simplified form, the theory combines what I call traditional first-level morality with second-level pure instrumental morality and derives, in the form of the weak principle of universalization, a principle of conflict resolution that defines the minimal behavioural restrictions that are necessary to ensure, compared to violent conflict resolution, mutually beneficial peaceful long-term cooperation in deeply morally pluralistic societies. I argue that, despite its ideal nature, this theory is, in principle, applicable to the real world and, for the conditions described, most promising for securing mutually beneficial peaceful long-term cooperation in a world in which a fully just society, due to moral pluralism, is unattainable. If Rawls’s intention was to carry the traditional social contract argument to a higher level of abstraction, then the multilevel social contract theory brings it back down to earth.

Synthesis of MeBmt and related derivatives via syn-selective ATH-DKR.

The unusual α-amino, β-hydroxy acid MeBmt is a key structural feature of cyclosporin A, an important naturally occurring immunosuppressant and antiviral agent. We present a convergent synthesis of MeBmt which relies on new aspects of dynamic kinetic resolution (DKR) to establish simultaneously the chirality at C(2) and C(3). We also show that this route is applicable to the synthesis of other derivatives.

Concave omnidirectional imaging device for cylindrical object based on catadioptric panoramic imaging

To obtain information on the outer surface of a cylinder object, we propose a catadioptric panoramic imaging system based on the principle of uniform spatial resolution for vertical scenes. First, the influence of the projection-equation coefficients on the spatial resolution and astigmatism of the panoramic system are discussed, respectively. Through parameter optimization, we obtain the appropriate coefficients for the projection equation, and so the imaging quality of the entire imaging system can reach an optimum value. Finally, the system projection equation is calibrated, and an undistorted rectangular panoramic image is obtained using the cylindrical-surface projection expansion method. The proposed 360-deg panoramic-imaging device overcomes the shortcomings of existing surface panoramic-imaging methods, and it has the advantages of low cost, simple structure, high imaging quality, and small distortion, etc. The experimental results show the effectiveness of the proposed method.

До питання про діалектичнe обґрунтування онтології

The paper considers principles and preconceptions of some dialectical theories of ancient and modern philosophy which are used for justification of ontology. The author pays most attention to proving his thesis that in the history of justification of ontology classical modern dialectics prevented the reduction of being to entity. Hence, he seeks to determine historical paradigms and types of dialectical theories of ontological knowledge depending on how the principles of these theories correspond with the understanding of the ontological difference, i.e. the difference between being and entity. In particular, the author argues that Hegel’s classical dialectics partly corresponds with the understanding of the ontological difference, and Marx’s postclassical dialectics do not. The paper contains the criticism of the metaphysical prejudices of Hegel and Marx which is particularly based on the principle of the phenomenological understanding of being, as well as on the author’s principle of the dialectical resolution of the well-known paradox of subjectivity.